U.S. Lake Survey Nautical Charts

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‘1:— was ﬂs

‘ name? Co

BEIGE”. 3 5.339 E University J K y._

This is to certify that the

thesis entitled

U. S. LAKE SURVEY NAUTICAL CHARTS: THE INFLUENCE OF TRADITION

presented by

Deborah Ann Johnson

has been accepted towards fulﬁllment of the requirements for

M.A. degree injengnanhL

WW Major professor

DateMl’ﬂg

07639

‘bv1531—J RETURNING MATERIALS: Place in book drop to ”saunas remove this Checkout from “ your record. FINES will be charged if book is returned after the date stamped below.

U. S. LAKE SURVEY NAUTICAL CHARTS: THE INFLUENCE OF TRADITION

Deborah Ann Johnson

A THESIS

Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF ARTS

Department of Geography

1982 ABSTRACT

U. S. LAKE SURVEY NAUTICAL CHARTS: THE INFLUENCE OF TRADITION

133’

Deborah Ann Johnson

Tradition has had a great influence on cartography.

Conventional map symbols have developed over many centuries to improve the uniformity and utility of cartographic communication, especially for reference maps. This study examines the influence of tradition on the cartographic deveIOpment of the nautical charts of the Great Lakes produced by the U. S. Lake Survey from

18M to 1970. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I thoroughly enjoyed my graduate studies in cartography at

Michigan State University, thanks to many people. Dr. Richard Groop provided valuable assistance on my thesis and cartographic studies, and managed to make cartography not only interesting but entertaining, due in part to his somewhat peculiar and jaded sense of humor. Mike

Lipsey made production cartography very enjoyable and worthwhile, and working at the Cartography Center with Mike and other assorted cartographers was one of the best experiences I've had at M. S. U.

Also deserving a note of appreciation are Dr. "Chip" Dipp and

Professor G. Hbssifats ("Jump on In"), probably the most respected and reknowned scholars in the Geography Department at M. S. U., and the many great friends who made student life most entertaining. Now that I've left the five-foot raccoons of East Lansing behind for farm life on the Great Plains in Loomis, Nebraska, I'm proud to say that

I graduated from M. S. U. with an M. A. degree, an M. R. S. degree, and an M. 0. M. degree.

ii TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES iv

LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

Nautical Chart Symbolization Development of the U. S. Lake Survey 15 Background and the Development of the Research Problem 19 Methodology 20 Footnotes Chapter One 23

CHAPTER TWO HISTORY OF THE U. S. LAKE SURVEY MAPPING ACTIVITIES 1841-1970

Introduction 18A1—1882 The Initial Survey Field Work Office Work 1889-1911 Resumption of the Lake Survey Formulation of the General Project of 1907 Chart Project of 1909 1911-19A8 Expansion of Operations Reformulation of the Chart Project 1948-1970 The Modern Period Footnotes Chapter Two

CHAPTER THREE CARTOGRARHIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAKE SURVEY CHARTS

Introduction 18h1-1882 The Initial Survey 1889-1911 Resumption of the Lake Survey 1911-19A8 Expansion of Operations 1948—1970 The Modern Period The Influence of Tradition on the Lake Survey Charts

APPENDIX A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF U. S. LAKE SURVEY CHARTS 18‘51-1970

LIST OF REFERENCES 135

iii LIST OF TABLES

1. Sample Lake Survey Charts 50

2. Cartographic Development of the Lake Survey Charts 74

iv LIST OF FIGURES

1. U. S. Lake Survey chart of Ontonagon Harbor, 1859.

2. U. S. Lake Survey chart No. #3 of St. Clair River, 1966.

3. Lead-line soundings on part of a nautical chart. u. Depth profiles by echo sounder on a nautical chart. s. Multiple depth profiles represented on a nautical chart.

6. Soundings from a full hydrographic survey.

\l\10\O\-¥=’\ﬂ

7. Standard symbols for buoys and beacons from Chart No. 1 Nautical Chart Symbolg and Abbreviations,

8. Standard chart symbols for dangers to navigation. 1o

9. Standard coastline symbols. 12

1o. Standard symbols for coast features and natural features. 13

11. Standard abbreviations for bottom characteristics. 1h

12. U. S. Coast Survey chart of Anacapa Island, 1854. 16

13. Chart of Toronto Harbor, 1816, by H. W. Bayfield 28 14. Chart of Lake Huron, 1:400,000, 1860. 52 15. Chart of Saginaw Bay, 1:120,000, 1860. 53 16. Chart of St. Clair River, 1:40,000, 1872. 5h 17. Chart of Ontonagon Harbor, 1:16.000, 1859. 55 18. Portion of chart of Ontonagon Harbor, 1:16,000, 1859. 57 19. Pertion of chart of St. Clair River, 1:h0,000, 1872. 58 20. Insets on charts of Ontonagon Harbor and Eagle Harbor. 59

21. Chart No. 765 of Holland Harbor, 1:15,000, 1912. 61

Chart No. 52 of Lake Huron, 1:120,000, 1936. 6h

V 23. Chart No. #3 of St. Clair River, 1:40,000, 1934. 65

29. Chart No. 711 of Manistique Harbor, 1:10,000, 1925. 66

25. Chart No. 5 of Lake Huron, 1:500,000, 1967. 68

26. Chart No. 52 of Lake Huron, 1:120,000, 1967. 69

27. Chart No. #3 of St. Clair River, 1:#0,000, 1966. 70

28. Chart No. 763 of Holland Harbor, 1:15,000, 1966. 71

29a. Index map of general charts of the Great Lakes. 127

29b. Index map of charts of St. Lawrence River, Lake Champlain, and New York State Barge Canal System. 128

29c. Index map of charts of Lake Ontario and lower Niagara River.129

29d. Index map of charts of Lake Erie, Niagara River, Detroit River, Lake St. Clair, and St. Clair River. 130

29e. Index map of charts of Lake Huron, Straits of Mackinac, and St. Marys River. 131

29f. Index map of charts of Lake Michigan. 132

29g. Index map of charts of Lake Superior. 13}

29h. Index map of charts of Minnesota-Ontario Border Lakes. '13A

vi CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Tradition has played an important role in cartography, and conventional map symbols have developed over many centuries to provide uniformity, continuity. and simplified cartographic communication. Traditional symbols have been especially useful on general or reference maps such as topographic maps and nautical charts which provide detailed, highly accurate locational information, and many of the symbols used on these maps have become standardized.

