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Proceedings of a Forum PROCEEDINGS OF A FORUM Gene Flow Among Maize Landraces, Improved Maize Varieties, and Teosinte: Implications for Transgenic Maize Technical Editors: J. Antonio Serratos, Martha C. Willcox and Fernando Castillo INIFAP CIMMYT The Mexican National Institute of The International Maize and Wheat Forestry, Agriculture, and Livestock Improvement Center Research CNBA The Mexican National Agricultural Biosafety Committee Held at El Batán, Mexico, 21-25 September, 1995 INIFAP The Mexican National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture, and Livestock Research (INIFAP) is a public institution for scientific and technological research that forms part of the Secretary of Agriculture, Livestock, and Rural Development (SAGAR). The responsibilities of INIFAP include: developing scientific and technological knowledge and methodologies to foster development in the agriculture, livestock, and forestry sectors; generating and transferring sustainable technologies; and participating in rural development in Mexico. Support for INIFAP comes from the federal government through SAGAR, the state governments, and public and private organizations in the agriculture, livestock, and forestry sectors. CIMMYT The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) is an internationally funded, nonprofit scientific research and training organization. Headquartered in Mexico, the Center works with agricultural research institutions worldwide to improve the productivity and sustainability of maize and wheat systems for poor farmers in developing countries. It is one of 16 similar centers supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). The CGIAR comprises over 50 partner countries, international and regional organizations, and private foundations. It is co-sponsored by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). CNBA The Mexican National Agricultural Biosafety Committee (CNBA) is a consultative group coordinated by the General Directorate of the Seed Health and Quarantine Agency (DGSV). Its purpose is to establish regulations regarding the release of transgenic plants, as well as supervising and monitoring field trials involving genetically modified organisms authorized for use in Mexico. CNBA comprises experts from the Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV), the Graduate College in Agricultural Sciences (CP), INIFAP, the National Seed Inspection and Certification System (SNICS), the Autonomous University of Chapingo (UACH), and the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). According to the Federal Seed Health Law (Official Register, 5 January 1994) and the Law Regarding the Production, Certification, and Commerce of Seeds (Official Register, 15 July 1991), SAGAR is authorized to establish, via DGSV, official regulations for transporting, handling, introducing, and releasing genetically modified organisms. Correct Citation: Serratos, J.A., M.C. Willcox, and F. Castillo-González (eds.). 1997. Gene Flow Among Maize Landraces, Improved Maize Varieties, and Teosinte: Implications for Transgenic Maize. Mexico, D.F. CIMMYT. Abstract: Proceedings of a forum organized by the Mexican National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research (INIFAP), the Mexican National Agricultural Biosafety Committee (CNBA), and the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) and held at CIMMYT headquarters, El Batán, Mexico, in September 1995, the publication carries presentations and discussions involving some 20 biotech and genetic resource specialists — including Mexican and invited foreign experts — on the distribution of teosinte in Mexico, the frequency and intensity of gene flow between maize and teosinte, the flow of genes from improved maize to landraces, and regulations and risk assessment for the release of transgenic maize in the center of origin of this crop and teosinte. The publication is targeted to researchers in genetic engineering, private seed company representatives, policymakers in Mexico and other countries wherein are found centers of genetic origin for crop species, and farmers who may eventually wish to sow transgenic seed. AGROVOC Descriptors: Zea mays; Maize; Euchlaena mexicana; Plant breeding; Transgenic plants; Gene transfer; Genetic engineering; Mexico AGRIS Category Codes: F30 Dewey Decimal Classification: 633.1523 ISBN: 968-6923-53-5 Printed in Mexico Contents iv Foreword J. Antonio Serratos, 56 Gene Flow from Improved Maize to M. Willcox and F. Castillo. Landraces. VI Acknowledgments. 56 Seed Exchange Among Farmers and Gene Flow vii Executive Summary Among Ma ize Varieties in Traditional xii Welcome Address P.R. Rowe. Agricu lt ural Systems . D. Louette xiii Opening Remarks. 