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Cuba, and the Cubans

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Cuba, and the Cubans CUBA, AND THE CUBANS; A HISTORY OF THE ISLAND OF CUBA, lT8 PRBBENT BOCIAL, POLITICAL, ARD DOMESTIC CONDITION; AL80, ITS RELATION TO ESOLAND AND THE CNITED STATES. BY TEE AUTIIOR OF "LETTERS FRO1 CUBA." WITH AN APPENDIX, CONTAININO IMPORTANT STATTSTICS. AND A REPLY TO SINOR IACO Obl ANNPX+TION. TUNSLATED PROM TEE IPANIFIE . .. - .- . Y. ' -- . .;; * :.: * ..*- . .. .,.. 9 . NEW YORK: SAnZUEL HUESTON, 139 NASSAU STREET. GEORGE P. PUTNAM, 155 BROADWAY. 1860. St Entered, according ta act of Congress, in the year 1850, by SAMUEL HUESTON. tn tbe clerk'^ OBLceof the District Court for the 8outhan1 DWct of New Yort ImSZOTPPID BY BANIB AND 401 Wibst.. cornex of Frankfort, N. Y. PREFACE. No excuse ie deemed necessary [or publishing a volume on Cuba, at a time when the &tention both of England and the United States is directed toward that island with eager interest. Political events have transpired ao rapidly within the last two years, that " That of an honr'r age doth hi& the qeder." We are borne onward by a force which seems hastening some great consummation. If all do not agree as to the result which these changes are to bring, no one can shut his eyes to the changes themselves. They have multiplied within the year; they are multiplying; they will continue to multiply. The conservative and the radical-the ultra whig and the ultra democraae all overwhelmed by the resistless course of things, if they stop even but a moment to contemplate it. What is to be done ? Shall we attempt to stay this irresistible progression, and be swept away by it; or shall we rather do what we may to control and direct it ? As to Cuba, a word only need be said. With or with- out the United States, she will soon be free from Spanish dominion ; and-which k of greater consequence to this iv PREFACE. county-if free without our aid or influence, she falls to England. How will the United States relish the pomeaion by that nation of a point which commande the Gulf of Mexico and the mouth of the Mississippi ? The analyeis of Cuban taxes in these pmga is believed to be the first of the kind ever attempted ; and it is hoped the chapters on the social and domestic manners of the Cubans, on religion and education, will interest the reader. The Appendix contains much important etatistical infor- mation, together with a translation of a pamphlet from the Spanish in reply to Don Jose Antonio Saco, on the subject of the nnnexation of Cuba to the United States. This laat is given to illustrate the feeling among the Cubans them- selves, and to show the opinions held by the leading Cuban planters. It should be stated that the larger part of the first chapter of this work is abridged from the historical notice of Cuba in tt Turnbull's Travels in Cuba." New York, March lat, 1659. CUBA AND THE ~mu$ . .-,.I ., ., . a- .-I - , . - 1 CHAPTER I. '.9. Cuba diecavered by Co1nmbm.-Namcw of the 1sland.-~haract.t,.-- *- of the Natives.-Town of Baram.-Havana burnt in 1538.--&at J- ' of Government transferred to Havana.-Succeeeion of Govemora. - --Cultivation of Tobacco and Sugar introduced about 1580.- Slavery introduced at the same time.-Depdations of Pirater.- A Commissioner of the Inquisition comer from Carthagena to m side in Havana-Jamaica taken by the Eo linh.-Apprehenriona of the Cubans.-The Euglish repulsed.-~&r commenced round the City of Havana in 1663.-City of Bantiago destroyed by an Earthquake.-Invasion of the bland by the En@& ~n 1762.- Morro Castle taken by them July 30th. and the C~tyof Havana on the 14th of Aupt.-Distribution of the 8poih.-Peace concluded with England m 1763.-The Island reetored to the Spaniards.- Redtn of the wirs Policy of La@ Cams.--Great Fire in 1802.- New8 of the Procdiogo of Napoleon in 8pain.-Itn Effeotn in Cuba-Negro Conspimy.-Different Captaino-General. CUBA,the hest and largest of the West India Isl- ands, was discovered by Columbus himself, on the 28th day of October, 1492, and was named by him Juana, in honor of Prince John, the son of Ferdinand and Isa- bella, the sovereigns of Aragon and Castile. Upon the death of Ferdinand, the island was called Fernandina. It afterward received the name of San- tiago, as a mark of reverence for the patron saint of Spain, and still later, the inhabitants, to illustrate their piety, gave it that of Ave Maria, in honor of the Holy Virgin. Notwithstanding theae several titlea, the island ia atill principally known by ita original Indian name of .* ~ - Cuba ; a name which.itt.&& when the great navigator first landed on ita @r&, and which in all probabiity it is destined to rctjtik- * With repr&.