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N° 3465 Assemblée Nationale

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N° 3465 Assemblée Nationale — 1 — N° 3465 ______ ASSEMBLÉE NATIONALE CONSTITUTION DU 4 OCTOBRE 1958 QUINZIÈME LÉGISLATURE Enregistré à la Présidence de l’Assemblée nationale le 21 octobre 2020. AVIS FAIT AU NOM DE LA COMMISSION DE LA DÉFENSE NATIONALE ET DES FORCES ARMÉES SUR LE PROJET DE LOI de finances pour 2021 (n° 3360) TOME V DÉFENSE PRÉPARATION ET EMPLOI DES FORCES : MARINE PAR M. DIDIER LE GAC Député —— Voir le numéro : 3399 (annexe 14) — 3 — SOMMAIRE ___ Pages INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 7 PREMIÈRE PARTIE : LES CRÉDITS DEMANDES PAR LA MARINE POUR 2021 ...................................................................................................................... 11 I. LE PROJET DE LOI DE FINANCES POUR 2021 EST UN REFLET FIDÈLE DE LA LOI DE PROGRAMMATION MILITAIRE .................................................... 11 A. LA MARINE NATIONALE RESTE AU CŒUR DES ENJEUX DU RÉARMEMENT ....................................................................................................... 11 1. La forte sollicitation de la Marine est appelée à se poursuivre ............................... 11 a. Un rythme d’engagement soutenu ........................................................................ 11 b. La marine confrontée à une inquiétante évolution internationale .......................... 14 2. La loi de programmation militaire vise au réarmement naval ................................ 15 a. Une réponse aux besoins en équipements ............................................................. 15 i. La modernisation des équipements.......................................................................... 15 ii. Le comblement des lacunes .................................................................................. 16 b. L’accent porté sur les ressources humaines .......................................................... 16 i. L’effort de communication .................................................................................... 17 i. La politique de fidélisation .................................................................................... 18 B. LES CRÉDITS DEMANDÉS POUR 2021 CORRESPONDENT À LA PROGRAMMATION ............................................................................................... 22 1. Les dépenses de personnel ...................................................................................... 23 a. Une stabilisation des dépenses ............................................................................. 23 b. La réserve parachève sa montée en puissance ....................................................... 24 2. Les dépenses d’équipement .................................................................................... 25 3. L’investissement dans le maintien en condition opérationnelle des équipements .. 26 II. LE MAINTIEN DE LA TRAJECTOIRE DE LA PROGRAMMATION MILITAIRE EST LA CLÉ DE LA REMONTÉE EN PUISSANCE DE LA MARINE ......................................................................................................................... 29 — 4 — A. LA CRISE ÉCONOMIQUE ET SANITAIRE DE LA COVID-19 SOULIGNE L’IMPORTANCE D’UNE APPLICATION CONFORME DE LA LOI DE PROGRAMMATION MILITAIRE ........................................................................... 29 1. La mise en œuvre du budget 2020 a été compliquée par la crise sanitaire ............. 30 a. L’impact limité sur les commandes et les livraisons ............................................. 30 b. Un maintien en condition opérationnelle dégradé ................................................. 31 2. La résilience de la Marine se heurte à des fragilités capacitaires de longue date ... 31 B. 2021 SERA UNE ANNÉE CHARNIÈRE POUR LA MARINE NATIONALE ... 32 1. Le renouvellement des capacités opérationnelles doit se poursuivre en 2021 ........ 32 2. La conduite des programmes d’armement reste un point d’attention ..................... 33 a. Les difficultés de l’industrie de défense ................................................................ 33 b. L’avancée des discussions autour des projets phares ............................................ 34 i. Le système de patrouille maritime future (PATMAR futur) ........................................ 34 ii. Le programme de système de lutte anti-mines du futur (SLAM-F) ............................. 34 iii. Le système de combat aérien du futur (SCAF) ........................................................ 35 SECONDE PARTIE : LE PORTE-AVIONS DE NOUVELLE GÉNÉRATION ................................................................................................................ 37 I. LE PORTE-AVIONS DE NOUVELLE GÉNÉRATION REVÊT UNE IMPORTANCE STRATÉGIQUE POUR LA MARINE NATIONALE .................... 