Traditional symbols have also been developed for thematic maps such as population maps which portray spatial distributions and relationships; but convention has been less important, and inno- vative and imaginative symbolism has often been used to create unusual thematic maps.

The role of tradition in cartography is particularly evident in the development of nautical charts. Nautical charts have been used for centuries to aid mariners in determining courses and positions at sea. As early as the sixteenth century EurOpean chartmakers introduced standard symbols to represent safe anchorage, buoys, and submerged rocks. Nautical charts kept pace with advances in navigation and cartography, but conventional symbols were preferred and the only major changes in their development were greater accuracy and improved map legibility.

This study examines the influence of tradition on the

1 2 cartographic development of the nautical charts of the Great Lakes published by the U. S. Lake Survey over a span of more than 125 years. The earliest Lake Survey charts were black and white lithographic prints produced in the mid-nineteenth century with cumbersome printing methods and unsophisticated surveying equipment (Figure 1), while most recent charts are'color prints produced on modern offset presses and compiled from data obtained with echo sounding, electronic positioning, and aerial photography (Figure 2). Despite these technological advances in navigation, surveying, and cartography during the history of the U. S. Lake Survey, nautical charts changed remarkably little in appearance. The most significant visual changes were the introduction of color and improved accuracy and completeness in the representations of soundings, dangers, aids to navigation, and coastline features, but the cartographic symbols changed only slightly. Tradition and convention were very important to the Lake Survey because the use of familiar symbols and designs made the charts more uniform and easier to interpret when used in navigation.

Nautical Chart Symbolization

Little information is available on early nautical chart symbols; however, the symbols and abbreviations used on modern nautical charts in the United States are listed in a pamphlet

Chart No. 1 Nautical Chart Symbols and Abbreviations by the Defense

Mapping Agency and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Most of these symbols agree with uniform international charting standards established by the International Hydrographic Organization and various U. S. charting agencies.

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Figure 2. U. S. Lake Survey chart No. #5 of St. Clair River, 1966. 5

Soundings on depth to bottom are represented on nautical

charts in several ways. Individual soundings are shown by numbers

in either feet or fathoms. Since 1972, some have been shown in meters

on American charts. Depth curves connect points of equal depth and

indicate bottom contours; and on some charts, depth curves out to

one, two, three, or five fathoms are tinted shades of blue to indicate

the limits of navigation. Only a few of the soundings taken in a

survey can be shown on a nautical chart. Least depths and dangers are the most important soundings and are always represented, and additional soundings to show characteristic bottom relief are provided where space on the chart permits.1

various methods of taking soundings have been used. An early

method of determining depths was by lead-line where a lead weight

attached to a line marked in fathoms was dropped into the water. The

lead-line method provided only a scattering of separate soundings, and the vessel had to stop to obtain accurate depth measurements.

Figure 3 shows part of a chart with soundings taken by lead-line.

Sounding machines were invented in the early 1800's to solve some

of the problems encountered in using the lead-line.a

Automatic depth-registering equipment was developed by the

U. S. Navy in 1922. These echo devices produce a sounding line

which provides a continuous profile of the sea bed, as shown in

Figure #. However, sounding line vectors are radial and dangerous

obstructions are often undetected. Multiple depth profiles, illus-

trated in Figure 5, are obtained by soundings recorded by different

ships at different times, often with large areas between sounding

lines. The most accurate method is the complete hydrographic survey er a as e.$ 90...? u as r.s ' as

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Figure 3. Lead-line soundings on part of a nautical chart. (Kember, 1971, p. 13)

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Figure 6. Soundings from a full hydrographic survey. (Kember, 1971, p. 11*) 8 in which the sea bed has been closely and systematically measured, as shown in Figure 6. With this method the degree of accuracy possible is comparable to the accuracy of a detailed, large scale tepographic map. Several methods of soundings may have been used to collect data for a single chart.3

All depths indicated on nautical charts are determined from a certain level of water, known as the chart datum. The mean low water is often selected as the chart datum; however, on charts of the Great Lakes and other areas where tidal effects are insignificant, the adopted datum is an arbitrary height approximating the mean water level.“

The principle aids to navigation represented on charts are lighthouses, beacons, lightships, radiobeacons, and buoys. Aids to navigation are shown by standard symbols designed to attract attention, and are often supplemented by abbreviations and descriptive text on the chart. The number shown and amount of information included varies with the scale of the chart.5 Some standard symbols for buoys and beacons are illustrated in Figure 7.

Dangers to navigation are also indicated on charts. Included are rocks, coral reefs, shoals, ship wrecks, and other obstructions

that may or may not be visible. Various standardized symbols for dangers are shown in Figure 8.

Land areas depicted on nautical charts are highly selective and vary with the scale, intended purpose of the chart, and available

information. While navigational aids and landmarks are carefully

charted, the remaining shore areas are given more generalized

representation. Relief may be shown by contours, hachures, or tint

L. Buoys and Beacons (see Introduction)

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Figure 7. Standard symbols for buoys and beacons from Chart No. 1 Nautical Chart Smbols and Abbreviations. (1979) 1O

O. Dangers

@ um, u )4 _ Obstructton 'Wrech shamng en portton of bull or ,. ' Ihsn hmnl H superstructure lo ve scundmg datum). Rock nehtclt does not cover (Or) Ftsh haven hrttltcul Itshtng reel) (hetght above MHWI

..... 23 Wreck (See 0 II to IE)

12 Wreck nth unﬁt masts warble e Uncou 2 It 0 Uncou 2 It {above sounding datum) -' ‘Wreckege ‘ Wks 3

ta Old symbols for wrecks H31 0!?! 29 Wreckage

.AtJam 2* Wreck remetns (dangerous 2 Hart winch cnvets gn.‘ J'V‘nre'rs lac Wreck always pertully submerged only for anchortng) Wt"? h-tghr above clutt used/"g

dilum I509 lﬂlIuJul. non) ..