67 Research on Gene Flow between Improved Ramón Martinez Parra. Maize and Landraces. F. Castillo- González and M.M. Goodman. 1 The State of the Art in Maize 73 Discussion: D. Louette and F. Castillo- Transformation. Gonzalez/ M.M. Goodman David Hoisington. Presentations. 7 Discussion: D. Hoisin gton Presentation. 76 Regulation and Risk Assessment on 10 Teosinte Distribution in Mexico. Transgenic Maize in its Center of 10 Teosinte in Mexico: Personal Retrospective and Origin. Assessment. H. Garrison Wilkes. 76 Searching fo r a Balance: Environmental 18 Teosi nte Distrib ution in Mexico . J. Jesús Concerns and Potential Benefits of Sánchez González and J. Ariel Ruiz Transgenic Crops in Centers ofOrigin and Corral. Diversity. L Virgin and R. Frederick. 37 Discussion: H.G. Wilkes and J-J. Sanchez- 81 Evaluating the Risks of Transgene Flow from Gonzalez/ J.A. Ruiz-Corral Crops to Wi ld Species. N.C. Ellstrand. Presentations 85 Regulating Transgenic Pla nts: The Experience of USDA in Field Testing, Wide-Scale 40 Gene Flow Frequency and Intensity Production, and Assessment fo r Release in between Maize and Teosinte. Centers of Origin. J. Payne. 40 Cross Compatibility within the genus Zea . 90 Discussion: 1. Virgin/ R. Frederick, N.C. Jerry Kermicle. Ellstrand, and J. Payne Presentations. 44 Review of Introgression Between Maize and Teosin te . T. Angel Kato Y. 94 Plenary Sessions: Analysis of Workshop 54 Discussion: J. KermicIe and T.A. Kato Y. Reports and Discussions. Presentations. 94 Group 1 Report. 104 Group 2 Report. 11 1 Group 3 Report. 11 6 General Discussion , 121 Participants and Contact Information. iv Foreword J. Antonio Serratos1, Martha Willcox2 and Fernando Castillo3 1 National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture, and Livestock Research, Valley of Mexico Experimental Station. 2 Maize Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center. 3 Genetics Department, Colegio de Postgraduados. In September of 1995, the National Institute of association with maize in some agricultural regions. Forestry, Agriculture, and Livestock Research In addition, maize in Mexico is a staple for a large (INIFAP), the National Committee of Agricultural part of the population. Biosafety (CNBA), and the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), with The structure of the forum and discussion workshops financing from the United Nations Development are defined with minor modifications in the Table of Programme (UNDP), organized the forum and Contents of this volume. The subjects presented and workshop, “Gene Flow between Landraces, discussed included: 1) teosinte distribution in Mexico, Improved Maize and Teosinte: Implications for 2) the study of genetic flow between different types Transgenic Maize,” which was held in the facilities of of maize and teosinte, and 3) the evaluation of CIMMYT in El Batán, Mexico. probable risks arising from the release of transgenic plants in their center of origin. The presentations of This meeting brought together experts in maize and each one of the subjects served as an introduction for teosinte genetics to analyze and discuss information the discussion groups that were composed of and relevant studies on genetic flow between maize scientists invited to the forum. Each group, which and teosinte in Mexico in view of current functioned as a workshop, was assigned a moderator biotechnological developments, particularly the and a secretary who would present a report and a production of transgenic maize. With experts from summary to the plenary session. These drafts were different areas, attempts were made to examine the generated in response to questions devised by the consequences of this genetic interaction and the organizers and additional queries that arose during implications for the regulation, management and the discussions. evaluation of transgenic maize. There was confidence that the exchange of ideas and information between More than 20 individuals — mainly Mexican experts could help clarify the situation in the near scientists from public research and teaching agencies, future. together with some foreign specialists — participated in the seminars, discussion panels, and plenary This meeting was considered particularly relevant for sessions. Among other activities, researchers Mexico, the location of maize origin, diversity, and concentrated on two principal objectives: 1) to domestication and where teosinte is found in close establish scientific criteria for the proper regulation of v transgenic maize, and 2) to identify research topics on Advances in methodologies for manipulating the basic aspects of biosafety and risk
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