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AVIS Ce Document a Été Numérisé Par La Division De La Gestion Des Documents Et Des Archives De L'université De Montréal Direction des bibliothèques AVIS Ce document a été numérisé par la Division de la gestion des documents et des archives de l’Université de Montréal. L’auteur a autorisé l’Université de Montréal à reproduire et diffuser, en totalité ou en partie, par quelque moyen que ce soit et sur quelque support que ce soit, et exclusivement à des fins non lucratives d’enseignement et de recherche, des copies de ce mémoire ou de cette thèse. L’auteur et les coauteurs le cas échéant conservent la propriété du droit d’auteur et des droits moraux qui protègent ce document. Ni la thèse ou le mémoire, ni des extraits substantiels de ce document, ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement reproduits sans l’autorisation de l’auteur. Afin de se conformer à la Loi canadienne sur la protection des renseignements personnels, quelques formulaires secondaires, coordonnées ou signatures intégrées au texte ont pu être enlevés de ce document. Bien que cela ait pu affecter la pagination, il n’y a aucun contenu manquant. NOTICE This document was digitized by the Records Management & Archives Division of Université de Montréal. The author of this thesis or dissertation has granted a nonexclusive license allowing Université de Montréal to reproduce and publish the document, in part or in whole, and in any format, solely for noncommercial educational and research purposes. The author and co-authors if applicable retain copyright ownership and moral rights in this document. Neither the whole thesis or dissertation, nor substantial extracts from it, may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author’s permission. In compliance with the Canadian Privacy Act some supporting forms, contact information or signatures may have been removed from the document. While this may affect the document page count, it does not represent any loss of content from the document. Université de Montréal L'origine païenne des fêtes chrétiennes. Recherche historiographique. par Stéphane Brossard-Pearson Département d'histoire Faculté des arts et sciences Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maître ès arts en histoire Décembre, 2007 ©Stéphane Brossard-Pearson, 2007 • 11 Université de Montréal Faculté des études supérieures Ce mémoire intitulé L'origine païenne des fêtes chrétiennes. • Recherche historiographique. présenté par Stéphane Brossard-Pearson a été évalué par un jury composé des personnes suivantes : Président-rapporteur:· [)-.~ LUsigrm Directeur de recherche: Dr. Pietro Boglioni ,~: Membre du jury:. [)- Jean-M:lrc Charroo (ttm1ogie) • Mémoire accepté le : 21 Tevrier 2(lB 111 Résumé Ce mémoire est une recherche sur l'historiographie des ongmes païennes de certaines fêtes du calendrier chrétien, depuis l'essor de la méthode historico-critique, vers le milieu du XIXème siècle. J'ai retenu pour ma recherche les travaux publiés en français et en anglais, mais aussi les traductions d'ouvrages écrits en d'autres langues, ce qui m'a permis de construire un corpus plus représentatif. Dans un premier chapitre, je distingue les approches diverses proposées par trois familles d'historiens: les historiens de la liturgie, les historiens des religions et historiens du folklore. J'identifie les présupposés et les méthodes de chaque groupe. Dans les autres chapitres, j'examine l'historiographie spécifique d'un certain nombre de fêtes: Noël et l'Épiphanie, la Circoncision du Seigneur, la Purification de la Vierge, la Chaire de saint Pierre, les Rogations, la Saint-Jean, la Toussaint et la Fête des Morts. Ce choix est dicté par le fait que la recherche critique s'est concentrée en particulier sur ces fêtes, les plus importantes et les plus anciennes, dont l'histoire touchait de façon directe aux problèmes généraux du passage du paganisme au christianisme. Le principal constat de ma recherche est que les origines païennes de ces fêtes sont un fait indubitable, selon tous les chercheurs, mais que le passage des fêtes païennes aux fêtes chrétiennes s'est réalisé selon une multiplicité de façons et a abouti à une variété de résultats. Mots-clé: Fêtes, Calendrier liturgique, Survivances païennes, Christianisation, Acculturation. " <.\ .' IV ... Abstract This thesis is a study of the historiography of the pagan origins of certain Christian feasts, taking as a starting point the rise of critical history in the mid-nineteenth century. 