DOCSLIB.ORG

Proquest Dissertations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Proquest Dissertations Representing revolution: The Mexican Congress and the originsof single-party rule, 1916-1934 Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Avent, Glenn James Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 23/09/2021 12:54:01 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280671 REPRESENTING REVOLUTION: THE MEXICAN CONGRESS AND THE ORIGINS OF SINGLE-PARTY RULE, 1916-1934 by Glenn James A vent A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2 0 0 4 UMI Number: 3158067 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI Microform 3158067 Copyright 2005 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 2 The University of Arizona ® Graduate College As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by GLENN JAMES AVENT entitled REPRESENTING REVOLUTION: THE MEXICAN CONGRESS AND THE ORIGINS OF SINGLE-PARTY RULE, 1916-1934 and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilhng the dissertation requirement for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY iuUJUi£0U Z) </ William Beezwy t datT Z! — Dec l, Uo'l Kevm Gosner date Bert Barickman date date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. Dissertation Director: ^A^llia^h Beezley 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES 5 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 6 ABSTRACT 7 INTRODUCTION 8 CHAPTER 1: POLITICAL LIFE IN THE ERA OF HEROIC LEADERSHIP 31 CHAPTER 2: FORMATION AND DIVISION OF THE OBREGONISTA ALLIANCE IN CONGRESS 69 CHAPTER 3: TURNING POINT, 1924 116 CHAPTER 4: THE END OF AN ERA 163 CHAPTER 5: HONOUR, POWER, AND PRIVILEGE IN THE CREATION OF MEXICO'S NEW POLITICAL ELITE 200 CONCLUSION 246 REFERENCES 257 5 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1, Chamber of Deputies Seats by Legislature (1917-1934) 32 TABLE 2, Total Pool of Deputies (1917-1934) 37 TABLE 3, Election of Deputies by Total Times Elected (1917-1934) 38 TABLE 4, Seats Held by Deputies With and Without Prior Experience (1917-1934)....38 TABLE 5, Seats Held by Deputies With Prior Experience, by State (1917-1934) 43 TABLE 6, Occupied Two-Year Senate Seats (1918-1934) 45 TABLE 7, Total Pool of Senators (1918-1934) 46 TABLE 8, Election of Senators by Times Elected (1918-1934) 46 TABLE 9, Seats Held by Senators With and Without Prior Experience (1918-1934) 46 TABLE 10, Movement Between the Chamber of Deputies and Senate (1917-1934) 46 TABLE 11, Experience of Deputies Holding Committee Posts (1917-1934) 48 TABLE 12, Deputies on "Important" and "Unimportant" Committees (1917-1934) 49 TABLE 13, Committee Service of Re-elected Deputies (1917-1934) 50 TABLE 14, Specialization in Committee Service of Re-elected Deputies 50 TABLE 15, Committee Posts Held by T=1 Deputies, Later Re-elected and Not Re-elected (1917-1934) 51 TABLE 16, Committee Service of T=1 Deputies, Later Re-elected and Not Re-elected (1917-1934) 51 6 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Political Organizations: ASP Alianza de Partido Socialistas (1924-1925) BRC (a) Bloque Regional Confederado (1922-1923) BRC (b) Bloque Revolutionario Coaligado (1922-1924) BRO Bloque Revolucionario Obregonista (1925-19 BSP Bloque Socialista Parliamentario (1924) CDN Comite Directivo Nacional (of the PNR) (1929-1938) CDO Centro Director Obregonista (1927-1928) CEN Comite Ejecutivo Nacional (of the PNR) (1929-1938) CGT Confederacion General de Trabajadores (1921 - ) CNC Confederacion Nacional Campesina (1938- ) CROM Confederacion Regional Obrera Mexicana (1918- ) CTM Confederacion de Trabajadores de Mexicano (1936- ) LNC Liga Nacional Campesina (1923-1933) PCN Partido Cooperatista Nacional (1917-1923) PLC Partido Liberal Constitucionalista (1916-1924) PLM (a) Partido Laborista Mexicano (1919-1940) PLM (b) Partido Liberal Mexicano (1906-1915) PNA Partido Nacional Agrarista (1919-1940) PNAR Partido Nacional Antireeleccionista (1909-1940) PNR Partido Nacional Revolucionario (1929-1938) Sources Cited: ACS Archivo de la Camara de Senadores AGN-OC Archivo General de la Nacion, Fondo Presidentes, Obregon-Calles AGN-AR Archivo General de la Nacion, Fondo Presidentes, Abelardo Rodriguez AGN-LC Archive General de la Nacion, Fondo Presidentes, Lazaro Cardenas APEC Archivo Plutarco Elias Calles 7 ABSTRACT This dissertation provides an institutional history of the Mexican Congress, exploring the origins of single-party rule in Mexico. The investigation offers a revised interpretation of the evolution of Mexico's Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI, originally known