Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México Programa De Maestría Y Doctorado En Ingeniería (Ingeniería Civil) – (Hidráulica)

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Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México Programa De Maestría Y Doctorado En Ingeniería (Ingeniería Civil) – (Hidráulica) UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO PROGRAMA DE MAESTRÍA Y DOCTORADO EN INGENIERÍA (INGENIERÍA CIVIL) – (HIDRÁULICA) PREDICCIÓN MEDIANTE ANÁLISIS NO LINEAL EN HIDROLOGÍA TESIS QUE PARA OPTAR POR EL GRADO DE: DOCTOR EN INGENIERÍA PRESENTA: LEONARDO DANIEL AMORES ROVELO TUTOR PRINCIPAL DR. CARLOS A. ESCALANTE SANDOVAL, FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA COMITÉ TUTOR DR. JESÚS GRACIA SÁNCHEZ, INSTITUTO DE INGENIERÍA DR. RODOLFO SILVA CASARÍN, INSTITUTO DE INGENIERÍA DRA. LILIA REYES CHÁVEZ, FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA DR. EDGAR GERARDO MENDOZA BALDWIN, INSTITUTO DE INGENIERÍA MÉXICO, D. F. MAYO 2015 JURADO ASIGNADO: Presidente: DR. JESÚS GRACIA SÁNCHEZ Secretario: RODOLFO SILVA CASARÍN Vocal: DR. CARLOS A. ESCALANTE SANDOVAL 1 er. Suplente: DRA. LILIA REYES CHÁVEZ 2 d o. Suplente: DR. EDGAR GERARDO MENDOZA BALDWIN CIUDAD UNIVERSITARIA, D.F. TUTOR DE TESIS: DR. CARLOS A. ESCALANTE SANDOVAL -------------------------------------------------- FIRMA Esta tesis está dedicada a mi madre Aida y a mi padre Amparo que en paz descanse por su infinito amor aliento y apoyo. AGRADECIMIENTOS El camino ha sido difícil y he requerido de mucho esfuerzo y dedicación, sin embargo para mi buena fortuna me he encontrado con muchas personas que me han dado su compañerismo y tiempo, lo cual me ha ayudado a finalizar esta tesis. En primer lugar agradezco a Dios, porque en todo momento siempre sostuvo mi mano y es esa fuerza que me anima a continuar diciéndome “sigue adelante”. Dios en su infinita misericordia y paciencia ha querido poner en mi camino a todas aquellas personas que en mucho o poco han contribuido a la culminación de mi investigación doctoral. A mi madre la santa virgen María que junto a su hijo mi eterno salvador el señor Jesucristo nunca me desampararon. A mi madre Aida por su valioso apoyo constante, sin ella no hubiera podido seguir adelante en esta investigación. A mi padre y abuelo Amparo quien se adelantó en el camino, por sus valiosos consejos y sabiduría, tengo la esperanza que él está orgulloso de mí donde quiera que se encuentre. Agradezco al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) por el patrocinio para realizar mis estudios de doctorado. Una parte importante de esta investigación ha sido el Dr. Carlos Escalante quien ha sido mi tutor y amigo, con quien a través de esfuerzos, compartir ideas y mediante pruebas y ensayos se han desarrollo los modelos propuestos en esta tesis. No podría haber deseado tan minucioso interlocutor con tan profundo conocimiento en el campo de la hidrología. A mis amigos los doctores Luis Fernando y Jorge Luis por las fructíferas horas llenas de ideas revolucionarias en el campo de la Hidráulica. Leonardo Daniel Amores Rovelo Hermano sol hermana luna Si quieres que se cumplan tus sueños trabaja en ello lento pero seguro el trabajo sincero crece con pureza. Si quieres vivir en libertad tomate tu tiempo avanza lentamente haz unas pocas cosas pero hazlas bien las alegrías más sencillas son celestiales. Día a día, piedra a piedra construye lentamente tu secreto día a día, piedra a piedra sabrás que el cielo es la gloria. Si quieres que se cumplan tus sueños trabaja en ellos lento pero seguro comienza con lo pequeño para un gran final el trabajo sincero crece con pureza. Si quieres vivir en libertad tomate tu tiempo avanza lentamente. San Francisco de Asís Resumen En esta investigación se presentan y desarrollan modelos basados en RNAs mediante un enfoque Regional. Esto es RNAs-Regional, Ensamblado-Regional y Modular-Regional. Dentro de los modelos tradicionales de predicción hidrológica se tienen a los modelos de RNAs, Ensamblados y Modulares. Estos modelos son evaluados en diferentes casos de estudio. El enfoque Regional propuesto en los diferentes modelos RNAs depende de la adecuada delimitación de regiones homogéneas o de la potencialidad de homogeneidad entre estaciones. En este caso se prueban homogeneidades mediante el algoritmo de Fisher y mediante c-Medias. Posteriormente se utilizan dichas regiones en los modelos predictores evaluando su desempeño. De acuerdo con la hipótesis regional, se espera que una regionalización adecuada brinde un pronóstico óptimo al tener una mayor cantidad de información, esto es mediante el refinamiento de las regiones homogéneas con ayuda de los Momentos-L. En el desarrollo de esta tesis inicialmente se tomaron miles de estaciones climatológicas e hidrométricas en cada sitio estudiado depurándose muchas de ellas debido al riguroso control de calidad. El cual consistió en inspeccionar los datos dudosos o anómalos para luego evaluar la homogeneidad de las series analizadas. Una vez llevado a cabo el control de calidad de las series de lluvia y escurrimientos, se tomaron aquellas series lo suficientemente largas y se cuidó que la cantidad