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Impactos Actuales Y Potenciales De Las Enfermedades De Los Cultivos Perennes De La Amazonia Y Posibilidades De Control Para El Desarrollo Sostenible De La Region

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Impactos Actuales Y Potenciales De Las Enfermedades De Los Cultivos Perennes De La Amazonia Y Posibilidades De Control Para El Desarrollo Sostenible De La Region IMPACTOS ACTUALES Y POTENCIALES DE LAS ENFERMEDADES DE LOS CULTIVOS PERENNES DE LA AMAZONIA Y POSIBILIDADES DE CONTROL PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE DE LA REGION Secretaría Pro Tempore Venezuela TRATADO DE COOPERACION DGIS AMAZONICA SECRETARIA PRO TEMPORE CARACAS, VENEZUELA MINISTERIO DE COOPERACION TECNICA DEL REINO DE LOS PAISES BAJOS SETIEMBRE 1999 IMPACTOS ACTUALES Y POTENCIALES DE LAS ENFERMEDADES DE LOS CULTIVOS PERENNES DE LA AMAZONIA Y POSIBILIDADES DE CONTROL PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE DE LA REGION Coordinación General Víctor R. Carazo Embajador Secretario Pro Tempore Tratado de Cooperación Amazónica Angela Delgado de Salazar Coordinadora Diplomática Secretaría Pro Tempore Tratado de Cooperación Amazónica Aída Santana Nazoa Coordinadora Comisión Especial de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Amazonia (CECTA) Lissett Hernández Coordinadora Comisión Especial de Medio Ambiente de la Amazonia (CEMAA) Coordinación Técnica Víctor Palma Asesor Técnico Principal Proyecto FAO GCP/RLA/128/NET Sophie Grouwels Profesional Asociada Proyecto FAO GCP/RLA/128/NET Elaboración del Estudio Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) con el apoyo del Instituto Internacional de Recursos Fitogenéticos (IPGRI) Autor Principal Doctor Freddy Leal Coordinación Editorial Dolly Lizárraga Diagramación Patricia Monzón Diseño de Carátula Yolanda Carlessi El Gobierno del Reino de los Países Bajos financió la preparación y Fotos de Carátula publicación de este documento. La Organización de las Naciones Unidas Antonio Brack para la Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO), a través del Pro y e c t o GCP/RLA/128/NET, “Apoyo a la Secretaría Pro Tempore del Tratado de Impresión Cooperación Amazónica”, tuvo a su cargo la coordinación de las Cromática S.A.C. actividades de la publicación del documento. I n d i c e INDICE AGRADECIMIENTOS ix 1 PRESENTACIÓN 1 2 METODOLOGIA 3 3 INTRODUCCION 5 4 CULTIVOS PERENNES MAS FRECUENTES EN LA AMAZONIA 7 5 SUPERFICIE CULTIVADA Y PRODUCCIÓN DE LOS PRINCIPALES CULTIVOS 9 PERENNES EN LA AMAZONIA 6 PRINCIPALES ENFERMEDADES QUE