14 Sunken wreck dangerous to surlece Subm plles Subm pallng 3 Rock mush at (near) level of newgelton (less than ll fathomsn £9 Submerged ptlo‘ng chart saundtng datum over neck) (See 0 6e) (ﬁe l'l- 9I 90; L 591

s. m .1 Dotted line emphasizes danger to newgelton 15 Wreck over nehoch depth 1: known .' Snags TSIumps

r O 3.5m 3(_)u Snags; Submerged stumps tnnt Rock bush (hetght unkno-m) 15. Wreck nth depth cleared by (See L 59) :ﬁi we drag J! Lesser depth passable Dotted ltne emphestres denger to {.9} m nemetton [5b (/0st creek over which the .32 Uncov Ones (See A IO; 0 2. IO]! ' Q exec! depth ts unknown. but ts 33 Car Covers (See 0 2. IO) 4 Submerged rock (40M Wm) constdered to have 0 sale 30 Uncov Uncovers clearance to the depth she-n

(See A l0; 0 2. IO)

Dotted line emphestm denger to «m- newgetton 2;" 3 Rep (1958]

16 Sunken wreck, not dangerous to surface newgetaon Reported (nth date) 5.33mi. "ﬂame...“ 5 Shoal soundtng on isolated rock cur-£1”, ._- ,“3 Eagle Rh

:7 Foul grow, Foo/W (to) " 1"" ’958’

U Submergedrock not dangerous 3 ”W (“"5 name '04 date) to swim ne shun See 0 b . _ .-. a. w, I I rd. R“ -: T «(I JG Dt'sool Dtscolored (See 0 9)

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39 Limit of rocky'J'u-e. ' “ 2O Kel . S need Add...» I. I S“ V" P ee "' U "' ‘1 P A Ramon epprommete

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10 Carol reel: detached (uncovers at

soundmg datum) 26 Submerged rock {See 0 4). O I platform Unglued) .. {31"- a... HORN 1‘ ‘ .eol'. 1+6“ I -, a", V 27 Obstruction '00 Offshore plat/arm (unnamed)

..,. it I 5m=0bstr °W‘” Y Subm eel/l a - HHag. N “mm“, Coral or Rocky reel: covered at '0“.- Subm all scundmg datum {See A-I/d. llg) agObstr §Well a (buoy cc/ '0") 0”“"9 p/‘ﬁfo’m (named)

Figure 8. Standard chart symbols for dangers to navigation. (Chart No. 1, 1979) 11 shading, and vegetation may be shown by standard symbols. Cities are usually represented by their major streets with buildings near the water front shown on large scale maps. Figure 9 shows standard symbols for coast lines and Figure 10 lists symbols for natural features along the shore. Land areas are usually depicted from less than a mile to several miles inland, depending on the scale of the chart. Since the availability of radar for commercial use in 19h5, land areas have been depicted in greater detail and extended further inland on nautical charts to aid navigation by vessels using radar.6 Additional information provided on nautical charts sometimes includes a compass rose showing magnetic variation to facilitate the plotting of bearings and courses, sailing courses. and the quality of the sea bottom. Figure 11 lists the standard abbreviations used to indicate bottom characteristics.

Nautical charts are continually updated to show changes in aids to navigation, newly reported dangers such as ship wrecks and shoals, and harbor improvements. All charts must be hand corrected according to information in the weekly publication Notice to Mariners.

The user must continue to update a chart and when a new edition is printed, the old one is discarded.7

Nautical charts are normally classified by scale. Sailing ghagtg,are the smallest scale charts, generally 1:600,000 or smaller and are used for route planning and offshore navigation. The shoreline and land areas are generalized, and only offshore soundings and principle aids to navigation are shown. General charts range in scale from 1:100,000 to 1:600,000 and are used for coastwise navigation outside outlying reefs and shoals. Coast charts are used for 12

The Coastline (Nature of the Coast) (see Introduction)

t I a--. s \N/ -. ~ ‘1' 1.- n'

/ ﬁrm" Ilgz‘.’_‘,;:”

7 Apparent share/one and mangrove 11¢ Rock, uncovers at soundmg (vegetanoa lam) datum (See A ”9)

.0... . .n '\ “WM my» 2 Steep coast (Bluff) 8 Surveyed coast/me l_lg Sandandmud

24 Flat coast 9 Shoreline if Sand and gravel

‘ 9.. “‘T’ a ‘ ..... Una, vars K1“! \/‘/“ "ﬂ‘f - )h “Q-“ ..... c M . ’r' __ .... "-o. '0’ slaw 11¢ Coral, uncovers atsoundt'ng 3 Cit”) coast 10 Chart sounding datum line datum (See 0 I0)

ll Foreshore (Strand in general)

-.-.~‘ ,7}: (AaIAppronmate sounding datum II". e d ,..—

5.1:? 23"" r V e y as" 2' ' U n s U ‘0 I ” l3 ’ -c—" I? -

N Sandhills; Dunes --- ll Linn'tol'unsurveyed areas

. 7‘. 'w.‘.'"":‘"ioa.

