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The SP Vander Kloet Vaccinium Collections11 This 337 REVIEW / SYNTHÈSE Beyond botany to genetic resource preservation: the S.P. Vander Kloet Vaccinium collections1 Kim E. Hummer, Andrew R. Jamieson, and Ruth E. Newell Abstract: Sam P. Vander Kloet, botanist, traveled the world examining and obtaining specimens to redefine infrageneric taxonomic units within Vaccinium L., family Ericaceae. Besides his botanical treatises, his legacy includes herbarium voucher specimens and ex situ genetic resource collections including a seed bank and living plant collections at the Agricul- ture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Kentville, Nova Scotia, Canada; the K.C. Irving Environmental Science Centre and Harriet Irving Botanical Gardens, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada; the Canadian Clonal Genebank, Harrow, Ontario, Canada; and the US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Clonal Germ- plasm Repository, Corvallis, Oregon, United States. Sam P. Vander Kloet’s collections include representatives of wild Erica- ceae with special emphasis on collections of North American and subtropical endemic Vaccinium species. These reference collections are significant and represent a lifetime of dedicated research. Representatives of his heritage collections have now been deposited not only in American genebanks (in Canada and the United States) but also in the World Genebank in Svalbard, Norway, for long term conservation and future evaluation of Vaccinium for the service of humanity. The bequest of his wild collected germplasm will continue to be available to facilitate utilization of an extended Vaccinium gene pool for development and breeding throughout the world. Key words: germplasm conservation, blueberry, genetics, genebanks, plant exploration. Résumé : Sam P. Vander Kloet, botaniste, a voyagé à travers le monde en examinant et obtenant des spécimens pour redéfi- nir les unités taxonomiques infragénériques au sein des Vaccinium L., famille des Ericaceae. En plus de ses traités botani- ques, son héritage inclut des spécimens d’herbier référencés et des collections de ressources génétiques ex situ incluant une banque de semences et des collections de plantes vivantes, maintenues au Centre de recherche d’Agriculture et agroalimen- taire Canada, à Kentville, en Nouvelle-Écosse, Canada; au Centre des sciences de l’environnement K.C. Irving, au Jardin botanique Harriet Irving, à l’Université Acadia, à Wolfville, en Nouvelle-Écosse, Canada; la Banque génétique clonale du Canada, à Harrow, en Ontario, Canada; et au Département américain d’agriculture, Service de recherche en agriculture, Ré- férentiel national de matériel phytogénétique clonal, à Corvallis, en Oregon, États-Unis. Les collections du S.P. Vander Kloet incluent des représentants des Ericaceae sauvages avec un accent particulier sur les collections d’espèces de Vaccinium endémiques nord-américaines et sub-tropicales. Ces collections référencées constituent et représentent le travail de toute une vie. Des spécimens représentatifs de ses collections héritages ont été déposés non seulement dans des banques de matériel phytogénétique au Canada et aux Etats-Unis, mais dans la Banque mondiale de matériel phytogénétique à Svalbar, en Nor- vège, pour conservation de longue durée et évaluation future des Vaccinium au service de l’humanité. Le legs de ses collec- tions phytogénétiques sauvages continuera à être disponible permettant l’utilisation d’un pool génétique extensif pour le développement et l’amélioration génétique partout au monde. Mots‐clés : conservation de matériel phytogénétique, bleuet, génétique, banque de gènes, exploration botanique. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Received 13 October 2011. Accepted 21 November 2011. Published at www.nrcresearchpress.com/cjb on 16 April 2012. K.E. Hummer. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Clonal Germplasm Repository, 33447 Peoria Road, Corvallis, OR 97333-2521, USA. A.R. Jamieson. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 32 Main Street, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5, Canada. R.E. Newell. E.C. Smith Herbarium, K.C. Irving Environmental Science Centre and Harriet Irving Botanical Gardens, Acadia University, Box 48, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada. Corresponding author: Kim E. Hummer (e-mail: [email protected]). 