@the character of the ab0ris;lal in- habitants of h~-%land,it i universally adnutted by all the Spanipha-authors who have written on the sub- ject, thatt they* were disinterested and docile, gentle and genehe, and that they received the first discov- erer,:-&,*+ll aa the conquerors, who followed in his *&;.with the most marked attention and courtesy. .At"tb;e same time they are repreeented aa being en- . t$ely given up to the enjoyment of those personal . ., indulgences, and all the listlessnew and love of ease, ;.. which the climate b supped to provoke, and which ' is said to have amounted in the eyes of their European conquerors to positive cowardice and pusillanimity. They seldom spoke until first addressed by the stran- rs, and then with perfect modesty and respect. Their hospitality waa unbounded; but tbq were unwilling to expose themselves to any personal fatigue beyond what was strictly necessary for their subsist- ence. The cult,ivation of the soil was confined, as Co- lumbus had obmrved, to the raising of ms, and maize, or Indian corn, but aa E""untsrnen Fbann and fishermen they were exceedingly expert. Their habili- menta were on the moat limited scale, and their lam and manners sanctioned the practice of polygamy. The use of iron was totally unknown to them, but they eupplied the want of it with pointed shells, in pon- etructing their weapons, and in fashioning their imple- ments for fishing and the chase. Their almost total want of quadrupeds is worth of notice. Althongh the island was &did into nine principal- ities, under nine different caciques, all independent of each other, yet such was the pacific disposition of the inhabitants, that the most perfect tranquillity prevailed 'turn bull'^ Tmveh iu Cube 1 THE CUBANB. 9 throughout the island at the time of the amval of the invaders. The several governments were adminis- tered in the simplest form, the will of the cacique being received as law by his subjects, and the age he had attained being in general the measure of his intlu- ence and authority, and of the reverence and respect with which he was treated. Their religion was limited to a belief in the immortality of the soul, and to the existence of a beneficent Deity--un Dios ~emunerador. But their priests were cunning, superstitious, or fa- natic, pretending to intelligence with malignant spirits, and maintaining their influence over the people by working on their fears, and practicing the groasest and most ridiculous extravagances. No sanguinary sacri- fices were resorted to, however; still less could the gentle race be chargeable with the horrid practices of the savage anthropoph~gi; and, according to the ear- lieet Spanish authorities, they distinguished themselves beyond any other Indian nation, by the readiness and docility with which they received the doctrines of Chris- tianity. The town of Baracoa, which waa called & la Asump- eion, was the ktthat was founded, and was for some time considered the capital, until, in the year 1514, the whole of it had been overrun and examined. In that year, the towns of Santiago and Trinidad, on the southern side, were founded for the purpose of fwili- tating the communications of the new colonists with the Spanish inhabitants of Jamaica. Near the centro of the island also were established, soon after this period, the tom of Bayamo, Puerto Plrincipe, and Santi-Espiritus, and that of Baracoa was considerably enlarged. In the sequel, as there was no town toward the north, that of San Juan de 10s Remedios wae founded ; and on the 25th of July, 1515, at tho place now called Batabano, on the south side of the island, was planted a town with the name of San Criatobal de la Habona, in deference to the memory of the illustri- 1* 10 CUBA AND om discoverer; but in the year 1519 this name was traneferred to the place vhere the capital now stands. The leaning of the Spaniards toward the southern side of the island appears to have arisen from their previ- ous possession of Jamaica and the Costa Firme; ~EI till then they had no idea of the existence of the Flori- da, or of New Spain ; the expedition for the conquest of which, as well as the step toward their first dia- covery, having been taken from the island of Cuba. The town of Ba-8 having fist been raised to the dignity of a city and a bishopric, wae declared the cap- ital of the island in 1518, and remained eo till 1522, when both were transferred to Santiago de Cuba. In 1538 the Havana, second city of the name, waa sur- prised by a French privateer, who reduced it to ashes. This misfortune brought the governor of the island, Hernando de Soto, to the spot, who lost no time in lay- ing the foundation of the Castillo de la Fuerza, one of the numerous fortressee which still exist for the defence of the city.
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