5 Stony or Shiny/y shore (Ab) Rubble

6 Sandy share as Stones: Shingle; or Gravel

Figure 9. Standard coastline symbols. (Chart No. 1 , 1979)

B. coaSt Features The Land (Natural Features)

I 6 Gulf , , VGIO ‘ 2 B 3., x . 3 §\ 4/ t ‘1’ (Bell 8 Bayou . / \~ 56 Napa palm ' ' 3 Ft! 00rd 1:0 ' ,__ 15 Lake; Pond

4 L . Loch; Laugh; . ' . «2ng Lake I Centaur lanes (Contours) Se Fl,” ﬂ 5 Cr Creek . so C Cove 31p {- 16 Lagoon (Lag) o In Inlet . 5t CaSuarma ""~ a7 SdSlr SoundSffdl' 0 0 M.'$h“.' . : Q Pa” Passage; P033 Co / ‘ Evergreen tree cone/ems; "t "M“ um» TWO/0'9 la ‘chﬁcmz’l? (Contours) I(other than 9 Tim" 10 Chan Channel .. ..--""°~.‘ ’0‘ ”WM ' KT" c""""'° "5:21? "

12 Sal Estuary ‘ rs ' MP 120 Dem .‘-”""'L.'\ Grass ~- ‘- 1: Milt Mouth . 6a Or I Id "‘ " :4 Rd Road; Roadstead ”3 " s 15 AM]: Anchorage /- R.“- W 18 Slou9lt {Slul

16 Hbr Harbor / 7 Padd I , l l' lds

,5. m. m. j -, L r ~ 21:22:: 17 P Port R '

(8” P M Form lanes no deﬁnlte ‘9 a” 18 I Is land 'mterval 7o Park; Garden , -

’9 1‘ ’3’“ a. 1'- .-. 1;. m 2!) Arch Archtpelago p " ' Bushes :LI .3 '. 2) Pen Penmsula 8 Bushes 2° W"""”‘

a C Cd" .‘e."o oeoeo: 23 Prom Promontory ' e.-' 0 ' re. b 9 .:3... . . : z o 24 Rd Head; Headland so fifefi’xfim” as P! Pom! 2) Spring so Ml Maunta M ' n,- Will/(l - Wooded ‘3: 32".“. *3: M, 37” “gal“ (\ ’ 9 Deciduous woodland

27 Rio Range i‘\&\\\ \ \QX‘KL,

27‘ V‘lh, w”d.d .tO‘..O::

2s a Sumnm ‘ o s' o ' 29 Pk p.“ 3 6/409? . 10 Coniferous uoodland

30 Vol Volcano 31 Hill m Wm“ {1* 6.3;

. 32 Bid Boulder 10a Woods ingeneral

34 Table/and 0:57: 0 5711 (P’i’ﬂul Oran '9 f §

35 Rk Rock ‘ ‘ h l free too hem"! JG Isolated rock 5 Isolated trees ‘ M""""' “'"m’

(8c) 30' Stream 4 Li: #‘W' - ,- . =§ ‘ a. (84) R Rtver :3 l F‘E» ~75 «f - (Bet Slu Slaugh 1' ' a 153‘ 7;; " ; (8/) Lay Lagoon Deciduous or of unknowv 12 L," (,0, ‘ " '

(Hot APPt's Approaches 5‘ or “gnu/led {We \ (BA) Rt, Rocky g f. (8“ " “I‘m“ “ l 13 R’s-er. Stream (Bl) Ms Marsh 5b Com’erotts 1

(Bit) M; Mangron )5 .. ‘ ‘«:~ J (Bl) Sn Swamp J.. 1 Sc Palm tree 14 Interrmttenf stream

Figure 10. Standard symbols for coast features and natural features. (Chart No. 1, 1979) 1h

Quality of the Bottom

1 Cat Ground 12 Ct Chalk 20 Sc Scoraae

2 S $404 12. C4 Ca/careous 2! C" Cinders 3 M Mud; Muddy 13 0: Quart: 21o Ash 4 0: Core 13a Sch Schtst 22 Mn Manganese 5 MI Marl 14 Q, can, 2: Sn Shell:

6 Cl Clay (Sol Co Hd Coral head 24 Oys Oysters

7 G G""’ 15 Mds Madrepores 25 Ms Mussels 3 5""9’9 16 Vol . Volcanic 26 Spy Sponge

9 P Pebbles (Sb) Vol Ash . Volcamc ash 27 K Kelp 10 St Stones 17 La Lava Wd Seamd ll Pk; rky Pack: ”06*! '18 Pm Pumrce 2. Crs Grass 1 la Blds Boulders 19 7' Tula 29 ~ Stg Sea-tangle

Figure 1 1 . Standard abbreviations for bottom characteristics.‘ (Chart No. 1, 1979) 15

inshore coastwise navigation, large inland waterways. and navigation

through wide bays and harbors; scales range from 1:50,000 to 1:100,000.

Harbor charts have scales larger than 1:50.000 and are used for

navigation and anchorage in small waterways and harbors. .gizg§.and

canal charts at large scales are used mostly by small craft.8

Development of the U. S. Lake Survey» .

Early nautical charts were produced by individuals but by the

sixteenth century official chart making organizations were established

in EurOpe, and by the nineteenth century modern government hydrographic

offices were established to produce charts. In the United States,

several charting agencies were developed during the 1800's, including

the U. S. Lake Survey.

In 1807, the federal government established the Survey of the

Coast to compile maps and Charts, primarily to ensure safe navi-

gation on the Atlantic Coast. In 1832 the Survey of the Coast was

divided into three branches: geodesy, tapography (of the coast).

and hydrography, and in 1836 the agency was redesignated the U. S.

Coast Survey. Figure 12 shows a typical chart published by the U. S.

