DOCSLIB.ORG

Assessing Deposition and Persistence of Beauveria Bassiana GHA

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Assessing Deposition and Persistence of Beauveria Bassiana GHA Biological Control 54 (2010) 61–67 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biological Control journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ybcon Assessing deposition and persistence of Beauveria bassiana GHA (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) applied for control of the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), in a commercial tree nursery Louela A. Castrillo a,*, Michael H. Griggs b, Houping Liu c,1, Leah S. Bauer c,d, John D. Vandenberg b a Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA b USDA ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA c Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA d USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, East Lansing MI 48823, USA article info abstract Article history: Determining the deposition and field persistence of mycoinsecticides is essential in the development of Received 8 February 2010 effective and economical application strategies, including specifically the timing and frequency of spray Accepted 17 March 2010 applications. In this study we used three methods to evaluate the persistence of Beauveria bassiana strain Available online 21 March 2010 GHA applied for control of the emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis, an invasive pest attacking ash trees, Fraxinus spp., in North America. Fungal inocula present on ash bark and leaves, collected at 61, 7 Keywords: and 14 days after spraying, were quantified by use of molecular (real-time PCR assay) and culture-based Fraxinus spp. methods (semi-selective wheat germ dodine agar). We also assayed fungus-sprayed leaves and bark Invasive insect against adult beetles to determine whether the level of inocula persisting in the field was sufficient to Entomopathogenic fungus Microbial control affect beetle survival. Our data quantified deposition of B. bassiana and documented fungal persistence. Real-time PCR We observed significant decline in recovery of colony-forming units of B. bassiana within 1 week of appli- cation. The decline was more pronounced on leaves than on bark, and was also evident in loss of virulence of treated substrates to adult EAB with increasing time after application. However, sufficient inocula per- sisted on bark and leaves for 7–14 days to cause 40–57% and 17–38% mortality, respectively, making pre- emergent sprays a practical means to target adults during emergence, pre-oviposition feeding, or oviposition. Ó 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Current measures used against EAB include quarantines on the movement of ash trees or firewood, removal of ash trees within in- The emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire fested areas and application of systemic insecticides to selected (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is an invasive pest first discovered in trees. Alternative biological control strategies being evaluated 2002 near Detroit, Michigan. The beetle has now spread to twelve against EAB include the use of parasitoids (Bauer et al., 2004, additional states in northeastern and midwestern US as well as to 2005, 2006) and fungal entomopathogens Beauveria bassiana Ontario and Quebec, Canada (www.emeraldashborer.info). Within (Bals.) Vuill. (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) and Metarhizium anisop- these areas, more than 20 million ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) have liae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) (Liu and been killed by the EAB (Poland, 2007). Potential economic damage Bauer, 2006, 2008a,b; Vandenberg et al., 2008). These biological may exceed $10 billion in a 25-state study area within the next and microbial control agents provide environmentally friendly op- 10 years (Kovacs et al., 2010). Adult beetles feed only on foliage tions for beetle management, particularly in ecologically sensitive but the key damage is inflicted by larvae feeding on the phloem areas. Initial studies of B. bassiana have shown promise: field appli- of ash trees; this disrupts the tree’s ability to transport water and cations of a B. bassiana strain GHA-based mycoinsecticide resulted nutrients. Beetles have a 1- or 2-year life cycle completed entirely in 42% less crown dieback and a 63% reduction in EAB emergence in association with ash trees. in treated versus untreated ash trees (Liu and Bauer, 2008a). Trials in greenhouse cages also showed that fungal treatments prior to EAB emergence significantly reduced longevity in both female * Corresponding author. and male adults (Liu and Bauer, 2008b). Furthermore, we have E-mail address: [email protected] (L.A. Castrillo). 