as the National Revolutionary Party, or PNR), the development of executive power over the legislative branch, and the emergence of a new political elite. The research demonstrates that, contrary to conventional explanations, the official revolutionary party did not result from a momentary crisis provoked by the 1928 assassination of President-Elect Alvaro Obregon. Instead, it evolved over the previous decade through a process of development occurring within and around the Congress. Alliances between political parties and congressional blocs negotiated during the formative era of the 1920s created the foundation for the later emergence of the official revolutionary party. The rapid spread of the PNR, and its overwhelming success in the 1930 elections, occurred because the party was built upon these pre-existing structures. The study also demonstrates that Presidential dominance of the Congress, or "Presidentialism," did not derive entirely from law or the structure of the republican system of government, as has often been argued, but rather developed incrementally in conjunction with the evolution of party organization. In effect, the party became the mechanism for executive dominance. The investigation concludes with an examination of the role of honour and extra-legal privilege in the creation and definition of a new political elite. 8 INTRODUCTION Each public official is a live cell of power and embodies in his person a fragment of authority. The first magistrate produces the administrative body by mitosis. All the functionaries free within themselves peculiar forces of dominion that are put into play through the position they fill. Therefore, the result of the totality of those cells is an executive, judicial, legislative, and administrative body of a volume greater than the sum of its parts. The deputy has his privileges, the policeman his uniform, and the usher his livery; they are a piece of legislature, a piece of police, a piece of tribunal. Ezequiel Martinez Estrada, X-Ray of the Pampa [...] the state is less an expression of the dominant class, at least in origin, than the dominant class is a result of the actions of the state. Octavio Paz, The Other Mexico: Critique of the Pyramid Gunfire erupted during a session of the Chamber of Deputies sometime on the afternoon of September 11, 1935. The shootout left two representatives dead and resulted in the expulsion of seventeen Deputies from the Congress.' Participants on both sides of the conflict belonged to the Partido Nacional Revolucionario (National Revolutionary Party; PNR), the organization that controlled the overwhelming majority of seats in both the upper and lower Chambers of Mexico's bicameral Congress. While collectively able to dominate the Congress, tensions between hostile "red" and "white" factions split the party. The red faction, known also as the ala izquierda (left wing) and composed of those representatives associated with Lazaro Cardenas (President 1934-1940), was the largest. Both victims of the shooting were members of the Cardenista group. The minority, who ' Diario de los Debates de la Cdmara de Dipulados, XXXVI Legislatura, Afio II, Pen'odo Ordinario, 12 Septiembre, 1935, num. 6, pp. 5-10. 9 received the blame for the incident and were removed from their seats in the Chamber as a result, were loyalists of Plutarco EHas Calles (President 1924-1928). As the self-styled jefe maximo, Calles had wielded power over the federal government from behind the scenes since the death of President-Elect Alvaro Obregon in 1928. The expulsion of the Callistas from Congress represented the culmination of conflict between the two groups and ended the dominance of the former President.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Anarchist Movements in Tampico & the Huaste
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Peripheries of Power, Centers of Resistance: Anarchist Movements in Tampico & the Huasteca Region, 1910-1945 A Thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in Latin American Studies (History) by Kevan Antonio Aguilar Committee in Charge: Professor Christine Hunefeldt, Co-Chair Professor Michael Monteon, Co-Chair Professor Max Parra Professor Eric Van Young 2014 The Thesis of Kevan Antonio Aguilar is approved and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Co-Chair Co-Chair University of California, San Diego 2014 iii DEDICATION: For my grandfather, Teodoro Aguilar, who taught me to love history and to remember where I came from. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page……………………………………………………………..…………..