Coast Survey. The agency was renamed the National Ocean Survey in

1970 and made a branch of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration (NOAA), Department of Commerce, formed to provide

nautical and aeronautical charts of the U. S. and its possessions.9

A second agency was established to provide nautical charts

for the military. In 1777, a Military Cartographic Headquarters was

formed to produce military maps for George Washington during the

Revolutionary War. The sea battles of the War of 1812 led to the

development of the U. 5. Navy Depot of Charts and Instruments in

m u—. .-...... _n...‘—." —- ‘0‘..-

o... .——-—o—-—.--————._-— -—~—.— .—---—-_ .-

l'.S.('O.\S'l‘ Sl'llVI-IY ! .\ u turn»: Search. '

Sm.- Sh-orh ul‘

his... 4.0.0 l-Inucl on due III!!! M" Vatum the: [clown] m . I leap/.rurtlual J‘ [’1’ all“, ’ "Hal II“ .‘tft'lt‘. hum 'lIVe'Hlll’l 1\N;\(‘.\ I’A ISLAND ll‘ertlalhtl“ coupe-e" lint-notmu ul'llu . ”'9" u all. . “n a ”I I |‘ u' D.

I N . 16 SANTA ll.-\ltll.\l(.\ CHANNEL , nae-5m

II) Lu-ul T.".§TF.\'H.\'.\' l' 5 N has-II I‘ S 1' 5 Iﬂfr'e ‘r ———--— —.~-

\‘u « w' ea‘ ”or ﬁesta-m e-aIre-muy col' Sumatra Ialnml [room “or Sandman.

. --_.-_r _.ﬁ—— __._.—-———.._‘ - -H- .--.-._ ... - ____._.-_._._

_. .. - ...r- --- -—-.. t. -.A. . .., .—- ...... 4 -_v—-v-—h.m_-. w ... ln__--.._.‘. ... ._-... —-.-.

[It ‘9 I-e' u' I! .II' Neath n ’ '00). hr I J .‘NIl’er ’ ’43", .\ t "eegyh'

F igure Survey chart of Anacapa Island, 185h. (Thompson, 1979, p. 3) 17

1830 to serve as a storehouse for charts, sailing directions, and navigational instruments. In 1854 it was renamed the U. S. Naval

Observatory and Hydrographical Office, and in 1866 it was divided into two offices. One of these two offices, the U. S. Naval Oceano- graphic Office, was established to carry out surveys and compile charts of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. In 1972 the Naval

Oceanographic Office and other mapping agencies were incorporated into the Defense Mapping Agency (DNA) with Topographic, Hydrographic, and Aerospace Centers.1O

A third agency, the Corps of Topographical Engineers, was established in 1838. The Topographic Corps and the Naval Depot surveyed routes for transcontinental railroads and gathered information for nautical charts of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

During the Mexican War from 18h6 to 18h8 these agencies prepared military maps and learned to coordinate land map and nautical chart data. The Corps of Topographical Engineers was consolidated with the

Army Corps of Engineers in 1863, and in 1972 it was incorporated into the Defense Mapping Agency.11

An important project conducted by the Corps of Topographical

Engineers and later the Army Corps of Engineers was the surveying and charting of the Great Lakes. This project began in 18#1 when the U. S. Lake Survey was established in response to growing commerce on the Great Lakes and a lack of accurate information necessary for safe navigation. Its purpose was to survey the Great Lakes, prepare and publish nautical charts and bulletins based on the surveys, and study the hydraulics and hydrography of the lakes. 18

The U. S. Lake Survey expanded over the years to include

the New York State canals, Lake Champlain, and the Minnesota-

Ontario border lakes. Old charts were continually revised and updated, and new charts were prepared to keep pace with changing navigational conditions and needs. In 1970, the U. S. Lake Survey was merged with the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey to form the

National Ocean Survey. The National Ocean Survey has continued the work of the former U. S. Lake Survey from 1970 to the present, and the nautical charts are used by all commercial vessels and most recreational craft on the lakes.

These and other charting agencies also issue several important navigation publications to supplement the charts. The American

Practical Naviggtgg, originally published by Bowditch in 1802 and purchased by the U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office in 1868, is currently

issued by the Defense Mapping Agency. This book is considered the

final authority on navigation and provides comprehensive, updated

information on all aspects of navigation, charts, and hydrography.12

"Sailing Directions" or "Pilots" are books containing descriptions of coastlines, harbors, ports, dangers, aids to navigation, weather, and other information not easily shown on charts.

Coast Pilots covering the coasts of the U. S. and its possessions are published annually by the National Ocean Survey, and were formerly

published by the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey and the U. S. Lake

Survey. Those covering foreign coasts, called Sailing Directions,

are published by the Defense Mapping Agency.13

Notice to Mariners, first published in 1869, is a pamphlet

issued weekly by the Defense Mapping Agency in cooperation with the 19

National Ocean Survey, the U. S. Coast Guard, and the Army Corps of Engineers. It is the official publication for the correction of changes in aids to navigation, dangers, sailing directions, and other information. It is used to update all nautical charts, and lists new charts, new editions of charts, and new publications.1u

In summary, nautical chart production in the U. S. has had a varied history of organizations producing charts, information on charts, and methods of data collection. However, the cartographic design and visual appearance of nautical charts have changed little throughout this history.

Background and the Development of the Research Problem

The subject of this research is the nautical charts of the

Great Lakes published by the U. S. Lake Survey. The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of tradition on the cartographic development of the Lake Survey charts by examining the history of the Lake Survey mapping activities and the cartographic changes on the charts over time. A list of U. S. Lake Survey charts published from 18h1 to 1970 was also compiled to provide information on the types of changes in design and data deemed significant enough by the U. S. Lake Survey to warrant the elimination of obsolete charts and the addition of new charts and revised editions. This study focuses on four objectives:

1. A summary of the history of the U. S. Lake Survey mapping

activities.

2. A summary of the cartographic development of U. S. Lake

Survey charts through time. 20

3. An analysis of the cartographic changes and the role of

tradition.

4. A reasonably complete list of all the Lake Survey charts

published.

Methodology

The first objective, a summary of mapping activities of the

U. S. Lake Survey, required a descriptive historical analysis from both primary and secondary sources. Primary sources provided the majority of information in this study, particularly Annual Reports of the Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army. Secondary sources were historical summaries and descriptions based on information from primary and other sources, including papers published by the U. S.