1 recovered viable B. bassiana strain GHA from the bark of ash trees Present address: Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Harrisburg, PA, USA. sampled more than a year after application; these propagules may 1049-9644/$ - see front matter Ó 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2010.03.005 62 L.A. Castrillo et al. / Biological Control 54 (2010) 61–67 provide inoculum for possible infection of emerging beetles in for each treatment in 2007, 2008 and 2009. Tree numbers were spring (unpublished data). randomized, omitting edge trees in each treatment to minimize In 2006 we began a multi-year study near Stockbridge, Michi- contamination in control samples from spray drift. In addition, gan, evaluating the efficacy of field applications of B. bassiana strain control trees were sampled prior to collecting fungus-treated GHA (the active ingredient in Botanigard ESÒ), alone or in combi- leaves to minimize cross-contamination among samples. Leaves nations with imidacloprid-based insecticide, against EAB in a com- were clipped from the upper third canopy of the north side of each mercial tree nursery. In this paper we assess the deposition and tree, avoiding terminal branches, terminal leaves and terminal persistence of B. bassiana applied to ash trees. We compare molec- leaflets from each leaf. Leaflets of approximately equal size were ular versus cultural methods for quantifying viable fungus from chosen throughout. The mean surface area of sampled leaflets field-collected leaflet and bark samples and we correlate the re- was 49.8 ± 13.4 cm2 (n = 50). In 2006 we clipped two or three sults with those obtained from assays of beetle adults confined leaves per tree and sampled three leaflets per leaf for the samples on field-treated leaves and bark. collected <1, 7 and 14 days after each spray and 28 days after the third spray. Three leaves were collected to compare two tech- niques, leaf washing versus leaf pressing, of sampling the fungus 2. Materials and methods using selective medium on culture plates. Initial data on CFU counts from leaf pressing <1 day after the first spray revealed high 2.1. Beauveria bassiana strain GHA field application CFU numbers too indistinct to count for comparison with leaf washing. Consequently, only 7- and 14-day samples were collected A block of 218 mixed 5- to 7-year-old green, Fraxinus pennsylva- for leaf presses and direct comparisons with leaf washes were nica Marsh. (Lamiales: Oleaceae), and white, Fraxinus americana made only for leaflets sampled 14 days after each spray. In 2007– Linnaeus, ash within a commercial tree nursery near Stockbridge, 2008, only one leaf with three leaflets was sampled per tree for Michigan, was used for this study. These and other trees at this site washing. Each of three leaflets for washing was transferred to a were used by us for related EAB studies. A randomized complete- 50-ml sterile conical polypropylene tube and stored in a shaded block design was used for each ash species and each of the treat- cooler until processing later the same day. Six leaflets selected ments. For this study, we sampled only trees from blocks treated for pressing directly onto culture medium were processed in the with foliar sprays of B. bassiana strain GHA (Botanigard ESÒ)or field upon collection as described below. with sprays of the formulation’s carrier (without fungus). The site Bark samples (3.6 cm2) were collected from the north side of initially had a light infestation of EAB and had no history of the same trees sampled for foliage, at about 1.2–1.4 m from the mycoinsecticide or fungicide treatment. Treatments were applied ground, using a wood chisel (1.9 cm). The chisel was disinfected three times at 2-week intervals from early June to July of each year with 10% bleach solution between samples. Each sample was from 2006 to 2009. The first application coincided with initial transferred to a 50-ml polypropylene conical tube, kept in a shaded emergence of adult beetles. Spray treatments were applied using cooler and processed the same day. A total of three green and three two methods to ensure coverage of each tree. Boles were sprayed white ash trees were sampled for each of the two treatments at to a height of 2 m with a wand fitted with two nozzles (TX VS6) each sampling time in 2007 and 2008. White ash and green ash mounted at 90° to a backpack sprayer (R&D, Belspray Inc., Opelou- have different bark surface structures that could affect the deposi- sas, LA) with CO propellant. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 2 tion and persistence of applied fungus conidia. 