38 A. LE PROJET S’INSCRIT DANS UNE LIGNÉE HISTORIQUE DE PORTE- AVIONS FRANÇAIS ............................................................................................... 38 1. 1920-2020 : cent ans de porte-avions français ........................................................ 38 2. Retour sur les opérations menées par le Charles-de-Gaulle ................................... 42 1. Un navire pour maintenir le rang de la France dans un monde incertain ............... 45 a. L’intérêt diplomatique d’un groupe aéronaval moderne ........................................ 45 b. Une forte plus-value pour l’action maritime de la France ..................................... 46 i. La protection d’une vaste zone économique exclusive ............................................... 46 ii. Des intérêts français sur tous les océans .................................................................. 46 c. Une réponse adaptée aux nouvelles compétitions entre nations en mer ................. 47 2. Un outil pour préserver les compétences militaires françaises ............................... 49 a. L’avantage opérationnel face à la concurrence « désinhibée » .............................. 49 b. Un porte-avions intrinsèquement lié à la dissuasion nucléaire .............................. 49 II. L’ATTENTION DOIT ÊTRE PORTÉE SUR LES CONTRAINTES POUVANT RALENTIR LE PROJET .............................................................................................. 50 A. DES DÉFIS ENCOMBRENT LA ROUTE DU PROCHAIN PORTE- AVIONS .................................................................................................................... 50 1. La coopération avec les partenaires européens ....................................................... 50 a. L’échec de la coordination franco-britannique ...................................................... 50 — 5 — i. Retour historique sur les événements....................................................................... 50 ii. Les raisons de l’échec .......................................................................................... 51 b. La mise en œuvre du système de combat aérien du futur (SCAF) ......................... 52 2. Les impératifs des Armées françaises ..................................................................... 53 a. La sauvegarde des compétences critiques ............................................................. 53 b. L’interopérabilité avec nos alliés .......................................................................... 54 3. La maîtrise des coûts ............................................................................................... 54 B. ENCORE DES CHOIX À FAIRE POUR FINALISER LE PROJET .................. 55 1. Les enjeux technologiques ...................................................................................... 55 2. Les aspects stratégiques .......................................................................................... 56 3. L’option de deux porte-avions ................................................................................ 57 TRAVAUX DE LA COMMISSION ........................................................................... 59 I. AUDITION DE L’AMIRAL PIERRE VANDIER, CHEF D’ÉTAT-MAJOR DE LA MARINE ................................................................................................................... 59 II. EXAMEN DES CRÉDITS ............................................................................................ 61 ANNEXE : LISTE DES PERSONNES AUDITIONNÉES ET DES DÉPLACEMENTS PAR LE RAPPORTEUR POUR AVIS .................................... 85 — 7 — INTRODUCTION Grâce à ses façades océaniques et à ses territoires ultra-marins répartis sur tous les océans, la France est, par essence, une grande nation maritime. La convention de Montego Bay, entrée en vigueur en 1994, a consacré ce fait en lui reconnaissant la zone économique exclusive (ZEE) la plus étendue au monde, après celle des États-Unis. La France est présente sur toutes les mers du globe grâce à une marine compacte mais performante et entraînée, rompue aux opérations aéromaritimes dans tout le spectre et dont les deux piliers emblématiques sont le groupe aéronaval et sa capacité de mettre en œuvre la dissuasion nucléaire de manière crédible. La France a-t-elle la volonté d’exploiter le potentiel de sa puissance maritime ? Tel ne semble pas avoir été le choix des gouvernements depuis une période de trente ans durant laquelle les crédits alloués à la Marine ont tendanciellement baissé. L’amiral Pierre Vandier, chef d’état-major de la Marine, a coutume de parler pour cette période de « grande retraite capacitaire ». La loi de programmation militaire 2019-2025 (LPM) a mis fin à cette période de disette budgétaire et incarne la nouvelle
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