…iii Dedication……………………………………………………………………………...…iv Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………….v List of Figures………………………………………………………………………….…vi Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………vii Abstract of the Thesis…………………………………………………………………….xi Introduction……………………………………………………………………………......1 Chapter 1: Geography & Peripheral Anarchism in the Huasteca Region, 1860-1917…………………………………………………………….10 Chapter 2: Anarchist Responses to Post-Revolutionary State Formations, 1918-1930…………………………………………………………….60 Chapter 3: Crisis & the Networks of Revolution: Regional Shifts towards International Solidarity Movements, 1931-1945………………95 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….......126 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………129 v LIST
    [Show full text]
  • @ Copyrighted by Ward Sloan Albro, Iii 1967
    Ricardo Flores Magón and the Liberal Party: an inquiry into the origins of the Mexican revolution of 1910 Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Albro, Ward S. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 04/10/2021 11:00:40 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565157 @ COPYRIGHTED BY WARD SLOAN ALBRO, III 1967 RICARDO FLORES MAGON AND THE LIBERAL PARTY: AN INQUIRY INTO THE ORIGINS OF THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION OF 1910 by Ward Sloan Albro, III A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 6 7 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by Ward Sloan Albro. Ill____________________________ entitled ftir.ardo Flores Maron and the Liberal Party: An Inquiry into the Origins of the Mexican Revolution of 1910 be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy_________________________________ After inspection of the dissertation, the following members of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approval and recommend its acceptance:* f + 6 7 Q/Aa. 1/ / 9&7 /?& .V, pa z Z *This approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the final oral examination.
    [Show full text]
  • Open Research Online Oro.Open.Ac.Uk
    Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs The Slow Fuse of the Revolutionary Mural: Diego Rivera, Historical Revisionism and Poststructuralism Journal Item How to cite: Carter, Warren (2019). The Slow Fuse of the Revolutionary Mural: Diego Rivera, Historical Revisionism and Poststructuralism. Acta Academiae Artium Vilnensis, 94 pp. 39–59. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 2019 Acta Academiae Artium Vilnensis Version: Version of Record Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://leidykla.vda.lt/Files/file/Acta_94/Acta_94_Carter.pdf Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk 39 The Slow Fuse of the Revolutionary Mural: Diego Rivera, Historical Revisionism and Poststructuralism1 Warren Carter The Open University United Kingdom [email protected] In this paper I will analyse the links between the revisionist histo- riography of the Mexican Revolution of 1910–20 and the revisionist literatu- re on the Mexican murals produced in the period immediately afterwards, as well as the theoretical arguments that underpin both, before making a call for a “post-revisionist” reading of the art. I will then finish by making a post-revisionist iconographical analysis of Diego Rivera’s History of Mexi- co mural produced between 1929-35 as a counterpoint to revisionist ones that instead read it as government propaganda pure and simple. Keywords: Diego Rivera, Mexican Revolution, Mexican muralism, revi­ sionism, Marxism, structuralism, poststructuralism.
    [Show full text]
  • Radio, Revolution, and the Mexican State, 1897-1938
    UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE WIRELESS: RADIO, REVOLUTION, AND THE MEXICAN STATE, 1897-1938 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By JOSEPH JUSTIN CASTRO Norman, Oklahoma 2013 WIRELESS: RADIO, REVOLUTION, AND THE MEXICAN STATE, 1897-1938 A DISSERTATION APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY ______________________________ Dr. Terry Rugeley, Chair ______________________________ Dr. Sterling Evans ______________________________ Dr. James Cane-Carrasco _______________________________ Dr. Alan McPherson _______________________________ Dr. José Juan Colín © Copyright by JOSEPH JUSTIN CASTRO 2013 All Rights Reserved. Acknowledgements There are a number of people who have aided this project, my development as a professional scholar, and my success at the University of Oklahoma. I owe a huge debt to Dr. Terry Rugeley, my advisor and mentor for the last four and a half years. From my first day