30 ml at 30 psi during two spray passes on each tree bole. The crown and upper branches were sprayed with the same mixture 2.3. GHA quantification: culture on selective medium using a 60-gallon (227-l) skid mounted hydraulic sprayer (Model SK-61-4R, FIMCO, North Sioux City, SD), with a handgun nozzle Leaflet and bark samples were vortexed in 20 or 10 ml of 0.2% (5500 adjustable conejet nozzle, Spraying Systems, Carol Stream, aqueous Tween 80, respectively, two to three 10-fold dilutions IL) with 1.8 mm opening, calibrated to deliver 1 l in approximately were prepared and 200-ll aliquots of each dilution were plated 10 s at 100 psi. Sprays were timed and calibrated so that each tree on a semi-selective medium: wheat germ dodine agar (WGDA; received an estimated 2 Â 1011 conidia of B.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 'Ca. Phytoplasma Fraxini' Y
    248 UNIVERSIDAD MILITAR NUEVA GRANADA ESPECIES ARBÓREAS DE LAS FAMILIAS EUPHORBIACEAE, PITTOSPORACEAE Y SALICACEAE SON INFECTADAS POR ‘CA. PHYTOPLASMA FRAXINI’ Y ‘CA. PHYTOPLASMA ASTERIS’ EN INFECCIONES MIXTAS EN BOGOTÁ, COLOMBIA Fecha de recepción: 4 de octubre de 2013 • Fecha de aceptación: 15 de noviembre de 2013 TREE SPECIES OF EUPHORBIACEAE, PITTOSPORACEAE AND SALICACEAE FAMILIES ARE INFECTED BY ‘CA. PHYTOPLASMA FRAXINI’ AND ‘CA. PHYTOPLASMA ASTERIS’ IN MIXED INFECTIONS IN BOGOTA, COLOMBIA Laura M. Perilla-Henao1 • Liliana Franco-Lara2,3 RESUMEN La presencia de fitoplasmas del grupo 16SrI (‘Ca. Phytoplasma asteris’) fue reportada en Croton spp. (Eu- phorbiaceae), Pittosporum undulatum (Pittosporaceae) y Populus nigra (Salicaceae), en Bogotá. En este traba- jo se reporta la existencia adicional de fitoplasmas del grupo 16SrVII‘Ca. Phytoplasma fraxini’ en estas mismas especies de árboles ornamentales, por técnicas moleculares como PCR anidada, RFLP y secuenciación del gen 16SrRNA. Los resultados muestran la existencia de un complejo de fitoplasmas de los grupos 16SrI y 16SrVII que se asocian con síntomas como deformación general de la corona, ramas en copo, amarillamiento, elonga- ción anormal de brotes apicales, escobas de bruja y rebrotación epicórmica que afectan el estado de sanidad de los árboles. En diciembre de 2013 la prevalencia sintomática en Croton spp., P. undulatum y P. nigra y se estimó en 36%, 93% y 85% respectivamente. Este trabajo presenta evidencia de que plantas de familias dife- rentes a Oleaceae que son susceptibles a fitoplasmas del grupo 16SrVII y que en este caso se encuentran en infecciones mixtas con fitoplasmas del grupo 16SrI. Se presentan evidencias de una enfermedad emergente de alta prevalencia en estas especies de árboles han pasado desapercibidas hasta la fecha, pero suponen un riesgo para la supervivencia de los árboles urbanos en Bogotá.
    [Show full text]
  • Plants, Volume 1, Number 1 (August 1979)
    Desert Plants, Volume 1, Number 1 (August 1979) Item Type Article Publisher University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ) Journal Desert Plants Rights Copyright © Arizona Board of Regents. The University of Arizona. Download date 02/10/2021 01:18:53 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/528188 Volume I. Number 1. August 1979 Desert Published by The University of Arizona for the Plants Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum Assisting Nature with Plant Selection4 Larry K. Holzworth Aberrant Sex -Ratios in Jojoba Associated with Environmental Factors 8 Serena L. Cole 'J. G. Lemmon & Wife,' Plant Explorers in Arizona, California, and Nevada12 Frank S. Crosswhite 'Extinct' Wire -Lettuce, Stephanomeria schottii (Compositae), Rediscovered in Arizona after More Than One Hundred Years22 Elinor Lehto Southwestern Indian Sunflowers23 Gary Paul Nabhan Transition from a Bermudagrass Lawn to a Landscape of Rock or Gravel Mulch 27 Charles Sacamano Preliminary Evaluation of Cold- hardiness in Desert Landscaping Plants at Central Arizona College29 William A. Kinnison Effects of the 1978 Freeze on Native Plants of Sonora, Mexico33 Warren D. Jones The Severe Freeze of 1978 -79 in the Southwestern United States37 The National Climate Program Act of 197840 Reviews42 Arboretum Progress46 R. T. McKittrick Volume 1. Number 1. August 1979 Published by The University of Arizona Desert Plants for the Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum The Severe Freeze of 1978 -79 in the Contents Southwestern United States37 Correspondents: Editorial Barrie D. Coate, Saratoga Horticultural Foundation; Dara E. Emery, Santa Barbara Botanic Garden; Louis C. Assisting Nature with Plant Selection 4 Erickson, Botanic Gardens, University of California, River- Larry K. Holzworth, USDA Soil Conservation side; Wayne L.
