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Climate Change Resilience Addendum

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Climate Change Resilience Addendum Town of Plymouth Open Space and Recreation Plan Addendum Climate Change Resiliency Plymouth Open Space Committee Approved December 3, 2020 Town of Plymouth Open Space and Recreation Plan Addendum Climate Change Resiliency Table of Contents EXPLANATION OF NEED FOR ADDENDUM 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 RECOMMENDATIONS AND FINDINGS 1 DEFINITIONS 3 INTRODUCTION 4 EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN PLYMOUTH 4 IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN PLYMOUTH 6 HEALTH AND SAFETY 6 1. Air pollution 6 2. Allergens 6 3. Wildfires 6 4. Temperature Extremes 7 5. Increased Precipitation 7 6. Increasing Storm Intensity 7 7. Water Quality 7 8. Mental Health and Stress-related Disorders 7 9. Sea Level Rise 8 11. Radioactive waste 8 12. Superfund site 8 QUALITY OF LIFE 9 Direct Effects of Climate Change on Economic Security 10 Indirect Effects of Climate Change on Economic Security 13 a. Fresh Water Resources 13 b. Agriculture 13 c. Fishing and Aquaculture 14 d. Food Security 14 e. Tourism 15 f. Property Values 15 g. Insurance Rates 15 h. Biodiversity 16 THE MATRIX: OBJECTIVES FOR CLIMATE CHANGE RESILIENCY AND STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE THEM 17 MATRIX TABLE 17 CONCLUSION 19 APPENDICES I APPENDIX A: TOWN OF PLYMOUTH REVETMENT REPAIRS, LONG BEACH/WARRENS COVE I APPENDIX B: COASTAL RISKS FOR PLYMOUTH, CLIMATE CENTRAL, P.1. II APPENDIX B: COASTAL RISKS FOR PLYMOUTH, CLIMATE CENTRAL, P 2. III APPENDIX C: SINGLE-FAMILY HOMES RELOCATED DUE TO COASTAL STORM DAMAGE AND/OR FLOODING IV APPENDIX D: MASS NHESP STATE LISTED SPECIES – PLYMOUTH V APPENDIX E. PLYMOUTH STORM SURGE MAPS X Exhibit 1: Cat. 4 Storm Impacts – Plymouth x Exhibit 2: Cat. 4 Storm Impacts – Saquish/Clarks Island xi Exhibit 3: Cat. 4 Storm Impacts – North Plymouth xii Exhibit 4: Cat. 4 Storm Impacts – Greater Downtown/Plymouth Harbor xiii Exhibit 5: Cat. 4 Storm Impacts – Whitehorse Beach xiv Exhibit 6: Cat. 4 Storm Impacts – Fisherman’s Lane xv Exhibit 7: Cat. 4 Storm Impacts – Center Hill Road xvi Exhibit 8: Cat. 4 Storm Impacts – Ellisville xvii Exhibit 9: Cat. 4 Storm Impacts – Buzzard’s Bay xviii APPENDIX F: MATRIX GUIDE AND FURTHER DETAILS XIX Town of Plymouth Open Space and Recreation Plan Addendum Climate Change Resiliency EXPLANATION OF NEED FOR ADDENDUM The Plymouth Open Space Committee completed an update to the Open Space and Recreation Plan in 2018, as required by the Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs Division of Conservation Services. Updating this plan every seven years keeps Plymouth eligible for grants and other support from the Commonwealth. During this process, the Open Space Committee recognized the need to address the potential impacts of climate change in an addendum to the Open Space and Recreation Plan before the next required deadline in 2027. This addendum to Plymouth’s Open Space and Recreation Plan seeks to identify the potential impacts of climate change and offer recommendations for strengthening the resilience and adaptability of the Town of Plymouth in the face of climate change. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Climate change poses increasing challenges for Plymouth, particularly within its coastal areas. Sea level rise, storm surge and high winds from more frequent and intense coastal storms, extreme heat, drought, and freshwater flooding are a sample of climate change related hazards that Plymouth is experiencing. These may lead to property and infrastructure damage, interruption of vital services (i.e., energy, food, water, emergency response) and loss of cultural resources. Plymouth could reduce its vulnerability through appropriate planning. In this document, the effects and impacts of climate change in Plymouth are presented, along with the introduction of a matrix, which is a tool developed by the OSC to examine the relationships between open space objectives in climate change resiliency and the strategies to fulfil them. The recommendations presented here are based on findings from the matrix. RECOMMENDATIONS AND FINDINGS Based on the matrix and the scores generated, the top six recommendations are presented below. 1) Create a strong education and outreach initiative to encourage specific actions for all projects designed to meet resiliency objectives. 1 Education, encouraging one or more specific actions, was shown to be an important strategy in all but one of the objectives. The high score for education led the OSC to conclude that every project and climate action initiative would benefit by increased educational outreach messaging. 