at the University of Oklahoma he encouraged me to pursue my own interests and provided key insights into the historian’s craft. He went out of his way to personally introduce me to a number of archives, people, and cities in Mexico. He further acquainted me with other historians in the United States. Most importantly, he gave his time. He never failed to be there when I needed assistance and he always read, critiqued, and returned chapter drafts in a timely manner. Dr. Rugeley and his wife Dr. Margarita Peraza-Rugeley always welcomed me into their home, providing hospitality, sound advice, the occasional side job, and friendship. Thank you both. Other professors at OU helped guide my development as a historian, and their assistance made this dissertation a stronger work.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract Where Is Our Revolution?: Workers In
    ABSTRACT WHERE IS OUR REVOLUTION?: WORKERS IN CIUDAD JUAREZ AND PARRAL-SANTA BARBARA DURING THE 1930s Andres Hijar, PhD Department of History Northern Illinois University, 2015 Rosemary Feurer, Director This dissertation explores the way workers on the border in Ciudad Juárez and in the mining district of Parral-Santa Barbara increased their power during the 1930s. Unionization, collective bargaining, labor tribunals, political alliances, and direct action gave workers control of crucial aspects of the production process for the first time in the nation’s history. Furthermore, workers’ efforts allowed them to extend their power beyond the workplace and into the community. In some instances, workers were radicalized, especially in the border city. To attenuate workers’ rising power, political and economic elites intervened in labor conflicts in different ways depending on the interests of the elites in the location under study. Political elites’ intervention in some cases deradicalized miners, but it also allowed them to increase their power against The American Smelting and Refinement Company (ASARCO). In Ciudad Juárez, workers’ rising power and radicalization resulted in a violent response from political and economic elites, which eventually reversed workers’ victories during the 1920s and 1930s. The Lázaro Cárdenas presidency supported workers in both the border and the mining district, but failed to rein in political and economic elites’ actions against workers in Juárez, who guarded their interests above those of workers through violence and illegal means. NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY DE KALB, ILLINOIS AUGUST 2015 WHERE IS OUR REVOLUTION?: WORKERS IN CIUDAD JUAREZ AND PARRAL-SANTA BARBARA DURING THE 1930s BY ANDRES HIJAR © 2015 Andres Hijar A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY Doctoral Director: Rosemary Feurer ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A considerable number of people contributed this to project.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mexican Revolution (1910-1917)
    The Mexican Revolution (1910-1917) Álvaro Matute* Robert Dorman s the twentieth century began, Mexico suffered from political mobility for new generations of professionals who a myriad of problems: on the one hand, in 1900 Pre s­ aspired to high positions in the gov ernment bureaucracy. This Aident Porfirio Díaz was reelected for the fifth time, was replicated in most states nationwide. Many governors which, while it guaranteed stability, also implied the lack of were reelected indefinitely and the emerging groups began to express their disagreement. * Researcher emeritus of the UNAM Institute for Historical Re­ As a result of the 1856 Lerdo Law that confiscated ec­ search. clesiastic property, but which also tended to destroy com­ Photo Credits: The photo on this page was published on Brenner, Anita, The Wind that Swept Mexico. The History of the Mexican Revolution 1910-1942 (Austin munity goods and foster individual private property, and the and London: University of Texas Press, 1943). Porfirio Díaz (p. 53), Archivo His­ laws on fallow land stemming from it, many peasant commu­ tórico Ezequiel A. Chávez, Instituto de Investigaciones sobre la nities lost their ejido lands to the expansion of latifundios Univer sidad y Educación; Emi lia no Zapata (p. 54), Fo toteca Archivo General de la Na­ formed in the last third of the nineteenth century. Emiliano ción; Venustiano Carranza (p. 55), Colección Zapata from the state of Morelos was an outstanding spokes­ foto gráfica sueltas, Fondo Re servado, Biblioteca Nacional, UNAM; Little girl person demanding the return of communal goods; in his state, (p. 57), Metropolitan Magazine, n.d.