    [Show full text]
  • Acteoside and Related Phenylethanoid Glycosides in Byblis Liniflora Salisb
    Vol. 73, No. 1: 9-15, 2004 ACTA SOCIETATIS BOTANICORUM POLONIAE 9 ACTEOSIDE AND RELATED PHENYLETHANOID GLYCOSIDES IN BYBLIS LINIFLORA SALISB. PLANTS PROPAGATED IN VITRO AND ITS SYSTEMATIC SIGNIFICANCE JAN SCHLAUER1, JAROMIR BUDZIANOWSKI2, KRYSTYNA KUKU£CZANKA3, LIDIA RATAJCZAK2 1 Institute of Plant Biochemistry, University of Tübingen Corrensstr. 41, 72076 Tübingen, Germany 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, University of Medical Sciences in Poznañ w. Marii Magdaleny 14, 61-861 Poznañ, Poland 3 Botanical Garden, University of Wroc³aw Sienkiewicza 23, 50-335 Wroc³aw, Poland (Received: May 30, 2003. Accepted: February 4, 2004) ABSTRACT From plantlets of Byblis liniflora Salisb. (Byblidaceae), propagated by in vitro culture, four phenylethanoid glycosides acteoside, isoacteoside, desrhamnosylacteoside and desrhamnosylisoacteoside were isolated. The presence of acteoside substantially supports a placement of the family Byblidaceae in order Scrophulariales and subclass Asteridae. Moreover, the genera containing acteoside are listed; almost all of them appear to belong to the order Scrophulariales. KEY WORDS: Byblis liniflora, Byblidaceae, Scrophulariales, chemotaxonomy, phenylethanoid gly- cosides, acteoside, in vitro propagation. INTRODUCTION et Conran, B. filifolia Planch, B. rorida Lowrie et Conran, and B. lamellata Conran et Lowrie. Byblidaceae are a small family of essentially Western Byblis liniflora Salisb. grows erect to 15-20 cm. Its lea- and Northern Australian (extending to Papuasia) herbs ves are alternate, involute in vernation, simple, linear with with exstipulate, linear sticky leaves spirally arranged a clavate apical swelling, and with stipitate, adhesive and along a more or less upright or sprawling stem and solita- sessile, digestive glands on the lamina (Huxley et al. 1992; ry, ebracteolate, pentamerous, weakly sympetalous, very Lowrie 1998).