1 have retained for this study works written in English and French as weU as translations of works in other languages, which has enabled me to build my research on a more representative body of literature. ln the first chapter, l distinguish the approaches put forth by the three groups of researchers that have written on this subject: liturgical historians, historians of religion, and finaUy, historians of folklore. The basic outlooks and methods associated with each of these groups are identified and exp 1ained. In the following chapters, 1 examine the specific historiography of a number of Christian feasts, namely Christmas and Epiphany, the Circurncision and Candlemas, the Chair of Peter, the Rogations cycle, the Nativity of saint John the Baptist and AU Saint's and AU Soul's Days. This choice has been dictated by the fact that quality critical research has focused it's attention on these particular celebrations, which are among the oldest and most important in Christianity, and whose histories intersect most directly with the general history of christianization. The main result of my research has been to frnd that for a all researchers, the pagan origins of these feasts are indubitable, but also that the passage from pagan to Christian feasts occurred through a wide array of means and led to a variety of results. Keywords : Feasts, Liturgical calendar, Pagan survivals, Christianization, Acculturation. v Table des matières Résumé français p. 1ll Résumé anglais p. IV Table des matières p. V Dédicace p. IX Remerciements p. X Introduction p. 1 Chapitre 1 : Le cadre historiographique p. 10 I. Un vieux problème p. 10 Il. Des approches multiples p. 15 lU Les historiens de la liturgie p. 15 a) Les liturgistes traditionnels p. 16 b) Les néo-liturgistes p. 19 c) Les historiens du calendrier p. 21 lUI Les historiens des religions p. 24 ILIII. Les historiens du folklore p. 28 Chapitre 2 : La Nativité et l'Épiphanie p. 32 1. Aperçu de son histoire p.33 a) La Nativité p. 34 b) L'Épiphanie p. 36 II. Antécédents païens p.38 a) La Nativité et le paganisme romain p. 40 . a.l) Les Saturnalia p. 40 a.2) Les Kalendae Januariae p. 41 a.3) Le Natalis Invicti p.42 b) L'Épiphanie et le paganisme p. 45 b.l) La fête de l'Aion p.45 b.2) L'epiphaneia de Dionysos p. 46 b.3) La fête du Nil p. 46 III. Éléments de continuité p. 47 a) La date p.47 a.l) La Nativité et le 25 décembre p.47 VI a.2) L'Épiphanie et le six janvier p. 48 a.3) La vigile de l'Épiphanie p. 49 b) Le solstice, la Nativité et l'Épiphanie p. 49 c) Le contenu thématique p. 50 c.1) La Nativité, le soleil, la lumière et le concept de « naissance» p. 50 c.2) L'Épiphanie, la lumière et les concepts de « naissance », de « manifestation» et l'eau p. 54 IV. Bilan p. 56 a) La Nativité et l'Épiphanie, récupération ou destruction du passé païen? p. 56 b) Constantin et la Nativité p. 58 Chapitre 3 : La Circoncision du Seigneur p.61 1. Aperçu de son histoire p.61 II. Antécédents païens p.62 a) Les Ka/endae Januariae p.64 III. Éléments de continuité p.67 a) La date p.67 b) La messe du Prohibendum ab Idolis p.67 c) La permanence des traditions et des croyances populaires p.68 c.1) Les vœux et la connotation prémonitoire du premier janvier p.69 c.2) Les mascarades et la régénération du temps p. 70 IV. Bilan p. 71 a) La vraie cible de la Circumcisio Domini p.71 b) Les possibles origines celtiques de la Circumcisio Domini p. 72 Chapitre 4 : La Purification de la Vierge p.74 1. Aperçu de son histoire p.74 II. Antécédents païens p. 75 a) Les Lupercalia p.76 b) LesAmbarvalia p.78 c) Les Lupercalia, la Chandeleur et les Rogations p. 79 d) Imbo/c p. 80 III. Éléments de continuité p. 82 a) La date p. 82 b) Son caractère saisonnier et son lien avec le comput lunaire p. 84 vu c) Les liens du culte marial avec le paganisme p.86 d) La procession et les cierges p.87 e) La notion de « purification» p.90 t) Maternité, accouchement, fécondité p.92 IV. Bilan p.93 Chapitre 5 : La Chaire de saint Pierre p.95 1. Aperçu de son histoire p.95 II. Antécédents païens p.96 a) Le mois de février, les Parentalia et la Cara Cognatio p.97 III. Éléments de continuité p.99 a) La date p.99 b) Les banquets funéraires p. 100 c) L'aspect familial p. 104 IV. Bilan p. 105 Chapitre 6 : Les Rogations p. 108 1. Aperçu de son histoire p. 108 a) La Litanie majeure p. 108 b) La Litanie mineure p.109 II. Antécédents païens p.110 a) Les Robigalia et la Litanie majeure p.110 b) Les Ambarvalia et la Litanie mineure p. 111 c) La piste celtique p.112 III. Éléments de continuité p. 115 a) La correspondance calendaire p.116 b) La correspondance saisonnière et le lien avec la vie agricole p.116 c) Le caractère supplicatoire et contr- aignant, Rogations et supplicatio p.117 c.1) Le caractère supplicatoire et contraignant, Rogations et Do ut des p. 118 d) La forme processionnelle p. 120 e) L'étymologie des Rogations p.
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