DOCSLIB.ORG

The Island of Cuba

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Island of Cuba THE ISLAND OF CUBA A DESCRIPTIVE AND HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE II GREAT ANTILLA" " La mas fermosa tierra que jamas ajol Yieron." -CR1ST6....L COL6N BY ANDREW SUMMERS ~OWAN Firsl Lil"II.".t, 19t/t; l.f""lry, U. S. A r",y. So_/i",1 MI",6w oftM l.twco.ti.",It,,1 R"il""ay S",..,IY AND MARATHON MONTROSE ~AMSEY. B. S., A. M. Profusor of ROMaltCe La./{JIagrs i. t/t;1 Col"",6ia. U....Jersity. AIIt/t;or of "A Text-Bool< ofModlr. Spa.is/t;" NEW YORK I I HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY .~ 1896 • •_ L..:.A.-.. 1. .- 0.6 '1. CoPY1lIGHT. I¥, BY HENRY HOLT &; CO. ( \ \ )' . 1 \' THB MBRSHOK COMPANY p~ jl,\IlWI\Y,If.,l. PREFACE. IT is a phase of the law of supply and de­ mand that, whenever any unfamiliar topic, place, or person begins to assume prominence before the public, the very demand for infor­ mation which its importance brings about will produce a supply of literature bearing upon it. Such has been the case with Cuba. During the first half of the present century people outside its own shores, to use a familiar ex­ pression, " knew little and cared less" about it. The public attention which was attracted by the rebellion of 1868 was answered by numerous descriptive and historical works; and its political rights and wrongs were commented upon in numerous treatises, impartial or polemic. But when, after the capitulation at EI Zanj6n, ten years later, the contending factions on the island ceased to support their respective views by force of iii IV PREFACE. arms, the outside world heard less and less of Cuba and her affairs, until they became no longer a matter of public interest. Indeed, so little have we been concerned with the island-which, on account of its proximity to our shores, if for no other rea­ son, should have some claim to our consider­ ation-that, according to the results of a search instituted in the Copyright Office of the Library of Congress, but six works upon Cuba were published in this country between the years of 1870 and 1889, and only one during the years from 1890 to 1895; while a file of the annual "English Catalogue of Books" from 1885 to 1895'does not con­ tain the title of a single such work printed in Great Britain and Ireland. We might naturally expect that the atten­ tion again centered upon the Island of Cuba by the recurrence of hostilities in 1895 would be promptly followed by a new output of literature; and this has proved to be the case. Three works of some magnitude have already appeared in the United States this year, besides a flood of small pamphlets and articles. It might seem, therefore, that to add an- I PREFACE. v other book upon the subject would be both uncalled for and unnecessary. But when we find, upon examination, how very little has been said or written that has been unbiased by personal preference or partisan feeling, and how great a proportion of this new growth of literature is of an ephemeral and even of a superficial character, there may yet appear to be room for a work such as is now laid be­ fore the public. The tendency of modern writings, so far as they are not merely ornamental or fanci­ ful, is largely scientific. Science is but another name for system. Our modern re­ quirements now insist that the writer of­ for example - a history, shall make no assertion that he has not substantiated, either by reference to the writings of a recog­ nized authority, or by the examination of original records, or by his own personal ex­ perience; that he shall arrange his material logically; and shall strive to give, so far as possible, 'cause and effect. These require­ ments have further resulted in the tendency to employ specialists, and to assign the vari­ ous branches of a subject to persons best qualified to treat them. vi PREFACE. The writers of the following pages had occasion recently, in connection with the discharge of official duties, to make some in­ vestigations relative to Cuba and its relations to the United States. It then occurred to them that some part of the facts thus broughj to their