    [Show full text]
  • Fraxinus Uhdei 28
    Fraxinus uhdei (Wenzig) Lingelsh. Fresno, tropical ash Oleaceae Familia de los olivos John K. Francis Fraxinus uhdei (Wenzig) Lingelsh, conocido como fresno un reporte de Hawaii (15) indican que el mejor crecimiento o tropical ash (en inglés), es un árbol atractivo de tamaño de tiene lugar en suelos aluviales o coluviales y es pobre en mediano a grande, que alcanza una altura máxima de 37 m pendientes erosionadas y cimas secas. El fresno parece crecer (1, fig. 1). Esta especie forestal se planta como árbol de sombra a tasas moderadas sobre tierra vegetal pedregosa de drenaje y muestra un buen potencial para la plantación forestal. impedido (29) y sobre Ultisoles húmedos y pobres en nutrientes en las cuestas superiores. La mayoría de su distribución natural en México se encuentra arriba de los HABITAT 2,400 m (13). En Guatemala, su distribución se extiende desde los 800 a los 2,000 m de elevación (24). En Hawaii, el mejor crecimiento se obtuvo a elevaciones entre 450 y 1,500 m (15). Area de Distribución Natural y de Naturalización El área de distribución natural del fresno se extiende desde Cobertura Forestal Asociada el área central occidental de México a través de Guatemala, desde las latitudes 25° a la 14° N. (8, fig. 2). La especie ha Se encontró solamente una escasa información sobre las sido introducida con propósitos forestales en Hawaii, Puerto especies forestales asociadas. Los tipos de bosque en los cuales Rico y la India (2, 11, 21). Se ha plantado también como un se encuentra el fresno se ven dominados usualmente por los árbol de sombra en Costa Rica y en áreas subtropicales de encinas (Quercus spp.) (9).
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny of Fraxinus Sect. Melioides (Oleaceae): Review and an Alternative Hypothesis
    Nesom, G.L. 2014. Phylogeny of Fraxinus sect. Melioides (Oleaceae): Review and an alternative hypothesis. Phytoneuron 2014-95: 1–9. Published 14 October 2014. ISSN 2153 733X PHYLOGENY OF FRAXINUS SECT. MELIOIDES (OLEACEAE): REVIEW AND AN ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS GUY L. NESOM 2925 Hartwood Drive Fort Worth, Texas 76109 ABSTRACT Molecular-phylogenetic hypotheses for the species of Fraxinus sect. Melioides by Jeandroz (1997), Wallander (2008), and Hinsinger et al. (2013) are summarized and reviewed. There is disagreement among them and unexpected arrangements suggest that either misidentifications or speciation by hybridization, or both, may have affected the conclusions. An alternative phylogenetic hypothesis, subjectively developed mostly on the basis of morphology and geography, is presented here to summarize points of agreement and what seems plausible, perhaps to serve as a guide in further investigations. Sect Melioides is recognized here as comprising fifteen species divided informally among five groups: the Americana group (5 species), the Pennsylvanica group (7 species), and the Uhdei, Latifolia, and Papillosa groups (each with 1 species). Molecular data indicate that the American F. cuspidata and the Asian F. platypoda , F. chiisanensis , and F. spaethiana are closely related to sect. Melioides –– these 4 species are regarded here as "aff. sect. Melioides ," perhaps warranting separate formal recognition, since, if added to sect. Melioides , its morphological integrity is weakened. Recent research by Hinsinger et al. (2013) is primarily
    [Show full text]
  • September 29, 2015 20884 Jemellee Cruz Flood Maintenance
    September 29, 2015 20884 Jemellee Cruz Flood Maintenance Division County of Los Angeles Department of Public Works 900 South Fremont Avenue, Annex Building Alhambra, California 91803 SUBJECT: RESULTS FROM THE FOCUSED PLANT SURVEY FOR SOFT-BOTTOM CHANNEL REACH 112, BALLONA CREEK, MAINTENANCE PROJECT, LOS ANGELES COUNTY, CALIFORNIA. TASK ORDER NUMBER FMD-C339 Dear Ms. Cruz: This letter report summarizes the findings of the focused plant survey conducted for the Soft-Bottom Channel (SBC) Reach 112, Ballona Creek, for the Los Angeles County Flood Control District (LACFCD) to support the Regional Water Quality Control Board (RWQCB) Waste Discharge Requirements (WDR) for the proposed actions relating to the Ballona Creek SBC Reach Annual Maintenance Project (Project). Information contained in this document is in accordance with accepted scientific and technical standards that are consistent with the requirements of United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW). The Project reach is located in the Marina Del Rey area of the City of Los Angeles and is surrounded mainly by residential, commercial, and industrial development. The Project is located west of Interstate 405, east of Marina Del Rey, and north of the Los Angeles International Airport (Figure 1), from Centinela Avenue to Pacific Avenue. The proposed impact area includes: . The expanse from the top of the riprap on one bank, across the channel, to the top of the riprap on the other bank . A 50-foot buffer around any tree or shrub identified as having a 0.5-inch or more root diameter within the Ballona Creek Project area (landward side of levee on one bank, across the channel, to the landward side of levee on the other bank plus an additional 15-foot buffer if it is contained within the LACFCD easement) .