AFECTAN A LOS CULTIVOS PERENNES 13 EN LA AMAZONIA 6.1 EL CAUCHO O HULE 13 6.1.1 ROYA O MAL DE LAS HOJAS (Microcyclus ulei)15 6.1.2 QUEMADO Y CAIDA DE LAS HOJAS, MANCHA NEGRA, REQUEMA 21 6.1.3 MANCHA AREOLADA, MANCHA ZONADA (Thanatephorus cucumeris) 22 6.1.4 ANTRACNOSIS, MUERTE LENTA, ANTRACNOSE, GLOESPORIUM LEAF DISEASE 23 (Colletotrichum spp.) 6.1.5 COSTRA NEGRA (Phyllachora huberi)24 6.1.6 PERICONIA O MANCHA CONCENTRICA (Periconia manihoticola) 24 6.1.7 OIDIO O MILDIU POLVORIENTO (Oidium heveae) 25 6.1.8 VIROSIS 25 6.1.9 MANCHA DE ALGA (Cephaleuros spp.) 26 6.1.10 CÁNCER O CHANCRO DEL TRONCO (Phytophthora spp.) 26 6.1.11 MAL DEL MACHETE O MOHO CENICIENTO (Ceratocystis fimbriata)27 6.1.12 NEMATODES (Meloidogyne spp.) 27 6.1.13 MALEZAS 27 6.2 BANANOS Y PLATANOS 28 6.2.1 SIGATOKA AMARILLA (Mycosphaerella musicola)29 6.2.2 SIGATOKA NEGRA, ROYA NEGRA (Mycosphaerella fijiensis)31 6.2.3 MAL DE PANAMA O MANCHA DE FUSARIUM (Fusarium oxisporum f.sp. cubense)33 6.2.4 MOKO, MANCHA BACTERIANA, HEREQUE (Pseudomonas solanacearum)35 6.2.5 MANCHA PYRICULARIA, MAL JOHNSTON (Pyricularia grisae)37 6.2.6 MANCHA FOLIAR, MANCHA CORDANA (Cordana musae) 37 6.2.7 PUDRICIÓN ACUOSA DEL TALLO, PUDRICIÓN HÚMEDA DEL TALLO 38 (Erwinia carotovora, Erwinia chrysanthemi p.v. paradisiaca) 6.2.8 LLAGA ESTRELLADA (Rosellinia pepo)38 6.2.9 PUDRICIONES Y DAÑOS DEL FRUTO (Colletotrichum musae, Botryodiplodia 39 theobromae, Trachysphaera frutigena, Fusarium roseum) 6.2.10 VIROSIS (CMV Banana Streak virus) 39 6.2.11 NEMATODES (Radopholus similis, Pratylenchus coffeae, Helicotylenchus multicinctus)40 6.3 CACAO 40 6.3.1 MONILIASIS (Moniliophthora roreri)42 6.3.2 ESCOBA DE BRUJAS (Crinipellis perniciosa)44 6.3.3 PUDRICIÓN PARDA O NEGRA DE LA MAZORCA, POD ROT AND BARK CANCER 45 (Phytophthora palmivora) 46 6.3.4 MAL DE MACHETE (Ceratocystis fimbriata)46 iii Impactos Actuales y Potenciales de las Enfermedades de los Cultivos Perennes de la Amazonia, y Posibilidades de Control para el Desarrollo Sostenible de la Región 6.3.5 MUERTE REGRESIVA O DESCENDENTE (Colletotrichum sp, Diplodia theobromae y47 Nectria sp.) 6.3.6 MAL ROSADO O BRASA (Corticium salmonicolor)48 6.3.7 LLAGA MACANA (Rosellinia bunodes)48 6.3.8 LLAGA BLANCA (Armillaria mellea)49 6.3.9 ANTRACNOSIS (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)49 6.3.10 BUBA DEL CACAO (Fusarium rigidiuscula)49 6.4 PALMA DE ACEITE, PALMA AFRICANA DE ACEITE, DENDÊ 50 6.4.1 ENFERMEDAD DE LA CORONA 51 6.4.2 PUDRICIÓN DE LA FLECHA, PUDRICIÓN DEL COGOLLO, AMARILLAMIENTO FATAL 52 6.4.3 MARCHITEZ SORPRESIVA 53 6.4.4 PUDRICIÓN SECA DEL CORAZÓN 54 