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Exploring the Opportunities and Constraints to the Success of Newfoundland’S Wild Lowbush Blueberry (Vaccinium Angustifolium Aiton) Industry

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Exploring the Opportunities and Constraints to the Success of Newfoundland’S Wild Lowbush Blueberry (Vaccinium Angustifolium Aiton) Industry Exploring the Opportunities and Constraints to the Success of Newfoundland’s Wild Lowbush Blueberry (Vaccinium Angustifolium Aiton) Industry by Chelsea Major A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Geography, Environment and Geomatics Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Chelsea Major, January, 2021 ABSTRACT EXPLORING THE OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS TO THE SUCCESS OF NEWFOUNDLAND’S WILD LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY INDUSTRY Chelsea Major Advisors: Dr. Evan Fraser University of Guelph, 2021 Dr. Faisal Moola Newfoundland and Labrador’s biophysical environment has not been particularly conducive to crop agriculture. The province’s agricultural industry accounts for only 1% of its GDP. The number of farms, farm operators, farmland, and cropland within Newfoundland and Labrador are all experiencing decline outside of national averages. This has led to great provincial interest in increasing agricultural capacity in the province. A potential avenue for agricultural development is strengthening the province’s wild blueberry industry. Through a mixed methods case study that involved a geographic information system-based multi-criteria land suitability analysis and interviews, this research explores the potential for this industry and the different challenges and values that may impact it. This thesis analyzes the biophysical potential for this industry through the manipulation of various geospatial layers to determine suitability for commercial wild lowbush blueberry farming. This thesis also engages with perceptions of the barriers that impede the wild lowbush blueberry industry in Newfoundland as well as the potential opportunities to strengthen this sector. Finally, it examines the socio-cultural values surrounding wild lowbush blueberries in Newfoundland and cautions that these values may be more important than the potential market value created through blueberry commercialization. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To my thesis supervisors, Dr. Evan Fraser and Dr. Faisal Moola, this thesis would not have happened without the both of you. Thank you for all your support and guidance, your insightful suggestions and feedback along the way have helped shape this work into something I can be proud of. You have also helped to shape me into a more thoughtful and critical thinker, and for that I am grateful. Thank you as well to Dr. Phil Loring for being a wonderful external examiner who made my defense enjoyable (and maybe even fun). Furthermore, I’d like to thank Dr. Wanhong Yang and Dr. Jennifer Silver for their help in molding my vague ideas into a research project at the earliest stages of this work. I would also like to thank Dr. Arthur Gill Green for tirelessly helping me with my GIS analysis and for meticulously combing over related sections of my thesis, I am greatly appreciative. To my friends and the GEG community, your camaraderie has made this entire experience much more enjoyable. My friends have always been there to support me, often through well-needed distraction and fun. They are wonderful people who are doing their own important work that inspires me daily. As well, I was privileged to join such a welcoming and encouraging community in the geography department. I am grateful to call so many of these people my friends. I’d especially like to thank Sarah Marquis, Rachel Vander Vennen, Jude Keefe, Alisa Nguyen, and Kevin Kreher. Thank you for providing endless help, advice, and distraction. Particularly, thank you to Chloe Alexander for writing with me virtually three times a week during the many months leading up to my defense, for reading over many reiterations of this thesis, and for your constant encouragement, I’d probably still be writing if it were not for you. To my family, thank you for believing that I can do whatever I set my mind to, and for reminding me to take it one day at a time. You have provided me with every opportunity and have supported everything I do. I am so lucky to have your unconditional love. And to Ryan, I could write an entire thesis about you alone and your loving, thoughtful, unwavering support. You did everything you could to make this process easier for me. I am continuously in awe of you (and your amazing cooking skills that have truly sustained me). iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ vii TABLE OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. viii LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................................................ ix Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Regional Context ........................................................................................................... 6 2.1 The Region: Newfoundland .................................................................................................. 6 2.2 The Biophysical Environment of Newfoundland ................................................................. 7 2.2.1 Climate Change Projections for Newfoundland and Labrador ..................................... 9 2.3 Farming in Newfoundland: The Historical, Socio-Economic, and Cultural Context ......... 10 2.3.1 Indigenous History in ‘Newfoundland’ ........................................................................ 10 2.3.2 Farming & Subsistence in a Fishing Colony ............................................................... 12 2.2.3 History of Commercial Agriculture in Newfoundland ................................................. 13 2.3.4 The Way Forward on Agriculture ................................................................................ 16 2.4 Wild Lowbush Blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton.) in Newfoundland ............. 18 2.4.1 Species Profile: Physical Description, Habitat, and Agricultural Management of the Wild Lowbush Blueberry....................................................................................................... 21 2.4.2 Industry Profile: The Wild Lowbush Blueberry Industry ............................................ 27 Chapter 3: Literature Review ........................................................................................................ 29 3.1 The Negative Trade-offs of the Industrial Agricultural Model .......................................... 29 3.2 NTFPs, Wild Foods, and Commercialization ..................................................................... 33 3.2.1 Non-Timber Forest Products ....................................................................................... 33 3.2.2 NTFPs as Food: Wild Foods ....................................................................................... 36 3.2.3 Commercialization of NTFPs and Wild Foods ............................................................ 37 Chapter 4: Method I - Geographic Information Systems and Land-use Suitability Analysis through Multi-Criteria Evaluation ................................................................................................ 40 4.1 Land-Use Decision Making and Multi-Criteria Evaluations in GIS .................................. 40 4.2 Data Preparation and Standardization ................................................................................. 45 4.2.1 Projection ..................................................................................................................... 46 v 4.2.2 Newfoundland Boundary File ...................................................................................... 47 4.2.3 Land Use ...................................................................................................................... 48 4.2.4 Protected Areas of Newfoundland ............................................................................... 49 4.2.5 Digital Elevation Model ............................................................................................... 50 4.2.6 Percent Crown Closure................................................................................................ 54 4.2.7 Soil Landscapes of Canada .......................................................................................... 55 4.2.8 Remoteness Index Classifications ................................................................................ 58 4.2.9 Growing Season Days .................................................................................................. 59 4.3 Combining Categorically Similar Criteria Layers .............................................................. 60 4.4 Sensitivity Test and Weighted Sum Analysis ..................................................................... 62 4.5 Constrained Area Masking Operation ................................................................................ 66 Chapter 5: Method II - Semi-Structured Interviews ..................................................................... 67 5.1 Data Collection ..................................................................................................................
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