2) Acquire and protect land, prioritizing land acquisition in the following order: • Forested parcels and freshwater wetlands; • Parcels with coastal features; and, • Parcels within aquifer protection zones. Acquiring land of various types helps mitigate high temperatures, contributes to good air quality, protects fresh water supplies, ensures equal access to open space for all residents, provides outdoor recreation opportunities, reduces burning of fossil fuel for transportation and maintains local and regional biodiversity. This strategy also contributes to reaching at least 10 other objectives. 3) Encourage Conservation Restrictions (CRs) for proposed developments. A conservation restriction is a legal agreement between a landowner and a government agency or land trust that permanently protects open space by limiting future uses of the land, usually including the amount and type of development that can take place. Landowners maintain ownership, management, and the right to sell their land or pass it on to heirs. 4) Pass regulations to minimize number of new residential units in Plymouth. Minimizing the number of new residential units in Plymouth prevents more traffic congestion, reduces fossil fuel consumption, helps maintain scenic views, mitigates the heat island effect and contributes to reaching 13 other climate adaption objectives. 5) Acquire/protect lands for sustainable initiatives Acquiring lands for sustainable initiatives, such as food and energy production, increases local, sustainable food supply, reduces the use of fossil fuels and contributes to cleaner water and greater recreational opportunities. 6) Limit clear-cutting for development Limiting clear-cutting in new developments helps to mitigate the heat island effect, reduce and help control freshwater flooding, maintains water quality in waterbodies such as streams, ponds, and the bay 2 (i.e., surface water), increases carbon sequestration and adds to the scenic beauty and sense of well-being important to mental health. These recommendations indicate where Plymouth can most effectively focus immediate efforts to achieve the greatest potential adaption to climate change. DEFINITIONS Climate Change Adaptation: The ability of a system (or town) to adjust to climate change effects - including climate variability and extremes - in order to moderate potential damage, take advantage of opportunities, or cope with the consequences. Climate Change Mitigation: Action to limit the magnitude or rate of global warming and its related effects. This generally involves reduction in human emissions of greenhouse gases and increasing the extent or capacity of carbon sinks, such as forests. Climate Resilience: The capacity of a system (or town) to withstand or recover from hazards associated with climate change. Environmental Justice: The equal protection and meaningful involvement of all people with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies and the equitable distribution of environmental benefits. Managed Retreat: The application of management and mitigation tools designed to move existing and planned development out of the path of both short-term and long-term hazards (e.g., storm events, sea level rise). Nonpoint Source Pollution: Pollutants from diffuse sources, such as land runoff, atmospheric deposition, drainage, seepage, rainfall and snowmelt. Point Source Pollution: Pollutants from a specific identifiable source, such as a discharge pipe. These are regulated by federal and state agencies. Repetitive Loss Property: Any insurable building for which two or more claims of more than $1,000 were paid by the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) within any rolling ten-year period since 1978. Social Disruption: The alteration or breakdown of social life, often in a community setting. Storm surge: An unusual, often destructive rise in sea level above normal high-tide level, caused by a combination of low atmospheric pressure and strong onshore winds during a storm. Vector-borne Disease: A disease transmitted by one species of animal (often an insect) to another (including humans). 3 INTRODUCTION Open Space can provide nature-based solutions to issues arising from climate change and make a community more resilient to the anticipated hazards associated with sea level rise, rising temperatures and an increase in extreme weather events. Open Space areas provide many benefits and services to towns, such as recreational opportunities, wildlife habitat, increased property values, and scenic views. Along with these, depending on ecosystem type, natural Open Space can filter water, decrease erosion, act as a carbon sink, combat the heat island effect of developed areas, mitigate flooding, protect infrastructure from storms, and more. This addendum to the Open Space and Recreation Plan incorporates the benefits of Open Space into recommendations that, if applied, will strengthen Plymouth’s resilience and adaptation to climate change. EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN PLYMOUTH Climate change has already caused shifts
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