knowledge might be of interest to the public. In the arrangement of the work to be undertaken, the previous lines of in­ vestigation of the respective collaborators were kept in view, and the book was divided accordingly. The first part contains a detailed description of the physical con­ ditions of the island; the second or histor­ ical part narrates what has been done on this scene of action; the third part describes the present condition of the island from an ad­ ministrative and commercial standpoint. As the primary object of the authors was to gain correct information and not to dress up a tale of woe or defend a party, they have en­ deavored to divest themselves of passion and prejudice, and to present the truth as nearly as they could find it. The Cuban question is not an easy or sim­ ple one. There are at least four points of view, and perhaps we should rather say five. PREFACE. vii To those who look from only one of these, the affair is very simple. I. The Cubans find themselves heavily taxed under an ever-changing government of Europeans, upon which they have no effective influence. 2. Spain, on the verge of utter bank­ ruptcy, cannot afford to lose money or spend money on Cuba, and yet is compelled to do both in order to maintain her dominion over the island. 3. The holders of Spanish securities may be often religious, educational, or charitable , institutions, or widows and orphans, whose scanty means have been invested in that pre­ carious lottery. 4. England and France are appealed to by the bondholders for protection, and are un­ willing to see Cuba pass into the possession of anyone strong enough to make any real use of it. S. The government of the United States has all this and a great deal more as a prob­ lem to figure out. M.M. R. COLUMBIAN UNIVERSITY, WASHINGTON. May. 1896. CONTENTS. PAGE PREFACE, V PART I. DESCRIPTIVE. POSITION AND EXTENT, TERRITORIAL DIVISIONS, 4 OROGRAPHY, 6 WATER COURSES, 16 THE PLAINS, 24 THE COASTS, 2S isLAND OF PINES, 29 GEOLOGY, 31 CLIMATE, 37 PRODUCTS, 40 COMMUNICATIONS, 4S GAZKTTKER OF THE ISLAND OF CUBA, S3 PART II. HISTORICAL. CHAPTER I., , 77 CHAPTER II., 88 CHAPTER III., 99 CHAPTER IV., III ix x CONTENTS. PAGE CHAPTER V., 121 CHAPTER VI., 127 CHAPTER VII., 140 CHAPTER VIII., ISO CHAPTER IX., 166 PART III. POLITICAL AND COMMERCIAL. POPULATION, GOVERNMENT, RELIGION, EDUCATION, • CENSORSHIP, • TRADE AND FINANCE, CUBA AS A NEIGHBOR AND A CUSTOMER, CONCLUSION, ApPENDICES TO PARTS II. AND III.: Appendix A.-Effect of the Influx of the Pre- cious Metals, . 221 Appendix B.-Mr. Fish to Mr. Cushing,. 223 Appendix C.-President Grant's Annual Mes­ sage to Congress, December, 1875 (portion relating to Cuba), . 235 Appendix D.-Capitulation of EI Zanj6n, .. 246 Appendix E.-Articles of Pacification with the Maroons of Trelawney Town, concluded March I, 1738, . 249 Appendix F.-Memorandum of some points of International Law bearing on the Question of Cuban Belligerency, 254 Appendix G.-Bibliography, 261 INDEX, . 275 THE ISLAND OF CUBA PART I. DESCRIPTIVE. By LIEUT. A. S. ROWAN, U. S. ARMY. POSITION AND EXTENT. THE Island of Cuba lies just with­ in t he north torrid zone, immediately 0"""'" II. south of the State of Flor­ ida. The me­ o ridian of Washington \ ~ crosses it at P4.Q • ' ....'0 its widest £S;::ll:o,::rao_c...::~~.~'~:i;~g1i[f~i~~ii?g L <t.y part, about 250 miles east of Habwa and about 200 miles west of Cape Maisi, the most eastern point. Coogle 2 THE ISLAND OF CUBA. The distance from the northwest coast of Cuba to the Florida mainland is only about that which separates New York from Albany, or Washington from Philadelphia on the one hand and Norfolk on the other.* The length of the island, measured on its median line from Cape Maisi to Cape San Antonio (II degrees of longitude in the lati­ tude of 20° N. to 23° N.), is about 760 miles; and the breadth, measured at the narrowest part, which is in the vicin­ ity of Habana, is from 30 to 36 miles. The widest part is in the east, where, meas­ ured on the meridian of Mazanillo at the mouth of the Rio Cauto, the breadth is 125 miles. If the island of Cuba were translated to the latitude of New York, and Cape Maisi were • The following distances may be useful for reference: Key West to nearest point on the Cuban coast, 86 miles. Key West to Habana, 93 New York to Habana, 1413 New Orleans to Habana, 475 Cape San Antonio, Cuba, to Cape Catoche, Yucatan, • 125 Santiago de Cuba to Kingston, Jamaica, . 