    [Show full text]
  • Porfirismo During the Mexican Revolution
    University of Texas at El Paso DigitalCommons@UTEP Open Access Theses & Dissertations 2012-01-01 Porfirismo during the Mexican Revolution: Exile and the Politics of Representation, 1910-1920 Nancy Alexandra Aguirre University of Texas at El Paso, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.utep.edu/open_etd Part of the History Commons, Latin American Languages and Societies Commons, and the Latin American Studies Commons Recommended Citation Aguirre, Nancy Alexandra, "Porfirismo during the Mexican Revolution: Exile and the Politics of Representation, 1910-1920" (2012). Open Access Theses & Dissertations. 1773. https://digitalcommons.utep.edu/open_etd/1773 This is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UTEP. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UTEP. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PORFIRISMO DURING THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION: EXILE AND THE POLITICS OF REPRESENTATION, 1910-1920 NANCY ALEXANDRA AGUIRRE Department of History APPROVED: Samuel Brunk, Ph.D., Chair Cheryl E. Martin, Ph.D. Sandra McGee Deutsch, Ph.D. Frank G. Pérez, Ph.D. Benjamin C. Flores, Ph.D. Dean of the Graduate School Copyright © by Nancy Alexandra Aguirre 2012 PORFIRISMO DURING THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION: EXILE AND THE POLITICS OF REPRESENTATION, 1910-1920 by NANCY ALEXANDRA AGUIRRE, B.A., M.A. DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at El Paso in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of History THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT EL PASO December 2012 Acknowledgements Writing this dissertation has been a dream of mine since I found my passion for history as a seventh-grade Texas History student.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of Gendered Spaces Before, During, and After the French Revolution of 1789 and the Mexican Revolution of 1910 Kevin Kilroy
    Claremont Colleges Scholarship @ Claremont Scripps Senior Theses Scripps Student Scholarship 2019 Trading Spaces: An Analysis of Gendered Spaces Before, During, and After the French Revolution of 1789 and the Mexican Revolution of 1910 Kevin Kilroy Recommended Citation Kilroy, Kevin, "Trading Spaces: An Analysis of Gendered Spaces Before, During, and After the French Revolution of 1789 and the Mexican Revolution of 1910" (2019). Scripps Senior Theses. 1405. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1405 This Open Access Senior Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Scripps Student Scholarship at Scholarship @ Claremont. It has been accepted for inclusion in Scripps Senior Theses by an authorized administrator of Scholarship @ Claremont. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TRADING SPACES: AN ANALYSIS OF GENDERED SPACES BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1789 AND THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION OF 1910 By KEVIN IRELAND KILROY SUBMITTED TO SCRIPPS COLLEGE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS IN HISTORY PROFESSOR AISENBERG PROFESSOR MESTAZ APRIL 19, 2019 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I would like to thank Professors Aisenberg and Mestaz for being wonderful thesis readers: listening to me ramble during meetings, answering my numerous questions, but most importantly, encouraging my passion for this thesis topic. I also want to thank Professor Mestaz, again, and Professor Kates because without their tremendous teaching skills this thesis may never have come to fruition. Without the support of my friends and family, I may not have made it through this grueling process. Thank you to my parents for supporting my choice to study History while at Scripps, and to my siblings for always keeping me humble.
    [Show full text]
  • A Bada** Retelling of the Mexican Revolution
    a bada** retelling of the mexican revolution INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES This activity is inspired by Ben Thompson’s BadA** descriptions of important historical figures. His site can be found at http://www.badassoftheweek.com/index.cgi. We’re particularly fond of his entry on Pancho Villa which can be found at http://www.badassoftheweek.com/villa.html. Please be aware: There is liberal use of profanity in Thompson’s writing; it is not appropriate for all audiences and should be pre-screened before any part of it is used in a classroom setting or with students. The purpose of this activity is to provide students a more detailed overview of the events and people of the Mexican Revolution through reading the provided hand-out “Bad** Retelling of the Mexican Revolution.” This is a simplified version of the Mexican Revolution that has been writ- ten in a more ‘teen-age friendly/reader-friendly’ style. It can be used in conjunction with textbook readings or other materials written about the Mexican Revolution. MATERIALS \ Copies of the Hand-out “Bada** Retelling of the Mexican Revolution” for each student \ Pens, pencils or highlighters \ Optional paper and markers for the timeline PROCEDURE 1. Provide a copy of the “Bada** Retelling of the Mexican Revolution” to each student. In preparation for this activity, you may want to divide the document into sections or setting stopping points where the class can discuss what occurred in the reading and ask questions about the events of that specific section. 2. Ask students to read the “Bada** Retelling of the Mexican Revolution”.