6.4.5 FUSARIOSIS 55 6.4.6 PUDRICIÓN DE LOS RACIMOS 55 6.4.7 ANILLO ROJO 56 6.5 CAFE 56 6.5.1 ROYA, ROYA ANARANJADA, HERRUMBRE, TIZÓN DEL CAFETO (Hemileia 57 vastatrix, Hemileia coffeicola) 6.5.2 LLAGA NEGRA, LLAGA ESTRIADA, PUDREDUMBRE NEGRA (Rosellinia 58 bunodes, Rosellinia pepo) 6.5.3 CERCOSPORIOSIS O MANCHA PARDA (Cercospora coffeicola) 59 6.5.4 MAL DEL TALLUELO O SANCOCHO (Rhizoctonia solani) 59 6.5.5 CANDELILLA, MAL DE HILACHAS, ARAÑERA (Corticium koleroga)60 6.5.6 ANTRACNOSIS (Colletotrichum coffeanum)60 6.5.7 NEMATODOS (Meloidogyne exigua, Meloidogyne incognita)61 6.6 CITRICOS 62 6.7 COPUASÚ 64 6.7.1 ESCOBA DE BRUJAS, VASSOURA-DE-BRUXA (Crinipellis perniciosa) 66 6.7.2 MAL DE MACHETE (Thielaviopsis paradoxa)67 6.7.3 MUERTE PROGRESIVA (Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Botryodiplodia theobromae)67 6.7.4 ANTRACNOSIS (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)67 6.7.5 MANCHA DE PHOMOPSIS (Phomopsis sp.) 67 6.7.6 MANCHA DE CYLLINDROCLADIUM (Cyllindrocladium kyotensis)68 6.7.7 PUDRICIÓN DE RAÍCES (Rigidoporus lignosus)68 6.7.8 QUEMA DE LAS HOJAS (Phytophthora sp.) 68 6.7.9 PUDRICIÓN DEL PIE (Phytophthora sp.) 69 6.7.10 MANCHA PARDA (Cercospora bertholletia)69 6.7.11 QUEMA DEL INJERTO (Phytophthora heveae)69 6.7.12 PUDRICIÓN DE LAS ALMENDRAS (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides,70 Cephalosporuim bertholletianum, Fusarium sp.) 6.8 PAPAYA 70 6.8.1 ANTRACNOSIS (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)72 6.8.2 PUDRICIÓN SECA DEL TALLO (Mycosphaerella sp., Botryodiplodia, 72 theobromae, Fusarium solani, Phomopsis sp.) 6.8.3 MILDIU, CENIZA (Oidium caricae)73 6.8.4 CERCOSPORA, MANCHA NEGRA. (Cercospora papayae) 73 6.8.5 PUDRICIÓN DE LA RAÍZ Y FRUTO (Phytopththora palmivora) 73 6.8.6 VIRUS DE LA MANCHA AMARILLA (PRV) 74 6.9 PIÑA 75 6.9.1 FUSARIOSIS (Fusarium subglutinans). 76 6.9.2 PUDRICIÓN DEL CORAZÓN Y DE LAS RAÍCES. (Phytopththora cinnamomi) 77 6.9.3 MACHA NEGRA, PECA. (Penicillium funiculosum)77 6.9.4 PUDRICIÓN DE LA BASE, PUDRICIÓN NEGRA, MANCHA BLANCA DE LAS HOJAS 78 (Chalara paradoxa) 6.9.5 NEMÁTODOS (Rotylenchus reniformis, Meloidogyne javanica)78 iv Principales Enfermedades que afectan a los Cultivos Perennes e n l a A m a z o n i a 6.10 GUANABANA, GRAVIOLA 79 6.10.1 CANCRO DEPRESIVO, CÁNCER, CÁSCARA NEGRA (Phomopsis sp.) 80 6.10.2 ANTRACNOSIS, PUDRICIÓN NEGRA DE LOS FRUTOS (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) 81 6.10.3 PUDRICIÓN PARDA DEL FRUTO (Rhizopus stolonifer) 81 6.10.4 PUDRICIÓN SECA DEL FRUTO, PUDRICIÓN DE LA CÁSCARA. (Botryodiplodia 82 theobromae) 