200 .. Santiago de Cuba to Greytown (entrance to Nicaragua Canal), 700 DESCRIPTIVE. 3 laid down at Sandy Hook, Cape San Antonio would occupy a position in the vicinity of Chicago. In other words, one of the New York Central's fastest trains would require nearly twenty-four hours to pass from one end of the island to the other; while to cross it in the vicinity of Habana would be approx­ imate in time to a trip from Washington to Baltimore, or, if crossed in the vicinity of Santiago, to a trip from New York City to Albany.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • COLLECTING TAXES TECHNICAL NOTE Leadership in Public Financial Management II (LPFM II)
    LPFMII-15-007 COLLECTING TAXES TECHNICAL NOTE Leadership in Public Financial Management II (LPFM II) Date: June 2018 i DISCLAIMER This document is made possible by the support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Its contents are the sole responsibility of the author or authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States government. This publication was produced by Nathan Associates Inc. for the United States Agency for International Development CONTENTS Contents Acronyms 2 Introduction 1 Indicator Definitions and Sources 1 Tax Performance 1 Tax Administration 6 Country Notes 10 Acronyms ADB Asian Development Bank CIT Corporate Income Tax CTD Collecting Taxes Database FAD Fiscal Affairs Department of the International Monetary Fund GDP Gross Domestic Product GFS Government Financial Statistics GNI Gross National Income GST Goods and Services Tax IAMTAX Integrated Assessment Model for Tax ICRG International Country Risk Guide (of the PRS Group) ICTD International Centre for Tax and Development IMF International Monetary Fund IT Information Technology LPFM II Leadership in Public Financial Management II LTU Large Taxpayer Unit ODA Official Development Assistance OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OLS Ordinary least squares (estimation technique) PFM Public financial management PIT Personal Income Tax RA-FIT Revenue Administration’s Fiscal Information Tool TADAT Tax Administration Diagnostic Assessment Tool USAID United States Agency
    [Show full text]
  • ECONOMIC COUNCILS in the DIFFERENT COUNTRIES of the WORLD I
    Section of Economic Relations REVIEW OF THE ECONOMIC COUNCILS IN THE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD i Prepared for the Economic Committee | by Dr. Elli LINDNER League of Nations GENEVA 1932 [Communicated to the Council Official No. : C. 626. M. 308. 1932. II.B and the Members of the League.] [E. 795.] Series of League of Nations Publications II. ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL 1932. II.B. 10. CONTENTS. P age I. Introductory N ote by the Secretariat: 1. Resolution of the Twelfth A s s e m b ly .................................................. 5 2. E nquiry b y the Economic C o m m itte e ............................................. 6 3 . Principal Types of Economic C o u n cils............................................. 7 4. Co-operation of Economic Councils in the Work of the League of N a tio n s.................................................................................................. 7 II. P r e f a c e .............................................................................................................................. 9 III. Monographs concerning the Organisation and W orking of the E conomic Councils in Different Countries of the W orld : A. Africa: Union of South A f r i c a ...................................................................... 11 B. America: 1. A r g e n tin e ........................................................................................ 12 2. B r a z i l .................................................................................................. 13 3. C h i l e ......................