    [Show full text]
  • Wallander 2013
    studiedagen – journées d’étude: fraxinus Systematics and fl oral evolution in Fraxinus (Oleaceae) Eva Wallander 1) Summary – Th e genus Fraxinus is one of 24 genera in the family Oleaceae. Fraxinus currently consists of 48 accepted tree and shrubby species distributed from the tropics to temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. About one third of the species is insect-pollinated and has small, white, scented fl owers borne many together in showy terminal panicles. Th e other two thirds are wind-pollinated, with apetalous and usually unisexual fl owers borne in tight lateral panicles or racemes. Unisexual fl owers have evolved on three separate occasions from bisexual ones in wind-pollinated species. Th e genus is divided into six sections: Fraxinus, Sciadanthus, Paucifl orae, Melioides, Ornus and Dipetalae. Th ese sections contain 45 species plus a few recognised subspecies. Th ree species are unclassifi ed due to uncertain positions in the phylogenetic tree. Th is latest classifi cation of the genus is based on an updated version of Wallander’s (2008) phylogenetic tree, which is based both on molecular and morphological data. A key to the sections is given as well as a systematic table with all accepted taxa, common syno- nyms and geographic distribution. Each section is presented along with some common, botanically interesting or commercially important species. Oleaceae, the olive family occur in Chionanthus and Fraxinus, and apetalous fl owers occur in Nestegis, Forestiera, Oleaceae is a family of about 600 species in 24 and wind-pollinated species of Fraxinus. Th e extant genera (Wallander & Albert 2000). ovary is syncarpous (carpels fused), consisting Th ey occur all over the world in tropical, sub- of two carpels.
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of the Vascular Plants of San Diego County 5Th Edition
    cHeckliSt of tHe vaScUlaR PlaNtS of SaN DieGo coUNty 5th edition Pinus torreyana subsp. torreyana Downingia concolor var. brevior Thermopsis californica var. semota Pogogyne abramsii Hulsea californica Cylindropuntia fosbergii Dudleya brevifolia Chorizanthe orcuttiana Astragalus deanei by Jon P. Rebman and Michael G. Simpson San Diego Natural History Museum and San Diego State University examples of checklist taxa: SPecieS SPecieS iNfRaSPecieS iNfRaSPecieS NaMe aUtHoR RaNk & NaMe aUtHoR Eriodictyon trichocalyx A. Heller var. lanatum (Brand) Jepson {SD 135251} [E. t. subsp. l. (Brand) Munz] Hairy yerba Santa SyNoNyM SyMBol foR NoN-NATIVE, NATURaliZeD PlaNt *Erodium cicutarium (L.) Aiton {SD 122398} red-Stem Filaree/StorkSbill HeRBaRiUM SPeciMeN coMMoN DocUMeNTATION NaMe SyMBol foR PlaNt Not liSteD iN THE JEPSON MANUAL †Rhus aromatica Aiton var. simplicifolia (Greene) Conquist {SD 118139} Single-leaF SkunkbruSH SyMBol foR StRict eNDeMic TO SaN DieGo coUNty §§Dudleya brevifolia (Moran) Moran {SD 130030} SHort-leaF dudleya [D. blochmaniae (Eastw.) Moran subsp. brevifolia Moran] 1B.1 S1.1 G2t1 ce SyMBol foR NeaR eNDeMic TO SaN DieGo coUNty §Nolina interrata Gentry {SD 79876} deHeSa nolina 1B.1 S2 G2 ce eNviRoNMeNTAL liStiNG SyMBol foR MiSiDeNtifieD PlaNt, Not occURRiNG iN coUNty (Note: this symbol used in appendix 1 only.) ?Cirsium brevistylum Cronq. indian tHiStle i checklist of the vascular plants of san Diego county 5th edition by Jon p. rebman and Michael g. simpson san Diego natural history Museum and san Diego state university publication of: san Diego natural history Museum san Diego, california ii Copyright © 2014 by Jon P. Rebman and Michael G. Simpson Fifth edition 2014. isBn 0-918969-08-5 Copyright © 2006 by Jon P.
