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Field Guide to the Culture of Tambaqui (Colossoma Macropomum, Cuvier, 1816) Field Guide to the Culture of Tambaqui ( Colossoma Macropomum , Cuvier, 1816)

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Field Guide to the Culture of Tambaqui (Colossoma Macropomum, Cuvier, 1816) Field Guide to the Culture of Tambaqui ( Colossoma Macropomum , Cuvier, 1816) ISSN 2070-7010 FAO 624 FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE TECHNICAL PAPER 624 Field guide to the culture of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum, Cuvier, 1816) Field guide to the culture of tambaqui ( Following a short introduction to the species and its closest commercially viable related species, namely pirapatinga (Piaractus brachypomus) and pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), this field guide provides practical information on the culture and reproduction of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). Colossoma macropomum As a field guide it aims to support the understanding and dissemination of applicable technologies for the culture and reproduction of tambaqui, i.e. what should be done – as well as when and how it should be done – in order to achieve success in the artificial propagation as well as the fingerling and table fish production stages. The concise technical descriptions in this guide are accompanied by self-explanatory illustrations and a reader-friendly glossary of technical terms, which is important for tambaqui aquaculture farmers. , Cuvier, 1816) ISBN 978-92-5-131242-1 ISSN 2070-7010 978 9251 312421 FAO CA2955EN/1/01.19 Cover photographs: ©FAO/András Woynárovich. Illustrations and photos in this Technical Paper are courtesy of András Woynárovich. Images and photos courtesy of other authors are indicated separately. FAO FISHERIES AND Field guide AQUACULTURE TECHNICAL to the culture of tambaqui PAPER (Colossoma macropomum, 624 Cuvier, 1816) by András Woynárovich FAO Consultant Budapest, Hungary and Raymon Van Anrooy Fishery Industry Officer Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Rome, Italy FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2019 Required citation Woynárovich, A. and Van Anrooy, R. 2019. Field guide to the culture of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum, Cuvier, 1816). FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 624. Rome, FAO.132 pp. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-131242-1 © FAO, 2019 Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/legalcode/legalcode). Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted for non-commercial purposes, provided that the work is appropriately cited. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that FAO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the FAO logo is not permitted. If the work is adapted, then it must be licensed under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If a translation of this work is created, it must include the following disclaimer along with the required citation: “This translation was not created by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original [Language] edition shall be the authoritative edition. Disputes arising under the licence that cannot be settled amicably will be resolved by mediation and arbitration as described in Article 8 of the licence except as otherwise provided herein. The applicable mediation rules will be the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules and any arbitration will be conducted in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). Third-party materials. Users wishing to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, are responsible for determining whether permission is needed for that reuse and for obtaining permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. Sales, rights and licensing. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. Requests for commercial use should be submitted via: www.fao.org/contact- us/licence-request. Queries regarding rights and licensing should be submitted to: [email protected]. iii Preparation of this document This Technical Paper is one of the outputs from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Technical Cooperation Programme (TCP) project “Promotion of Small Scale Aquaculture in Guyana for Food Security and Rural Development” (TCP/ GUY/3501 (D). The main objective of the project, which was carried out in the period 2014–2017, was to reduce poverty and food insecurity, both of which are still prevalent in large parts of Guyana, particularly in some hinterland and coastal areas. The project provided technical assistance with a view to building capacity among small-scale farming households through simple production methods, and introduce new technology for fish reproduction. Farmers were trained in simple applicable hatchery, nursery, and feeding techniques for tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum, Cuvier, 1816). As outlined in the project document, the project focused on tambaqui because it is an ideal species for producing cheap animal protein: as a fish species that is relatively easy to grow, it helps to improve food security. The fish is omnivore, and requires a comparatively low protein content in its feed. When farming tambaqui it is possible to make use of low- cost feed and feed ingredients such as forest fruits, the seeds of leguminous plants, cassava, etc. As a species it not only tolerates soft- and acid waters well, but also can grow in water with relatively high salinity, up to about 10 ppt. Tambaqui is a hardy fish and quickly grows to a large size, which means that even seasonal waters can be suitable for producing them. For these reasons, the aquaculture production of tambaqui has continued to increase – from 13 thousand tonnes in 2000 to 142 thousand tonnes in 2016 – and there is huge potential for its cultivation on both a large and small scale. Tambaqui originates from the Amazon and Orinoco river basins in South America, and is currently farmed across South and Central America, as well as in some countries in Asia. This technical paper contains a field guide developed in order to provide practical guidance on the culture of tambaqui. It was prepared to assist small- and large-scale aquaculture farmers with practical advice on how to grow and breed tambaqui, with the aim of further increasing the production of this important fish species, which is vital for food security. This guide combines all the immediately applicable practical information on the culture of tambaqui with the updated findings and conclusions of an earlier technical guide on the artificial propagation of tambaqui and related species, published by FONDEPES in 19981. This technical paper was prepared by Mr András Woynárovich, Aquaculture Consultant, with the support of Mr Raymon van Anrooy, FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Officer for the Caribbean. The document reflects the provisions of the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries in relation to aquaculture development and the management of tambaqui. During the development of this paper, specific aspects of genetic diversity and its practical consequences in the field were overseen by Ms Edit Eszterbauer, a Biologist at MTA ATK AOTI.2 The authors also received comments from Aquaculture Officers from the Fisheries and Aquaculture Department at FAO. The text was edited by Edward Fortes. The formatting, design and publication were further supported by Ms Chorouk Benkabbour and Ms Marianne Guyonnet of the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. 1 Woynárovich, A. & Woynárovich, E. 1998. Reproduccion artificial de las especies colossoma y piaractus – Una guia detallada para la produccion de alevinos de gamitana, paco y caraña, Lima, Peru, Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo pesquero (FONDEPES). 2 Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences iv Abstract Following a short introduction to the species and its closest commercially viable related species, namely pirapatinga (Piaractus brachypomus) and pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), this field guide provides practical information on the culture and reproduction of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). As a field guide it aims to support the understanding and dissemination of applicable technologies for the culture and reproduction of tambaqui, i.e. what should be done – as well as when and how it should be done – in order to achieve success in the artificial propagation as well as the fingerling and table fish production stages. The concise technical descriptions in this guide are accompanied by self-explanatory illustrations and a reader-friendly glossary of technical terms, which
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