1This article is part of a Special Issue entitled “A tribute to Sam Vander Kloet FLS: Pure and applied research from blueberries to heath- land ecology”. Botany 90: 337–346 (2012) doi:10.1139/B11-102 Published by NRC Research Press 338 Botany, Vol. 90, 2012 Introduction considerable and expanding economic importance in Canada, namely highbush (V. corymbosum) and lowbush (V. angustifo- Sam P. Vander Kloet is rightfully lauded as a world re- lium) blueberry. Currently, within PGRC blueberries are repre- nowned botanist and specialist on the taxonomy of blueberry sented by 22 seed accessions deposited from 1978 to 1980 and (Vaccinium L.) species. He had a strong desire to eschew the two additional seed accessions deposited in 1993. The viability obfuscation of the taxon-splitting previous generation of Vac- of these seeds is unknown. Repropagation of the S.P. Vander cinium authors (Sleumer 1941; Stevens 1971; Camp 1942a, Kloet collection in Kentville, Nova Scotia, Canada, could pro- b 1942 , 1944, 1945). He felt that accepting three separate vide important germplasm for a renewal of the Canadian Vaccinium species for similar plants having morphological PGRC blueberry effort. deviations resulting from exposure to the sun, partial sun, In 1978, the North American Vaccinium highbush blue- and shade to be excessive. He wanted his approach to the berry collection was established on a 0.1 ha plot at AAFC taxonomy of the blueberries to be both “biologically sound Research Station, Kentville, Nova Scotia, Canada (Vander and taxonomically robust” (Vander Kloet 1988). This task, Kloet and McRae 1998). Beginning in 1980, wild-collected he stated, was more complex than he expected, requiring lowbush species were added. As of 2011, this field collection The Genus Vaccinium 17 years for fruition. His monograph includes about 845 genotypes of diverse highbush and low- in North America (Vander Kloet 1988) was the result. In bush species (Table 1) collected from locations throughout preparation for this monograph he traveled throughout Can- eastern North America. These plants are representative of ada and the United States, with a few additional stops in the Canada and the United States, including V. corymbosum Netherlands, Spain, and the United Kingdom, collecting Vac- (with types formerly known as Vaccinium constablaei cinium from more than 190 localities. Indeed, Appendix 2 of A. Gray). In addition, some hybrid test crosses that S.P. Van- his monograph (list of synonyms for species names) merged der Kloet performed to determine taxonomic species designa- 10 described Vaccinium taxa under Vaccinium angustifolium tions also reside in this plot. The V. corymbosum diversity Aiton; 45 described taxa under Vaccinium corymbosum L.; includes plants from South Carolina (33°55′N latitude) to 14 taxa under Vaccinium pallidum Aiton; 45 taxa under Vac- the northern edge of its range in Québec (45°17′N latitude). cinium stamineum L.; 11 under Vaccinium oxycoccus L.; and The northern-collected plants from the St. Lawrence Low- 20 under Vaccinium uliginosum L. In addition, many botani- lands and coastal Maine and Nova Scotia possess cold hardi- cal species determinations were published (Vander Kloet ness and drought tolerance (Vander Kloet and McRae 1998). 1996; Vander Kloet and Patterson 2000; Vander Kloet et al. Observations over several years have also identified clones 2004). that exhibit resistance to disease, most notably mummy berry Because economically important cultivars of Vaccinium disease caused by Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi (Reade) crops such as the blueberries, cranberries, and lingonberries Honey (P.D. Hildebrand, personal communication). were developed from Northern Hemisphere species, the pub- As of July 2011, many of the plants in this plot were over- lic may be surprised to learn that the majority of named spe- grown relative to the original planting locations. In addition, cies of Vaccinium are native to the South Pacific Islands and many shrubs and trees are invading the field, sheltering out Asia. Because of this, S.P. Vander Kloet picked up his back- the Vaccinium. The primary invading species are European al- pack and herbarium press and traveled as far and wide as Ha- der-buckthorn (Frangula alnus Mill.), white pine (Pinus stro- waii, Costa Rica, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, and bus L.), wire birch (Betula populifolia Marshall), red maple Vietnam to personally examine these species (Hill 2011). (Acer rubrum L.), bayberry (Myrica pensylvanica Mirbel), From seeds gathered from the Vietnam cloud forest, he pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica L.f.), red oak (Quercus ru- named Vaccinium hiepii Vander Kloet, sp. nov. (Vander bra L.), ground juniper (Juniperus communis L.), and black- Kloet and Patterson 2000). He was even lowered from a heli- berry (Rubus allegheniensis Porter). Currently, AAFC copter in the very north, on Ellesmere Island, Quttinirpaaq Kentville plans to retain this plantation, however, only mini- National Park, Canada, to observe and collect wild lowbush mal resources and staff member oversight is available. Vaccinium (Hill 2011). Acadia University Genetic resource preservation Sam P. Vander Kloet obtained and prepared more than The collections that S.P. Vander Kloet obtained represent 1000 herbarium voucher
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