    [Show full text]
  • Fraxinus Biltmoreana and Fraxinus Smallii (Oleaceae), Forest Trees of the Eastern United States
    Nesom, G.L. 2010. Fraxinus biltmoreana and Fraxinus smallii (Oleaceae), forest trees of the eastern United States. Phytoneuron 2010-51: 1–30. FRAXINUS BILTMOREANA AND FRAXINUS SMALLII (OLEACEAE), FOREST TREES OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES GUY L. N ESOM 2925 Hartwood Drive Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA www.guynesom.com ABSTRACT Fraxinus biltmoreana Beadle and Fraxinus smallii Britton are recognized as species distinct from F. americana L., the white ash, closely following an earlier and informal delineation (Santamour 1962). Trees of F. americana sensu stricto are diploid, while those of F. smallii are tetraploid and those of F. biltmoreana are hexaploid. They differ by features of the fruits, leaf and twig vestiture, and shape and thickness of the petiole base; triploid and pentaploid hybrids apparently occur but are uncommon and probably sterile. Fraxinus americana (diploid) is more widely distributed to the west and north than the two polyploids, but the latter occur in 20 states of the eastern USA. Fraxinus smallii occurs from eastern Texas to Florida, north to Missouri, Ohio, and Pennsylvania; the range of F. biltmoreana is similar but it is rare in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Missouri and does not reach Texas. Differences in habitat appear to neglible or non-existent and two or all three of the species sometimes are encountered in close proximity. The distributions of F. americana , F. smallii , and F. biltmoreana are mapped at county level, and synonymy and typifications are provided for all three species. Other maps show the locations from which chromosome counts and estimates have been made. Fraxinus albicans Buckley, the Texas ash, and F.
    [Show full text]
  • BIOTIBIRITA Biotibirita I.E.D
    USOS TR A DICION A LES DE A LGUN A S PL A NT A S EN EL MUNICIPIO DE TIBIRIT A BIOTIBIRITA BioTibirita I.E.D. Monseñor Agustín Gutiérrez Programa ONDAS Minciencias 2020 INTEGRANTES Estudiantes activos Mary Luz Roa Aldana - 601 Sharon Daniela García Vásquez - 602 María Elizabeth Muñoz Cortés - 602 Andrea Camila Roldán Mahecha - 801 Diana Sofía Vivas Torres - 801 Ever Nicolás Muñoz Cortés - 801 Karen Dayana Acosta Mahecha - 802 Víctor Alejandro Aldana Aldana - 802 Laura Ximena Herrera Rodríguez - 802 Docentes Luisa Fernanda Ramírez Cardozo Docente Ciencias Naturales Yury Lorena Arias Cifuentes Docente Ciencias Sociales Ruby Alexandra Cortés Mejía Docente Ciencias Naturales y Química Belinda Nayibe Melo Olaya Docente Ciencias Sociales Diego Felipe Romero Hernández Docente Matemáticas Beatriz Lorena Sánchez Chinchilla Docente Español e Inglés ENCUESTADOS Ernesto Celis Moreno Carmen Rodríguez Gloria Vivas Rodríguez Víctor Manuel Ramón Rodríguez Munar Luz Stella Mendoza Garzón Pedro Melo Heidy Yuliana Ávila Mahecha Amanda Ortega Fernández Ana Torres Aldana Dioselina Mateus Erisinda Torres Aldana Flor María Montenegro Carranza José Antonio Hernández Lobatón José Daniel Lobatón Mateus José Noé Díaz Pérez Luis Humberto Lobatón Vivas Luz Marina Martín Hernández María Elisa Lobatón Mateus Olga Lucía Vivas Torres Gloria Muñoz Andrés Vivas Elvia Bermúdez Misael Gómez Clara de Gutiérrez Marco Elí Caldas Torres Rosalba Aldana Helen Elizabeth Cortés Mejía María Elisa Mejía Montenegro Luis Mario Muñoz Bermúdez Gloria Nohemí Bermúdez. Gloria Inés Aldana María Blanca Lilia Aldana Bermúdez Érika Rocha Triviño Flor Alba Salas Jiménez César Vivas AGRADECIMIENTOS El grupo BioTibirita agradece a los profesores coinvestigadores por su apoyo y orientación en las diferentes sesiones virtuales durante esta investigación.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytoplasmas and Phytoplasma Disease Management: How to Reduce Their Economic Impact
