Hevea Brasiliensis X Corynespora Cassiicola

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Hevea Brasiliensis X Corynespora Cassiicola Délivré par Centre International d’études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Université de Montpellier) Préparée au sein de l’école doctorale GAIA Et de l’unité de recherche AGAP Spécialité : Biologie Intégrative, Diversité et Amélioration des Plantes (BIDAP) Présentée par Tran Dinh Minh Le test toxinique : une méthode de phénotypage pour l’étude de l’interaction Hevea brasiliensis x Corynespora cassiicola Dirigée par Valérie Pujade-Renaud Soutenue le 14 Novembre 2016 devant le jury composé de : Mme Mathilde Briard, Professeure, IRHS- Rapporteur Angers M. Michel Dron Professeur, Université Rapporteur Paris -Saclay M. Jean-Marc Audergon Directeur de Examinateur recherche, INRA- Avignon M. Dominique Garcia Chargé de recherche, Examinateur CIRAD-Montpellier Mme Valérie Pujade-Renaud Chargé de recherche, Directrice de CIRAD-Montpellier thèse Le test toxinique : une méthode de phénotypage pour l’étude de l’interaction Hevea brasiliensis x Corynespora cassiicola Tran Dinh Minh Cette étude a été co-financée par l'IFC (Institut Français du Caoutchouc), le RRIV (Rubber Research Institute of Vietnam) et le Cirad. Les travaux de cette étude ont été réalisés au sein des unités mixtes de recherche AGAP (Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales) au Centre de Coopération International en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad) à Montpellier, PIAF (Physiologie Intégrée de l’Arbre Fruitier et Forestier) à l’Université Blaise Pascal – Clermont-Ferrand II, et sur les deux plantations d’hévéa des sociétés SAPH (Société Africaine de Plantations d'Hévéas) et SOGB (Société de Grand-Béréby) en Côte d’Ivoire. Sommaires Remerciements...................................................................................................... i Résumé ................................................................................................................ iii Abstract ............................................................................................................... iv Abréviations ......................................................................................................... v Liste des figures ................................................................................................ viii Liste des tableaux ................................................................................................ x Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 Chapitre 1 - Présentation de l’hévéaculture et du pathosystème Hevea x Corynespora dans une perspective d’amélioration génétique ......................... 3 1.1 Le caoutchouc naturel et sa production par Hevea brasiliensis ........................... 3 1.1.1 Historique de la production du caoutchouc naturel ............................................ 3 1.1.2 Domestication de l’hévéa ................................................................................... 4 1.1.3 Description botanique et génétique d’Hevea brasiliensis .................................. 6 1.1.4 Le système laticifère et la production du caoutchouc ...................................... 10 1.1.5 Les principales maladies fongiques des feuilles chez l’hévéa ......................... 15 1.1.6 Les méthodes de lutte contre les maladies fongiques....................................... 17 1.1.7 L’amélioration génétique de l’hévéa ................................................................ 19 1.2 La maladie « Corynespora Leaf Fall » (CLF) ...................................................... 24 1.2.1 Manifestations de la maladie dans les plantations d’hévéa .............................. 24 1.2.2 Symptomatologie ............................................................................................. 30 1.2.3 L’agent pathogène : Corynespora cassiicola (généralités) .............................. 31 1.2.4 Condition climatique et processus d’infection chez l’hévéa ............................ 32 1.2.5 Diversité génétique et pouvoir pathogène de Corynespora ............................. 34 1.2.6 Phytopathologie et réactions de défense chez la plante et chez l’hévéa .......... 35 1.2.7 La cassiicoline et la diversité des effecteurs de virulence ................................ 39 1.2.8 Phénotypage de l’interaction Hevea x Corynespora ........................................ 42 1.3 Objectifs de la recherche ....................................................................................... 43 Chapitre 2 - Matériel & Méthodes .................................................................. 45 2.1 Matériel végétal ...................................................................................................... 45 2.1.1 Variétés clonales d’hévéa ................................................................................. 45 2.1.2 Population F1 d’une famille biparentale .......................................................... 47 2.2 Matériel fongique ................................................................................................... 49 2.2.1 La collection de souches de Corynespora cassiicola ....................................... 49 2.2.2 Méthodologie de l’isolement et de la caractérisation des souches ................... 49 2.3 Le test toxinique ..................................................................................................... 52 2.3.1 Production des filtrats de culture ...................................................................... 52 2.3.2 Purification de la toxine cassiicoline Cas1 par chromatographie HPLC ......... 52 2.3.3 Méthodologie du test toxinique ........................................................................ 54 2.3.4 Liste des traitements testés ............................................................................... 55 2.4 Test d’inoculation en gouttes conidiennes sur feuilles détachées ....................... 57 2.4.1 Production de la suspension de conidies .......................................................... 57 2.4.2 Inoculation de feuilles détachées en gouttes de suspension conidienne .......... 57 2.5 Génotypage à l’aide de marqueurs microsatellites (SSR) .................................. 58 2.6 Analyse statistique et analyse du déterminisme génétique ................................. 60 2.6.1 Analyses statistiques ........................................................................................ 60 2.6.2 Cartographie génétique chez l’hévéa ............................................................... 61 2.6.3 La détection de QTL (Quantitative Trait Locus).............................................. 62 2.6.4 Analyse des effets alléliques parentaux de QTL .............................................. 63 Chapitre 3 - Résultats ....................................................................................... 64 3.1 Etude méthodologique de certains facteurs d’influence du test toxinique ....... 64 3.1.1 Influence du stade foliaire ................................................................................ 65 3.1.2 Durée d’incubation ........................................................................................... 69 3.1.3 Position de la rondelle prélevée........................................................................ 71 3.1.4 Agitation des tubes en phase de macération ..................................................... 73 3.1.5 Comparaison du test toxinique et du test par inoculation conidienne .............. 73 3.1.6 Bilan des résultats de la section 3.1 .................................................................. 77 3.2 Application du test toxinique pour le phénotypage d’une gamme de clones .... 79 3.2.1 Comparaison des critères %FE et SN (test toxinique) ..................................... 81 3.2.2 Comparaison des expériences CF et CI ............................................................ 87 3.2.3 Caractérisation de la réponse des combinaisons clone x traitement au test toxinique selon le critère %FE ......................................................................................... 93 3.2.4 Bilan des résultats de la section 3.2 ................................................................ 106 3.3 Cartographie génétique et détection de QTL associés aux exsudats de Corynespora et à des notations d’attaque de maladie en champ .................................. 107 3.3.1 Cartographie génétique de la famille PB260 x RRIM600 ............................. 107 3.3.2 Phénotypage de la famille PB260 x RRIM600 .............................................. 112 3.3.3 Déterminisme génétique des critères mesurés................................................ 122 3.3.4 Bilan des résultats de la section 3.3 ................................................................ 128 3.4 Analyse de la pertinence des critères mesurés (C1, C2, %FE) ........................ 130 3.4.1 Etude de facteurs de variation du paramètre C2............................................. 133 3.4.2 Test de différentes méthodes pour optimiser la mesure C2 ........................... 137 3.4.3 Comparaison des critères C1 et %FE pour rendre compte de la réponse d’une gamme de clones aux traitements toxiniques de Corynespora cassiicola ...................... 137 3.4.4 Détection de QTL pour différents critères d’évaluation ................................ 145 3.4.5 Bilan de résultats de la section 3.4 ................................................................. 148 Chapitre 4 - Discussion, Conclusions & Perspectives .................................. 149
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