    [Show full text]
  • Macedonio J. García (U.S.A) V. United Mexican States
    REPORTS OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRAL AWARDS RECUEIL DES SENTENCES ARBITRALES Macedonio J. García (U.S.A) v. United Mexican States 23 November 1926 VOLUMEIV pp. 108-110 NATIONS UNIES - UNITED NATIONS Copyright (c) 2006 108 MEXICO/U.S.A. (GENERAL CLAIMS COMMISSION) regarded as unreliable—and it may be observed that no attempt was made to discredit it as such—there would still be no evidence showing negligence on the part of the authorities. Decision 7. The charge of a denial of justice made in the Memorial is therefore not sustained, and the Commission accordingly decides that the claim must be disallowed. MACEDONIO J. GARCIA (U.S.A.) v. UNITED MEXICAN STATES. (November 23, 1926. Pages 146-149.) JURISDICTION. Claim for loan to Adolfo de la Huerta, Governor of Sonora, for assisting in revolutionary movement, held not per se outside juris- diction of tribunal. Loan being payable after period covered by com- promis held outside jurisdiction of tribunal. LOAN TO OFFICIAL. Evidence held insufficient to establish responsibility of respondent Government for loan to official. 1. This claim is made by the United States of America against the United Mexican States in behalf of Macedonio J. Garcia, an American citizen, to obtain the payment of $161,000.00 with interest from May 31, 1920, in settlement of loans said to have been made by the claimant, the amount of $150,000.00 being delivered on or about March 30, 1920, to Adolfo de la Huerta, Governor of Sonora, and the sum of $11, 000.00 being delivered in two parts, one of $5,000.00 and the other $6,000.00 United States currency during the month of May, 1920, to certain military officers.
    [Show full text]
  • Photograph Collection on Venustiano Carranza
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt7r29s1q8 No online items Photograph collection on Venustiano Carranza Finding aid prepared by Julianna Gil, Student Processing Assistant. Special Collections & University Archives The UCR Library P.O. Box 5900 University of California Riverside, California 92517-5900 Phone: 951-827-3233 Fax: 951-827-4673 Email: [email protected] URL: http://library.ucr.edu/libraries/special-collections-university-archives © 2017 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Photograph collection on MS 036 1 Venustiano Carranza Descriptive Summary Title: Photograph collection on Venustiano Carranza Date (inclusive): 1910-1920 Collection Number: MS 036 Extent: 1.96 linear feet(1 album, 1 box) Repository: Rivera Library. Special Collections Department. Riverside, CA 92517-5900 Abstract: The collection consists of approximately 350 photographs of Mexican revolutionary and President Venustiano Carranza, including depictions of Carranza on national tours and in areas being attacked by Revolutionaries during his time as Mexico's president (1917-20). Photographs in the collection also include portraits of Carranza and other prominent Mexican figures, including Isidro Fabela and Álvaro Obregón. Languages: The collection is in Spanish. Access This collection is open for research. Publication Rights Copyright Unknown: Some materials in these collections may be protected by the U.S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S.C.). In addition, the reproduction, and/or commercial use, of some materials may be restricted by gift or purchase agreements, donor restrictions, privacy and publicity rights, licensing agreement(s), and/or trademark rights. Distribution or reproduction of materials protected by copyright beyond that allowed by fair use requires the written permission of the copyright owners.
    [Show full text]
  • Plan of Agua Prieta
    Plan of Agua Prieta Created by álvaro Obregón april 29, 1920 CONSIDERANDO: I. Que la Soberanía Nacional reside esencial y originariamente en el pueblo: que todo poder público dimana del pueblo y se instituye para su beneficio, y que la potestad de los mandatari- os públicos es únicamente una delegación parcial de la soberanía popular, hecha por el mismo pueblo. II. Que el actual Presidente de la República, C. Venustiano Carranza, se había constituído Jefe de un partido político, y persiguiendo el triunfo de ese partido ha burlado de una manera sistemática del voto popular; ha suspendido, de hecho las garantías individuales; ha atentado repetidas veces contra la soberanía de los Estados y ha desvirtuado radicalmente la organi- zación de la República. III. Que los actos y procedimientos someramente expuestos constituyen, al mismo tiempo, fla- grantes violaciones a nuestra ley suprema, delitos graves del orden común y traición absoluta a las aspiraciones fundamentales de la Revolución Constitucionalista. IV. Que habiendo agotado todos los medios pacíficos para encauzar los procedimientos del repetido Primer Mandatario de la Federación por las vías constitucionales, sin haberse logra- do tal finalidad, ha llegado el momento de que el pueblo mexicano arma toda su soberanía, revocando el imperio absoluto de sus instituciones y de sus leyes. En tal virtud, los suscritos, ciudadanos mexicanos en pleno ejercicio de nuestros derechos políticos, hemos adoptado en todas sus partes y protestamos sostener con entereza, el siguiente: Plan Orgánico del Movimiento Reivindicador de la Democracia y de la Ley. Art. I. Cesa en el ejercicio del Poder Ejecutivo de la Federación el C.
    [Show full text]