Lake Survey and journal articles. Based on an analysis of mapping activities, the history of the U. S. Lake Survey was divided into four periods. Each historical period was signified by a change in the purpose or projects of the Lake Survey.

A second objective, a summary of the cartographic development of Lake Survey nautical charts, required a different methodology.

Lawrence (1971) presented a useful scheme for analyzing an individual map or series of maps:

1. Objective assessments. Such observations must necessarily be confined to dealing with precise details of the map under examination, namely (a) the overall features of the map, and (b) methods utilised for presenting the mapped data.

2. Sub ective assessments. Under this heading come all those factors in which personal or preference enters, even if only to a limited extent. Such factors fall into the following groups: (c) suitability of mapping techniques; (d) adequacy of detail depicted for map purpose; (e) aesthetic considerations. 5 21

The main purpose of this analysis was to note the changes in cartographic symbolization over time. This required an objective assessment of the overall features of the map and the cartographic symbols used to present the data. A subjective assessment was not applied because the charts were not being analyzed to determine their cartographic quality.

Because of the volume of charts published by the Lake Survey, representative samples were chosen for examination using the four periods of the Lake Survey history as a framework for the cartographic analysis. Various scale charts from each period were examined to determine the cartographic changes within and between periods.

Samples were chosen from four scales:

1. Small scale general charts at 1:hO0,000 and 1:500,000

2. Medium scale coast charts from 1:80,000 to 1:120,000

3. Large scale river charts from 1:10.000 to 1:“0,000

#. Large scale harbor charts from 1:5,000 to 1:“0,000.

Three libraries were used to examine the charts, including the Michigan State Library in Lansing, the Michigan State University library in East Lansing, and Western Michigan University's Waldo

Library in Kalamazoo.

The third objective, an analysis of the influence of tradition on the cartographic development of the charts required an examination of the extent of the cartographic changes and the reasons why certain changes were made to determine the importance of tradition in the design of the charts.

The fourth objective, a fairly complete list of all Lake Survey 22 charts published from 1841 to 1970, required an examination of annual

U. S. Lake Survey chart catalogs obtained from libraries in the

Great Lakes region and the Library of Congress. Index maps from one of the annual catalogs were included with the list of charts compiled in this study to illustrate the areas typically covered by the charts. FOOTNOTES CHAPTER ONE

1U. S. Naval Oceanographic Office, American Practical Navigator (Bowditch), Pub. No. 9 (Washington, D. 0.: Government Printing Office, 1966), p. 108. 2Ibid., p. 27.

3Member, I. 0., "Some Distinctive Features of Marine Cartography," The Cartographic Journal 8 (June 1981): 15-16.

“U. S. Naval Oceanographic Office, p. 109. 51bid., p. 111.

6Ibid., p. 114. 7Ibid., pp. 105-106.

8Ibid., p. 10‘}.

9Thompson, Morris M., Maps for America Cartographic Products of the U. S. Geological Survey and Others, (Washington, D. 0.: Government Printing Office, 1979), p. 1.

11Ibid.

12a . S. Naval Oceanographic . Office, . p. 6. 13Ibid., p. 1a.

1“libidn p. 97.

15Lawrence, G. R. P., Cartographic Methods, (London: Metheun & Co.,

Ltd., 1971), Po 710

23 CHAPTER TWO

HISTORY OF THE U. S. LAKE SURVEY MAPPING ACTIVITIES 1891-1970

Introduction

The U. S. Lake Survey operated from 1891 to 1970 and during that time the mission of the Lake Survey changed and expanded in response to varying navigation needs. The history of the Lake Survey is divided into four periods based on major changes in mission:

1. 18111-1882 Initial Survey .

2. 1889-1911 Resumption of the Lake Survey

3. 1911-19h8 Expansion of Operations

4. 1948-1970 Modern Period

During the first period the U. S. Lake Survey was established to survey the Great Lakes and prepare and publish nautical charts based on the surveys, and by 1882 the surveys were officially completed and seventy—six nautical charts had been published.

Field operations ended in 1882, but the printing and sale of charts continued.'

During the second period the Lake Survey operations resumed for the purpose of updating and correcting some of the charts.

Later, because of larger ships and the deepening of channels and harbors, greater water depths were ascertained and charted. At first, only strategic locations were surveyed, but it became apparent that larger areas of the lakes needed to be resurveyed to modernize the charts. In 1907 a project for the systemmatic

2h 25 resurvey of the Great Lakes was formulated. This general project outlined the work necessary to make the surveys and charts adequate

for all future demands. Included was the plan to determine and

chart lake depths in all significant regions of the Great Lakes to

a plane of thirty feet below the adopted low-water datum of the open

lakes and twenty-five feet below the corresponding datum in the

channels of the connecting rivers. It was estimated that the project would be completed in 1918. In 1911, however, plans changed when

the survey and charting of additional waters was added to the project.

The third period was characterized by a great expansion of

Lake Survey operations. The survey and charting of the New York

canals was added in 1911, Lake Champlain in 1913, and the Minnesota-

Ontario border lakes in 191k. These additional projects were

completed by 1938, and the Lake Survey continued the general project

formulated in 1907.

During the fourth period the Lake Survey expanded to accommo-

date the growing needs of recreational traffic on the Great Lakes.

The Lake Survey was originally established to serve the needs of

commercial vessels, but the nautical charts and bulletins were also used by recreational craft. An increased demand for special recrea-

tional charts was recognized in 1998 when the first looseleaf book

of small craft charts was published with several additional books

of recreational charts following. In 1970, the National Ocean

Survey took over the projects of the U. S. Lake Survey. 1841-1882 The Initial Survey_

The Great Lakes have had a long history of use as a navigation network. For hundreds of years Indians of the region traveled in 26 birchbark canoes on a vast waterway of connecting rivers and lakes throughout the Great Lakes and Canada, from the St. Lawrence seaway to the Arctic Ocean. Navigation on the Great Lakes was of vital importance to the French fur traders and Indian trappers in the

1600's and 1700's, and to the British when they gained control of the area in 1763. Americans first began to settle in the Great Lakes region in the late 1700's and early 1800's, and by 186k Americans had acquired all but thirty-two square miles of land in Michigan, often through unscrupulous treaties with the Indians. And, as

American settlers obtained land in the region, commerce on the

Great Lakes began to develop, requiring more and more accurate navigational information.