    [Show full text]
  • Cuban Foreign Investment and Taxation in Cuba
    CUBAN FOREIGN INVESTMENT LEGISLATION Decree Law 50 of 1982 (“Decree Law 50”) was Cuba’s first foreign investment act authorizing the formation of international joint-ventures with foreign investors. In general, Decree Law 50 authorized the creation of joint venture companies and the execution of other international economic association contracts, both permitted under the present Foreign Investment Act, but did not authorize the creation of full foreign ownership companies. When the new Foreign Investment Act was adopted in 1995, existing foreign investment vehicles created under the authority of Decree Law 50 were brought under the application of the new Act, although the latter provides an express grandfathering provision in respect of all benefits granted to such foreign investment vehicles under the earlier legislation. Foreign Investment Act of 1995 At present, the primary legal framework governing foreign investments in Cuba is set out in the Foreign Investment Act (Law 77 of 1995 on Foreign Investment). Detailed rules applicable to the operations of foreign investment vehicles are contained in generally applicable legislation dealing with matters such as tax, banking, environment, construction, labour, insurance and others, as well as in the Cuban Commercial Code and the Civil Code. The Foreign Investment Act provides basic investment protection and other general rules relevant to foreign investors and sets out the principal legal structures for the implementation of investment projects in Cuba. In general, the Foreign Investment Act classifies foreign investments as direct investments or indirect investments. In the case of a direct investment, the foreign investor participates in the equity structure of the entity developing the project in question and actively participates in the management of operations.
    [Show full text]
  • People's Republic of China
    国 家 税 务 总 局 STATE ADMINISTRATION OF TAXATION THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA People’s Republic of China Status of List of Reservations and Notifications at the Time of Signature For jurisdictions providing a provisional list: This document contains a provisional list of expected reservations and notifications to be made by the People’s Republic of China pursuant to Articles 28(7) and 29(4) of the Convention. Article 2 – Interpretation of Terms Notification - Agreements Covered by the Convention Pursuant to Article 2(1)(a)(ii) of the Convention,the People’s Republic of China wishes the following agreements to be covered by the Convention: Other Original/ Date of Date of No Title Contracting Amending Entry into Signature Jurisdiction Instrument Force 1 Agreement between the Government Japan Original 06-09-1983 26-06-1984 of the People's Republic of China and the Government of Japan for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income 2 Agreement between the Government U.S.A. Original 30-04-1984 21-11-1986 of the People's Republic of China and Amending 10-05-1986 21-11-1986 the Government of the United States Instrument (a) of America for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income 3 ACCORD ENTRE LE GOUVERNEMENT France Original 26-11-2013 28-12-2014 DE LA REPUBLIQUE POPULAIRE DE CHINE ET LE GOUVERNEMENT DE LA REPUBLIQUE FRANCAISE EN VUE D’EVITER LES DOUBLES IMPOSITIONS ET DE PREVENIR L’EVASION ET LA FRAUDE FISCALES EN MATIERE D’IMPOTS SUR LE REVENU 4 Agreement between the Government U.K.
    [Show full text]
  • Financial Transactions Are So Mobile That an FTT in One Country Is Unenforceable and Will Simply Result in Trading Moving Overseas
    FACTS & MYTHS ABOUT A FINANCIAL TRANSACTION TAX Updated May 2013 What is a financial transaction tax (FTT)? The FTT (also known as a financial speculation tax , Wall Street trading tax, or Robin Hood tax) is a tiny fee – at rates of a fraction of a percent – on Wall Street trading of financial instruments such as stocks, bonds, derivatives, futures, options, and credit default swaps. What are the key facts about the FTT? • An FTT would raise at least tens of billions of dollars per year in badly needed revenue. This is a substantial amount, skimming the fat off of a sector of the economy that can afford to pay it. Some other revenue-raising options being discussed (such as a value-added tax) would fall much more on the middle class. • An FTT would reduce dangerous financial market speculation. Since it would hit high-volume, high-speed trading the hardest, the FTT would serve to discourage short-term speculation in financial markets as well as the proliferation of ever more complex derivatives. • An FTT would encourage longer-term productive investment. By reducing the volume and profitability of short-term trading that serves no productive purpose, the FTT would encourage Wall Street to find new ways to make money from longer-term productive investments. • An FTT would put Wall Street to work for Main Street. Reckless Wall Street gambling cost Americans trillions in bailouts, lost jobs and wealth, and cost states billions in lost revenue. The FTT would help put Wall Street to work rebuilding Main Street with revenue to create potentially hundreds of thousands of jobs and support critical public services and infrastructure.
