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At the Crossroads of Multiculturalism and Violence: Community Policing and Grassroots Education in Guerrero, Mexico ISBN: 978-94-6380-714-2 © 2020, Merel de Buck. All rights reserved. Cover design: Peter Lipton || peterlipton.nl Cartography: Margot Stoete, Utrecht University Layout and Print: Dennis Hendriks || Proefschriftmaken.nl At the Crossroads of Multiculturalism and Violence: Community Policing and Grassroots Education in Guerrero, Mexico En la Encrucijada del Multiculturalismo y Violencia: Policía Comunitaria y Educación Intercultural en Guerrero, México (con un resumen en castellano) Op het Kruispunt van Multiculturalisme en Geweld: Veiligheid en Onderwijs Activisme in Guerrero, Mexico (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof.dr. H.R.B.M. Kummeling, ingevolge het besluit van het college voor promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 24 april 2020 des middags te 2.30 uur door Merel Anna de Buck geboren op 27 maart 1987 te Amsterdam Promotor: Prof. dr. W.G. Pansters Copromotor: Dr. I.H. van der Pijl Dit proefschrift werd (mede) mogelijk gemaakt met financiële steun van de Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijke Onderzoek (NWO). Contents ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 8 GLOSSARY 11 MAPS 14 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 16 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: SOCIAL CONTESTATION, POLITICAL AUTHORITY, AND MULTICULTURALISM IN RURAL GUERRERO 21 1. Introduction 21 2. The Research Background 22 3. The Research Focus and Objective 25 4. Political Anthropology and Social Contestation 26 5. (Re)Turn to Political Authority 29 6. Multiculturalism, Ethnic Activism, and Well-being for All 31 7. Neoliberal Multiculturalism Revisited 33 8. Building Bridges: The Organization of the Book 35 PART I 39 CHAPTER 2 ETHNOGRAPHIC FIELDWORK: AN “ART OF THE POSSIBLE” IN THE COSTA CHICA OF GUERRERO 41 1. Introduction 41 2. Anthropology and Engagements 42 2.1 Engaged Scholarship 42 2.2 Positionality and Collaboration 44 2.3 Fragmented Ethnography 44 3. A Fieldwork Chronology 46 3.1 Cuajinicuilapa and the University 46 3.2 Collaborative Methods 48 3.3 Multiple University Departments and Connections 51 3.4 Researching Upoeg 52 4. Engagement: Dilemmas and Reflections 54 4.1 Beyond Rosy Collaborations 55 4.2 Hierarchy Reasserts Itself 56 4.3 Reflections on Gender Dynamics 58 5. Concluding Comments 59 5 CHAPTER 3 SETTING THE STAGE: POPULAR STRUGGLES FOR DEMOCRACY, ECONOMIC JUSTICE, AND RIGHTS IN GUERRERO 61 1. Introduction 61 2. From Independence to Postrevolutionary Guerrero 64 3. New Civic Movements and Guerrero’s Dirty War 68 4. Toward Neoliberal Restructuring and Decentralization 71 5. The Rise of Indigenous Movements and a Multicultural State 74 6. Ethnic Organizing in Guerrero 78 6.1. The Rise and Fall of the Consejo Guerrerense 500 Años de Resistencia Indígena, Negra y Popular 79 6.2 The Emergence of the Regional Policing and Justice Organization Crac-PC 81 6.3 Afromexican Advocacy 83 7. New Configurations of Violence 83 8. Emerging Social Responses 86 9. Concluding Comments 89 PART II 93 CHAPTER 4 UPOEG: REGIONAL POLICING BEYOND SECURITY 95 1. Introduction 95 2. From Development to Security 99 3. Sistemas Comunitarias 104 4. Policing across Communities and Regions 107 5. From Security to Governance 111 6. Between Upscaling and Downscaling 115 7. Contestation within Municipalities 121 8. Concluding Comments 126 CHAPTER 5 UPOEG: LEGAL ACTIVISM TO REDIRECT MULTICULTURALISM 129 1. Introduction 129 2. Legal Activism and Indigenous Struggles 131 3. Law 701 and (Il)Legality 133 4. The Organic Law of the Free Municipality 134 5. Contested Municipal Elections 140 6. Vernacularization in El Mesón 145 7. The Referendum and its Aftermath 149 8. Concluding Comments 157 PART III 161 6 CHAPTER 6 UNISUR: STRUGGLES OVER UNIVERSITY GOVERNANCE BEYOND INTERCULTURAL EDUCATION 163 1. Introduction 163 2. Intercultural Universities as Arenas of Political Struggle 166 3. Following the Footsteps of Unisur Leaders 168 4. Contestation Over the University: Whose University is it? 171 5. A University of the Pueblos 174 6. Unisur in Santa Cruz del Rincón and Cuajinicuilapa 177 7. Discouragement of the Pueblos 180 8. Negotiations with the State 184 9. Recovering the University: Unisur Staff 189 10. Reclaiming the University: Unisur Students 192 11. An Assembly about Ayotzinapa 194 12. Concluding Comments 196 CHAPTER 7 UNISUREÑOS: NEGOTIATIONS OVER THE FUNCTIONS OF INTERCULTURAL EDUCATION 201 1. Introduction 201 2. Multiple Functions of Intercultural Education 203 3. Unisur’s Pedagogy and Academic Program 206 4. Reshaping of Personal Lifeworlds 209 4.1 Ethnic-Cultural Identities 212 5. Professionals at the Service of Communities 215 5.1 Evaluating Community Improvement 217 5.2 Rethinking