In 1816 army engineers began local surveys of Lake Erie and

Lake Ontario preliminary to harbor improvements. The Erie Canal opened in 1825, facilitating the settlement of the Great Lakes region, and in 1830 Congress passed the Indian Removal Act as the pressure for land increased. By the 18k0's, the area around Lake

Erie and Lake Ontario was well settled by Americans, and the improvement and formation of harbors at important points had begun.

While areas around Lake Enron and Lake Michigan were rapidly being settled, the upper lakes region remained sparsely populated, and the

Lake Superior area was still inhabited primarily by Indians and fur traders. In 18h0 the U. S. Tepographical Engineers began a survey for a ship canal around the falls at Sault Ste. Marie to aid shipping at Chicago, the only good harbor on Lake Michigan, and to develop ports on Lake Huron and Lake Superior. Commerce between 27 the lake ports continually increased, particularly between Buffalo,

Detroit, and Chicago as mineral wealth around Lake Superior and other Great Lakes areas was discovered.1

Navigation on the Great Lakes was considered more hazardous than on the ocean. During violent gales and storms, ocean vessels drift at sea until the storm subsides. Vessels on the Great Lakes, however, were often thrown on shore during extended storms unless a port or harbor of refuge was reached. There were few harbors of refuge on the Great Lakes, few lighthouses and beacons, and know- ledge of dangerous shoals and reefs was minimal. The only charts of the Great Lakes were made from surveys by Captain B. W. Bayfield of the British Navy in the early 1820's, and they were of little value to American navigators. Figure 13 shows one of Bayfield's charts.

These charts showed the coastlines with reasonable accuracy, but only indicated water depths in a few places and charted few of the reefs and shoals along the American shores. Commerce on the Great

Lakes was characterized by great loss of lives and property.2

The need for new surveys of the Great Lakes was first suggested at a meeting in Detroit in October, 1831 and Congress was petitioned to provide the surveys. In March, 1891 Congress appropriated 315,000 for a "Hydrographical Survey of the Northern and Northwestern Lakes" and the U. s. Lake Survey was organized to survey the Great Lakes and their connecting rivers, furnish reliable navigation charts, and study the hydrography and hydraulics of the lakes so that necessary improvements for safe navigation could be made. Annual appr0priations were to be provided for the survey.3

The survey was first assigned to the Corps of Topographical 28

\ l ‘- J a .x‘em- _‘ /. ‘rmmsvu nil-urn .

Figure 13. Chart of Toronto Harbor, 1816, by. H. w. Bayfield. (Fleming, 1936, p. 69) 29

Engineers under the War Department, and then to the Army Corps of

Engineers when the two corps merged in 1863. An officer of engineers supervised the survey, and engineer officers and civilians were employed as assistants. Colonel J. J. Abert, Chief of Topographical

Engineers, placed Captain W. G. Williams in charge of the Survey of the Northern and Northwestern Lakes in May, 1841. Captain Williams' organized the U. S. Lake Survey and opened the first office in

Buffalo, New York. The office was moved to Detroit, Michigan in

1895, where it remained until 1970. Captain Williams established a point of commencement for the survey on the north extremity of the southern cape of the entrance to Green Bay, a favorable point to begin a system of triangulation. He was later succeeded as supervisor of the Lake Survey by a series of engineer officers.“

Field Work

The Lake Survey operations were divided into field work and office work with field work conducted from May to October. Several parties of surveyors were formed each season for survey work, topographical work, and inshore and offshore hydrography. The field work was not easy, for the upper Great Lakes region was heavily forested and extensive labor was necessary to clear areas for surveying. According to General Reynolds, supervisor of the Lake

Survey in 1866:

The character of the country in which the surveys are being prosecuted forbids that attention to the details of topography which would otherwise be desirable. It is the exception to find anything but a dense forest, in which it is impossible to make an accurate survey without Opening every foot of the line of sight. No sketching can be done that is reliable. Parties within easy hearing distance cannot see each other. And, lastly though by no means least, during the summer season, which is the only one 30

in which work can be done at all, the forests are so full of venomous insects that it is next to impossible for an instru- ment to be used.

William Boarding, assistant to a field survey party assigned to charting the northwest end of Lake Huron in 1851 described the details of setting up camp at Mackinac Island:

...With the aid of some of our own men, the steamer's crew soon discharged our supplier of flour; hard bread; corn meal; rice; potatoes; beef; hams; beans; peas; sugar; coffee; tea; matches; boxes of soap; oil cans; sails; axes; tents; cooking stove; spikes and nails; spades and shovels; crowbars; coils of buoy rope; tool chests; camp stools; tables and chairs; personal baggage; lumber; grindstone; and a hundred other things essential to our work and convenience. Before we had taken leave of the Captain of the steamer who had been quite courteous and attentive to us on the trip, some of our party were busied in clearing away the bushwood and felling such trees as were necessary to be removed. ...We were fairly settled and in full working trim in the course of two or three days, and had made good progress in the prelimin- aries of our work when visitors were announced one morning, just as we had seated ourselves at the breakfast table. This leading personage of these, was the chief of a tribe of Indians who lived in our vicinity, and who claimed ownership to the lands along the main shore, and also to the whole group of islands. Assuming this early visit to imply for its object some business of importance, and partly guessing its meaning, our chief officer Lt. Scammon with courteous tact left the table and proceeded towards the canoe in which this dusky warrior with questionable grace and gravity was seated, and using the French language gave him a cordial invitation to our breakfast table, which invitation was accepted with becoming dignity...... Upon the conclusion of the meal he produced a pipe from under his blanket and tapped it slowly upon the palm of his hand he accepted the proffered tobacco with silent dignity and having filled and lighted his pipe, resumed his seat. He asked the meaning of our sudden occupation, of his territory, and what was our purpose in come there....As soon as a full explanation of our objective had been made, and the whole party had smoked in silence for a minute or two, he expressed himself as being glad to see his white friends and hoped we should find our residence on his land pleasant and satisfactory. He then proceeded to say, that the Great White Father was very rich, and undoubtedly intended o renumerate him, if he allowed us to cut down his trees....