    [Show full text]
  • STATEMENTS of SUPPORT for a FINANCIAL TRANSACTION TAX (FTT) Updated July 2013
    STATEMENTS OF SUPPORT FOR A FINANCIAL TRANSACTION TAX (FTT) Updated July 2013 Religious and Opinion Leaders Kofi Annan, former Secretary-General of the United Nations I support innovative financing solutions, such as a fair maritime bunker fuel tax, a levy on airline tickets, or the Financial 1 Transaction Tax. Boston Globe editorial board As Obama and other policymakers contemplate far-reaching changes to entitlements such as Medicare and Social Security, a financial transaction tax — which would simultaneously raise money and deter another crisis — has to be part 2 of the discussion. Al Gore, former U.S. Vice President We need policy changes, we need a tax on carbon and we need a tax on global transactions.3 Bob Herbert, former columnist at The New York Times While the fees would be a trivial expense for what the general public tends to think of as ordinary traders – people investing in stocks, bonds or other assets for some reasonable period of time – they would amount to a much heavier lift 4 for speculators, the folks who bring a manic quality to the markets, who treat it like a casino. Van Jones, author and President of Rebuild the Dream The Wall Street Tax… is common sense… Congress is about to face a telling choice. Will they vote to tax Wall Street gamblers in the 1%, or cut the Social Security checks of senior citizens in the 99%?5 Nicholas Kristof, columnist at The New York Times Impose a financial transactions tax. This would be a modest tax on financial trades, modeled on the suggestions of James Tobin, an American economist who won a Nobel Prize.
    [Show full text]
  • CEIBA Investments Limited. Annual Report and Consolidated Financial
    Annual Report and Consolidated Financial Statements 31 March 2015 Cover: Vintage cars in Havana’s Malecon. TABLE OF CONTENTS DIRECTORS AND MANAGEMENT . 2 ADMINISTRATION AND KEY ADVISERS . 2 FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS . 3 CHAIRMAN’S STATEMENT . 4 MANAGEMENT DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS . 5 INTRODUCTION . 5 FORWARD–LOOKING STATEMENTS . 5 OVERVIEW OF THE BUSINESS . 6 BUSINESS STRATEGIES OF THE COMPANY . 7 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS . 9 INVESTMENTS OF THE COMPANY . 14 Performance Measurement . 14 Key Performance Drivers . 15 Commercial Properties . 16 Hotel Properties . 18 Development Projects . 23 Other Investments . 23 OTHER ASSETS AND ACTIVITIES . 24 COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES . 24 LIQUIDITY . 24 DISCLOSURE OF OUTSTANDING SHARE DATA . 25 DIVIDENDS . 25 OPERATING RESULTS . 26 Income . 26 Operating Expenses . 27 Change in Fair Value of Equity Investments . 28 Taxation . 31 RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES . 31 Cuba Risks . 31 Real Estates Risks . 35 Tourism Risks . 38 CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES . 39 Changes in Accounting Policies . 39 Critical Accounting Policies . 42 Use of Estimates . 43 RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS . 43 DIRECTORS’ report . 44 STATEMENT OF DIRECTORS’ RESPONSIBILITIES IN RESPECT OF THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS . 45 CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS . 46 INDEPENDENT AUDITORS’ Report . 46 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION . 48 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME . 49 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS . 50 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY . 51 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS . 52 1 DIRECTORS AND MANAGEMENT DIRECTORS MANAGEMENT John Anthony Herring (Chairman) Sebastiaan A.C. Berger Colin Kingsnorth Cameron Young Sebastiaan A.C. Berger Paul S. Austin Enrique Rottenberg Enrique Rottenberg Peter Fletcher ISIN CODE (ORDINARY SHARES) REGISTERED OFFICE GG00B5491D76 CEIBA Investments Limited Frances House, Sir William Place REGISTRATION NUMBER St.