Community Improvement 219 6. Civil Society: Individualization versus Collective Action 226 7. Concluding Comments 230 CHAPTER 8 FINAL REFLECTIONS 233 1. Introduction 233 2. Reflections on Political Authority 234 3. Engaging Multicultural Contradictions 236 4. The Walls of Autonomy 239 5. Revisiting Guerrero and Future Research 241 6. Methodological Remarks 244 BIBLIOGRAPHY 247 RESUMEN 265 SAMENVATTING 271 SUMMARY 277 AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY 281 7 Abbreviations and Acronyms ACG Asociación Cívica Guerrerense (Guerrerense Civic Association) ACNR Asociación Cívica Nacional Revolucionaria (National Revolutionary Civic Association) AMLO Andrés Manuel López Obrador ANIPA Asamblea Nacional Indígena Plural Por La Autonomía (Plural National Indigenous Assembly for Autonomy) ANP Asamblea Nacional Popular (National People’s Assembly) AOCAG Alianza de Organizaciones Campesinas Autónomas de Guerrero (Alliance of Autonomous Peasant Organizations Guerrero) BCA Brigada Campesina de Ajusticiamiento (Peasants’ Justice Enforcement Brigade) CAI Comisión de Asuntos Indígenas (Commission of Indigenous Affairs) CAIN Consejo de Autoridades Indígenas (Council of Indigenous Authorities) CDI Comisión Nacional Para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas (National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples) CECOP Consejo de Ejidos y Comunidades Opositores a la Presa la Parota (Council of Ejidos and Communities Opposed to the Parota Dam) CETEG Coordinadora Estatal de los Trabajadores de la Educación de Guerrero (Guerrero State Coordinating Committee of Education Workers) CFE Comisión Federal de Electricidad (Federal Commission of Electricity) CG500 Consejo Guerrerense de 500 Años de Resistencia Indígena, Negra y Popular (Guerrero Council 500 Years of Indigenous, Popular and Black Resistance) CGEIB Coordinación General de Educación Intercultural Bilingüe (General Coordination of Intercultural and Bilingual Education) CIESAS Centro de Investigación y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social (Center for Research and Studies of Social Anthropology) CNDH Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos (National Commission of Human Rights) CNI Congreso Nacional Indígena (National Indigenous Congress) CNTE Coordinadora Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educación (National Coordinating Committee of Education Workers) Codehum Comisión de Defensa de los derechos Humanos de Guerrero (Commission for the Defense of Human Rights Guerrero) CRAADT Consejo Regional de Autoridades Agrarias en Defensa del Territorio y contra la Minería (Regional Council of Agrarian Authorities in Defense of Territory against Mining) 8 CRAC-PC Coordinadora Regional de Autoridades Comunitarias-Policía Comunitaria (Regional Coordination of Community Authorities- Community Police) CRSJ-PCP Coordinadora Regional de Seguridad y Justicia-Policía Ciudadana y Popular (Regional Security and Justice Coordination-Citizen and People’s Police) Cuaji Cuajinicuilapa DFS Dirección Federal de Seguridad (Federal Security Directorate) DINEIB Dirección Nacional de Educación Bilingüe Intercultural (National Directorate for Bilingual Intercultural Education) EIB Educación Intercultural Bilingüe (Intercultural Bilingual Education) EPR Ejército Popular Revolucionario (Popular Revolutionary Army) EZLN Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (Zapatista National Army of Liberation) Frente Popular Frente Popular para el Desarrollo del Estado (Popular Front for State Development) FUSDEG Frente Unido para la Seguridad y el Desarrollo del Estado de Guerrero (United Front for the Security and Development of the State of Guerrero) Gro. Guerrero IDN Izquierda Democrática Nacional (National Democratic Left) IEEG Instituto Electoral del Estado de Guerrero (Electoral Institute of the State of Guerrero) IEPC Instituto Electoral y de Participación Ciudadana del Estado de Guerrero (Institute of Elections and Citizen Participation Guerrero) ILO International Labor Organization INE Instituto Nacional Electoral (National Electoral Institute) INEGI Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (National Institute of Statistics and Geography) INI Instituto Nacional Indigenista (National Indigenous Institute) MORENA Movimiento Regeneración Nacional (National Regeneration Movement) OIT Organización Independiente de Totanoca (Independent Organization Totanoca) PAN Partido Acción Nacional (National Action Party) PAR Participatory Action Research PDLP Partido de los Pobres (Party of the Poor) POA Partido Obrero de Acapulco (Workers Party of Acapulco) PRD Partido Revolucionario Democrático (Democratic Revolution Party) PRI Partido Revolucionario Institucional (Institutional Revolutionary Party) 9 PVEM Partido Verde Ecologista de México (Ecological Green Party of Mexico) SAI(CA) Secretaría de Asuntos