6.10.5 QUEMADO DEL HILO, KOLEROGA (Pellicularia koleroga) 83 6.10.6 PUDRICIÓN NEGRA DE LAS RAÍCES (Phytophthora sp. y Cylindrocladium clavatum)83 6.10.7 CERCOSPORIOSIS (Cercospora annonae)83 6.10.8 CAIDA DE LAS PLANTAS, SANCOCHO 84 6.11 PIMIENTA 84 6.11.1 FUSARIOSIS (Fusarium solani f. sp. piperis)85 6.11.2 PUDRICIÓN DE LAS ESTACAS (Phytophthora capsici, Pythium sp.) 87 6.11.3 ANTRACNOSIS (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)87 6.11.4 QUEMA DE LAS HOJAS (Thanatephorus cucumeris)88 6.11.5 PUDRICIÓN DE ESCLOROCIOS (Sclerotium rolfsii) 88 6.11.6 QUEMA DEL HILO (Corticium koleraga)88 6.11.7 MOSAICO DEL PEPINO (CMV) 89 6.11.8 AGALLAS DE LAS RAÍCES (Meloidogyne incognita)89 6.11.9 OTRAS ENFERMEDADES 89 6.12 ACHIOTE 90 6.12.1 EN EL CAMPO 91 6.12.2 OIDIUM,CENIZA, MOHO BLANCO, MOHO POLVORIENTO (Oidium bixae) 91 6.12.3 ANTRACNOSIS (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)91 6.12.4 ESCOBA DE BRUJA (Crinipellis perniciosa)92 6.12.5 PUDRICIÓN DE LOS FRUTOS (Fusarium sp.) 92 6.12.6 MANCHA PARDA DE LAS HOJAS. (Cercosporae bixae). 92 6.12.7 EN EL VIVERO 93 6.12.8 PATA NEGRA, CUELLO NEGRO, CHUPADERA. (Rhizoctonia sp). 93 6.12.9 PUDRICIÓN DEL CUELLO (Sclerotium rolfsii)93 6.12.10 PUDRICIÓN NEGRA DE LAS RAÍCES (Rosellinia sp.) 93 6.12.11 MANCHAS FOLIARES (Cercospora bixae) 94 6.13 MARACUYA, MARACUJA-AMARELO 94 6.13.1 BACTERIOSIS (Xanthomonas campestri pv. passiflorae) 94 6.13.2 ANTRACNOSIS (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides). 95 6.13.3 VERRUGOSIS (Cladosporium herbarum)96 6.13.4 SEPTORIOSIS (Septoria passiflorae)96 6.13.5 PUDRICIÓN DEL PIE (Phytophthora cinnamomi)97 6.13.6 MARCHITEZ, FUSARIÓSIS (Fusarium oxysporum f. passiflorae) 97 6.13.7 ENDURECIMIENTO DE LOS FRUTOS (VEFM) 98 6.13.8 CLAREAMIENTO DE LAS NERVADURAS, MANCHA CLOROTICA (VCNM) 98 6.14 ACEROLA, CEREZA DE LAS ANTILLAS, SEMERUCO 98 6.14.1 ANTRACNOSIS (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)99 6.14.2 MANCHA CASTAÑA (Cercospora sp.) 100 6.14.3 MANCHA CENIZA CONCÉNTRICA (Myrothecium sp.) 100 6.14.4 VERRUGOSIS (Sphaceloma sp.) 100 6.14.5 PUDRICIÓN DE LOS FRUTOS (Rhizopus sp.) 101 6.14.6 MARCHITEZ LENTA (Botriodiplodia theobromae) 101 6.14.7 NEMATODOS (Meloidogyne. M. incognita, M. javanica y M. arenaria) 101 6.15 COCURA, UVA DEL AMAZONAS, UVA CAIMARONA, MAPATI, PURUMA 102 6.16 GUARANA, CUPANA 103 6.16.1 ANTRACNOSIS (Colletotrichum guaranicola) 104 6.16.2 SUPERBROTACION, SOBRECRECIMIENTO (Fusarium decemcellulare) 105 6.16.3 MANCHA ANGULAR, MANCHA BACTERIANA (Xanthomonas campestris p.v.
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