    [Show full text]
  • A Global Compendium and Meta-Analysis of Property Tax Systems
    A Global Compendium and Meta-Analysis of Property Tax Systems Richard Almy © 2013 Lincoln Institute of Land Policy Lincoln Institute of Land Policy Working Paper The findings and conclusions of this Working Paper reflect the views of the author(s) and have not been subject to a detailed review by the staff of the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Contact the Lincoln Institute with questions or requests for permission to reprint this paper. [email protected] Lincoln Institute Product Code: WP14RA1 Abstract This report is a global compendium of significant features of systems for recurrently taxing land and buildings. It is based on works in English, many of which were published by the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Its aim is to provide researchers and practitioners with useful infor- mation about these sources and with facts and patterns of system features, revenue statistics, and other data. It reports on systems in 187 countries (twenty-nine countries do not have such taxes; the situation in four countries is unclear). Accompanying the report are an Excel workbook and copies of the works cited when available in digital form. Keywords: Tax on property, recurrent tax on immovable property, property tax, real estate tax, real property tax, land tax, building tax, rates. About the Author Richard Almy is a partner in Almy, Gloudemans, Jacobs & Denne, a US-based consulting firm that works exclusively in property tax administration, chiefly for governments and related insti- tutions. Mr. Almy began his career as an appraiser with the Detroit, Michigan, Board of Asses- sors. Later he served as research director and executive director of the International Association of Assessing Officers (IAAO).
    [Show full text]
  • Faqs on Financial Transaction Tax
    FAQs on Financial Transaction Tax What is a financial transaction tax? A financial transaction tax is a tiny fee – at rates of a fraction of a percent – on trades of financial instruments, such as stocks, bonds, and derivatives.1 Such taxes are promoted as having the dual benefits of discouraging short-term speculation while generating significant revenue. What is the experience with FTT to date? More than 30 countries currently have FTTs on particular asset classes that raise billions of dollars per year. These include many countries with robust and fast-growing financial markets, such as the UK, South Africa, Hong Kong, Singapore, Switzerland, and India. From 1914 to 1966, the United States levied a stock transfer tax, which stood at 0.04% per transaction in 1966. What is the current state of the debate? While the Obama administration is not yet supportive, on January 12, 2015, the Democratic leadership in the U.S. House of Representatives announced support for FTT as a core element of a new tax reform plan. In Europe, 11 governments are moving forward to implement the first regional FTT. In January 2013, they received authorization to form a “coalition of the willing” to implement a coordinated FTT. These countries include: Belgium, Germany, Estonia, Greece, Spain, France, Italy, Austria, Portugal, Slovenia, and Slovakia. The starting point for negotiations was a European Commission proposal for a tax of 0.1% on stock and bond trades and 0.01% on the notional value of derivatives. Trading platforms and clearing houses would collect the taxes and pass on revenue to national tax authorities.