de datos vacíos no fuera mayor del 10%. Para evaluar los modelos en la predicción de lluvia, se tomó como caso de estudio a Australia y la Costa Oeste de Estados Unidos y para la predicción de escurrimientos los casos de estudio fueron Canadá y la Cuenca del Amazonas. Finalmente los modelos regionales propuestos se aplicaron a un caso de estudio en la República Mexicana siendo este el estado de Zacatecas. Para Australia se tomaron 118 estaciones climatológicas de la NOOA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). Estas estaciones climatológicas tienen una longitud de registro de 106 años (1272 meses) con observaciones comprendidas entre el periodo 1907 y 2012. En el caso de la Costa Oeste de Estados Unidos se tomaron 56 estaciones climatológicas de la NOOA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) con una longitud de registro de 113 años, con un periodo comprendido del año 1900 al 2012. En la predicción de los escurrimientos, las áreas de estudio fueron Canadá, la Cuenca del Amazonas y como caso de estudio en México el estado de Zacatecas. En Canadá se estudiaron datos de escurrimientos mensuales de 90 estaciones hidrométricas en las regiones este y oeste de Canadá a partir del CD-ROM de Environment Canada (HYDAT, 2013). Los datos observados comprenden entre 99 y 114 años (1188 y 1368 meses) con observaciones comprendidas entre el periodo 1900 y 2008 para las series más largas y entre 1915 a 2008 para las series más cortas. En la cuenca del Amazonas se utilizaron series de escurrimientos de 18 estaciones hidrométricas con longitudes de registro variables comprendidas desde 1951 a 2012. Los registros fueron tomados del Observatory (ORE) HYBAM (Geodynamical, hydrological and biogeochemical control of erosion/alteration and material transport in the Amazon basin). Finalmente en Zacatecas se tomaron series de lluvias de 87 estaciones climatológicas de la Base de Datos Climatológica Nacional CLImate COMputing (CLICOM). Las series de lluvia acumulada mensual cuentan con una longitud de registro de 71 años en el periodo comprendido del año 1940 al año 2010. El enfoque Regional para modelos de predicción basados en modelos no lineales vía RNAs se ha desarrollado con el auxilio de Matlab R12 pensado para pronóstico lluvia y escurrimiento y de esta forma proporcionar otra alternativa en la toma de decisiones dentro de los aprovechamientos hidráulicos. Este trabajo desarrolla modelos basados en RNAs desde un enfoque Regional sobre una base de datos disponibles de lluvia y de escurrimientos. Los resultados encontrados muestran múltiples ventajas no solo en términos de precisión de los modelos en general sino también en el pronóstico de las variables analizadas donde la información meteorológica juega un papel importante para la simulación de fenómenos extremos que ayudan en el aprovechamiento hidráulico. Los resultados de las evaluaciones indican que en general, los modelos Regionales presentan los mejores ajustes, sin embargo, se observó también que el modelo Ensamblado-Regional obtuvo los mejores ajustes, aunque con una diferencia mínima a los obtenidos con los modelos Modular-Regional y RNAs-Regional. De ahí que los tres modelos son una adecuada herramienta en el pronóstico hidrológico. A pesar de la mejora en la predicción mediante los modelos regionales planteados en esta tesis se espera que la principal contribución sea la de inspirar futuras investigaciones y uso de los modelos regionales en las dependencias encargadas en la planeación de los recursos hídricos del país. CONTENIDO INTRODUCCIÓN I) Motivación. i II) Objetivos . ii III) Estructura de la tesis. iii IV) Referencias . v 1 SERIES DE TIEMPO EN HIDROLOGÍA 1 1.1 Introducción. 1 1.2 Análisis de series de tiempo. 2 1.3 Estructura de series de tiempo. 2 1.4 Modelación de series de tiempo. 2 1.5 Características más destacadas de las series de tiempo hidrológicas 3 1.6 Clasificación de las series de tiempo. 5 1.7 Características estadísticas de las series de tiempo hidrológicas. 5 1.8 Técnicas de autocorrelación. 7 1.9 Aplicaciones hidrológicas. 8 1.10 Referencias . 9 2 REDES NEURONALES ARTIFICIALES (RNAs) 11 2.1 Introducción. 11 2.2 Historia de redes neuronales. 12 2.3 Aplicación de RNAs para predicción y modelado en hidrología. 14 2.4 Perceptron multicapa. 15 2.4.1 Estructura de la red. 15 2.5 Algoritmos de entrenamiento de MFNN. 16 2.5.1 Algoritmo de retropropagación. 17 2.5.2 Entrenamiento de MFNN mediante el algoritmo de 19 Levenberg-Marquardt. 2.5.2.1 Algoritmo del descenso más rápido. 20 2.5.2.2 Algoritmo de Newton. 21 2.5.2.3 Algoritmo de Gauss-Newton. 24 2.5.2.4 Algoritmo de Levenberg-Marquardt. 26 2.6 Referencias . 26 3 MODELOS ENSAMBLADOS 29 3.1 Introducción. 29 3.2 Redes ensambladas. 31 3.3 Algoritmo de AdaBoost.M2. 31 3.4 Algoritmo LPBoost. 32 3.5 Algoritmo TotalBoost. 34 3.6 Algoritmo RUSBoost. 35 CONTENIDO 3.7 Referencias. 37 4 MODELOS MODULARES 38 4.1 Introducción. 39 4.2 Concepto de modularidad. 39 4.3 Redes Neuronales Artificiales Modulares RNAM. 41 4.4 Modelo matemático de una RNAM. 41 4.5 Referencias . 44 5 REGIONALIZACION DE CUENCAS 45 5.1 Introducción.
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