    COST is supported by the EU ESF provides the COST Office RTD Framework Programme through a European Commission contract Food and Agriculture COST Action FA0807 Integrated Management of Phytoplasma Epidemics in Different Crop Systems Phytoplasmas and phytoplasma disease management: how to reduce their economic impact Edited by Assunta Bertaccini Food and Agriculture COST Action FA0807 Integrated Management of Phytoplasma Epidemics in Different Crop Systems P hytoplasmas and phytoplasma disease management: how to reduce their economic impact Publisher: IPWG - International Phytoplasmologist Working Group Edited by: Assunta Bertaccini Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Italy ISBN 978-88-909922-0-9 © COST Offi ce, 2014 No permission to reproduce or utilise the contents of this book by any means is necessary, other than in the case of images, diagrams or other material from other copyright holders. In such cases, permission of the copyright holders is required. Neither the COST Offi ce nor any person acting on its behalf is responsible for the use which might be made of the information contained in this publication. The COST Offi ce is not responsible for the external websites referred to in this publication. Printed: 2014, Bologna, Italy Graphic: F. Montanari Cover: Vincent van Gogh, Wheat Field with Cypresses, 1889, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Purchase, The Annenberg Foundation Gift, 1993, www.metmuseum.org. Content Introduction 7 Phytoplasmas and COST Action FA0807 A. Bertaccini 15 The COST action’s FA0807 web site: dissemination of phytoplasma-related knowledge M. Verbeek Chapter 1 The phytoplasmas and phytoplasma vectors in COST FA0807 Countries 23 Phytoplasmas and phytoplasma vectors in Denmark, Finland, Lithuania and Norway M.
    [Show full text]
  • Walking Guide to the Campus Trees
    INSTITUTE FOR SUSTAINABILITY REPORT #6 Walking Guide to the Campus Trees January 2015 Introduction A university campus devoid of trees would be unimaginable. Trees provide us with so much aesthetic beauty, a shady respite to take a break from the stresses of life, coupled with fragrant aromas in the air. In addition, they are responsible for numerous ecological benefits, such as providing oxygen, filtering the air and the soil of pollutants, providing food and shelter for countless animals, insects and birds, reducing storm-water run-off and soil erosion, and sequestering carbon dioxide. The trees you will experience on the campus of California State University, Northridge are primarily ornamental and not native to this region. They are however, representative of trees commonly found in the California urban landscape and their presence on campus provides us an opportunity to explore a diversity of species in close proximity. This publication is designed to lead the interested explorer on a series of short guided walks through the campus discovering the abundance of trees it has to offer. Prior to the 19th century a diverse ecosystem structure of native flora in the Mediterranean biome existed in the San Fernando Valley. The vegetation included valley forests, open woodlands, low growing shrubs and grassland. Local, native plant species are well adapted to the hot summer temperatures and many months of little rainfall characteristic of Mediterranean ecosystems (Schiffman, 2005). Separated from marine weather patterns by the coastal ranges, the San Fernando Valley experiences a desert-like climate with high temperatures averaging 93ºF in the warmest summer months and 55ºF in winter.
    [Show full text]