    [Show full text]
  • March 08,1880
    PORTLAND% DAILY PRESS. ESTABLISHED JUNE 23, 18G2.---VOL. 17. PORTLAND, MONDAY MORNING, MARCH 8, 1880. ίΕ?Κ»"ίΚ! TERMS $8.<M> PER ANNUM, IN ADVANCE. THE PORTLAND DAILY PRESS, WANTS. TRADE CIRCULAR. MISCELLANEOUS. EDUCATIONAL. THE [Ν. Υ. Times.] Published every dcy (Sundays excepted) by the PRESS. Dr. Garcelon's Grief. PORTLAND PUBLISHING CO., Wanted. OFORGE A. The result of the late LIBBY, MONDAY municipal elections in and a in MORNING· MARCH 8. At 109 Exchange St., Portland. board, by lady strictly private RETAIL TRADE Maine shows that the people of that State are KOOMfamily, must be nice people, and location. good Teacher of the sank in IY.rmh : Eight Dollars a Year. To mail subscrib- Address, G. L. B. Press Office. marOdlw* Organ, the mire of tyranny. This figure may- 358 We do not read anonymous letters and communi- er s Seven Dollars a if in advance. MIDDLE STREET. Year, paid nel be a mixed one ; but as it is taken from a Demo- dly cations. The name and address of the writer are in cratic newspaper, it is to the occa- THE ΜΛΙλτΓδΤΑΤΕ PRESS Wanted. all cases indispensable, not necessarily for publica- applicable OF Instruction in and sion. It is well known that the late GIRL to into tbe live miles from PORTLAND, ME., English Class- tion but as a guaranty of faith. Governor s published every Tdursday Morning at $2.60 a go country, Caution. good It if> a to take care Address n to those who use fact lha: of the Dr. Alonzo year, if paid in advance at §2.00 a year.
    [Show full text]
  • Inequality in the Capability to Achieve Financial Independence and Security, Enjoy Dignified and Fair Work, and Recognition of Unpaid Work and Care
    CASE STUDY No 2 Domain 4: Financial security and dignified work: Inequality in the capability to achieve financial independence and security, enjoy dignified and fair work, and recognition of unpaid work and care Main Driver Category 4.7: Lack of progressivity of tax system and tax avoidance and evasion Candidate Policy: Taxing financial transactions Professor Ben Fine School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) London July, 2019 Introduction: financialisation and finance sector taxation Over the last decade, the notion of financialisation has exploded across the social sciences, albeit with the notable exception of mainstream economics. A general definition (provided by Epstein, 2005, p. 3) explains financialisation as “the increasing role of financial motives, markets, actors and institutions in the operation of the domestic and international economies”. In short, it refers to the fact that finance has occupied an increasing, even dominant, presence and influence over our economic and social lives, from the global markets down to the everyday activities of households. In the wake of the Global Financial Crisis, it is increasingly acknowledged that the expansion of finance and of financial assets has got out of hand. Financialisation has involved the phenomenal expansion of financial assets relative to real activity (by three times over the last thirty years), as well as the proliferation of types of assets traded (from derivatives through to futures markets). Speculative investments have expanded enormously at the expense of real investment. (Foreign currency trading exceeds $5 trillion dollars per day, more than fifty times what is needed for foreign trade). Financialisation has also involved shareholder value, or financial worth, being prioritised over other economic and social values.
    [Show full text]
  • Legislative Acts on Income Tax of Physical Persons in the Republic Of
    Articulo original Legislative Acts on Income Tax of Physical Persons in the Republic of Azerbaijan Actas legislativas de la República de Azerbaiyán sobre el impuesto sobre la renta de las personas físicas Ramiz Gasimzade, PhD in Law1* https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2988-7659 1Azerbaijan National Aviation Academy. Azerbaijan *Autor para correspondencia: [email protected] ABSTRACT: The article highilghts that in the USSR and Azerbaijan being one of the constituent republics of the USSR, the income tax on physical persons was not crucial for the state budget, because the income of the main strata of the population was very low. Even though in the early 1960s, there was an attempt to avoid this tax, it was not realised. During the Soviet era, the bulk of budget revenues was heavily regulated by the profits of enterprises and organizations. The percentage of income tax to the state budget was only 6-8%. At that time the income tax for the majority of workers was almost non-progressive, and its rate varied in the range of 8.2-13%. Law of the USSR, “On income tax from citizens of the USSR, foreign citizens and stateless persons”, which consisted of 34 Articles, was adopted on April 23, 1990. Article 1 of the mentioned law stipulates that taxpayers in the USSR shall be citizens of the USSR, both permanent and non-resident citizens of the USSR, foreign citizens and stateless persons. Citizens who live in the USSR for more than 183 days in a calendar year shall be treated as citizens for tax purposes.
    [Show full text]