Often nearly 200 men were assigned to work during the summer season from May to October. For example, in 1875, five shore parties 31 of twenty-five men each were assigned to take the soundings, determine the depth of the rivers and lakes out to thirty-five feet from shore, and note all shoals, reefs, and obstructions. Six triangulation parties of three men were assigned to the triangulation or location of difficult objects. Two steamers with thirty men each took soundings of the lakes from the limit of the shore parties out ten miles.7

In order to make hydrographic and topographic surveys, the

Lake Survey engineers had to establish networks of horizontal and vertical control. A system of primary triangulation with carefully measured bases was used to establish this network. Where this was not practical, the positions of points were determined by observations of longitude and latitude, or by the method of latitude and azimuths.

A primary triangulation network covering the Great Lakes was estabé lished between 1865 and 1875. It was later supplemented by other primary surveys, forming part of the primary triangulation net covering the United States. Secondary nets were established along shorelines to make it useful for hydrographic work.8

Methods of surveying improved over the years with the purchase of more precise instruments and larger work forces. Astronomical observations for time and latitude were made with a sextant while longitudes were determined by the chronometric method or a method of gun powder flash signals. The accuracy of triangulation increased when more modern base apparatus was made specially for the Lake

Survey in 1852 and 1876. The angles of triangulation were measured with theodolites from stations around the horizon. The stations were pyramid platforms built near the shore, ranging in height 32

from #0 to 115 feet. In 1865 a method of sending Morse code messages between stations was introduced.9

Topography and inshore hydrography work was conducted by shore parties who established temporary camps every twelve miles along the lake shore. Surveys were made of the inshore waters and a strip of land along the shore to provide landmarks for navigators.

The shoreline was surveyed with either compass and chain or theodolite and chain. Points on the shore were determined by chained off-sets at right angles to the compass or theodolite courses, or by intersections from two main stations. Four men were needed to carry instruments and stadia rods and conduct the topographical surveys. Because the shores of the lakes were often either densely wooded or marshy, only the general topography of the shore one-half to three-fourths of a mile inland was sketched, but detailed surveys were made at settlements and towns. Contours for ten and twenty feet of elevation were determined, and all roads, streams, buildings, and woods were indicated. The work was plotted at a scale of 1:10.000 and details were sketched on a field sheet.1o

Between 1860 and 1875, waters were sounded with the lead-line

for inshore hydrography. Soundings were taken from the shore out one-half mile or to depths of three or four fathoms. Shoals and dangerous points within several miles of shore were also included.

Sounding stations were established at 100 to #00 meter intervals along the shore, and a line of buoys 500 to 1,000 meters apart were placed along the four-fathom curve and other locations.11

For offshore hydrography, soundings were extended ten miles out from the line determined by shore parties. Lines of soundings 33 about one mile apart were run by steamer. Soundings were taken every ten minutes and observers on shore took readings to the steamer and noted the time. Soundings were taken every five minutes in water less than twenty fathoms deep. Beginning in

1860, lines of soundings were also run across the lakes at fifteen mile intervals to obtain general lake depths. However, even the most accurate soundings did not guarantee clear channels and the location of all obstructions.12

In 1859 the Lake Survey established gauges and began to record water level and meteorological observations over the entire

Great Lakes region. The purpose was to establish a uniform plane of reference for the soundings, and to solve questions regarding lake level fluctuations and tides on the Great Lakes. Previously, water level readings were taken on temporary gauges, and soundings were reduced to the mean level during the survey period. Lake levels were computed each month for navigators because the level could

change sufficiently to affect safe navigation. From 1867 to 1869 the supply of water in the lakes was investigated by methods of gauging the velocity of the rivers connecting the lakes. The determination of the mean level of the lakes and their height above the ocean was initiated in 1875.13

Office Work

Lake Survey office work was conducted from October to May, when the weather was unfavorable for field work. Surveyors and

office clerks computed and plotted the geodetic positions of points

of triangulation, coordinates of stations, t0pography and hydrography, 3b,

and reduced the soundings to a plane of reference while draftsmen

compiled and drew the charts from this data. The office clerks

also issued charts, maintained registers of charts, field sketches,

instruments, and records and reports on water levels, tides on the

lakes, and other scientific information. The Lake Survey was also

in charge of studying and reporting recommendations for harbor and

channel improvements and construction.1u

The final charts were compiled and drawn by Lake Survey

drafters as soon as the surveys were completed. The data for the

projections and coordinates of all points fixed by the surveys were

compiled from office computations, and the data on topography and

hydrography was provided on detail sheets. The final charts were

engraved at the Engineer Department in Washington, D. C. In later years the charts were photolithographed immediately after completion

by the drafter, and these photolithographs were distributed while

the plates were engraved. In 1852 the first Lake Survey charts were

published and the systematic distribution of charts began. The

charts were issued free of charge to any American or Canadian vessel

navigating the lakes and were distributed at the Detroit Lake

Survey office and at an agency in Buffalo, New York.15

After 1870, a new system of chart publication was adopted.

A general chart of each lake at 1:#O0,000 was published, and the

shoreline of each lake was divided into sections, with a coast chart

of each section published at 1:80,000. The charts of the rivers,

harbors, and other special locations were published at larger

scales. All the charts published during this period were black

and white prints made from copper plates. Included on the charts 35

were sailing lines, a water table showing mean level and fluctuations,

a table of magnetic variations, a table of light houses, sailing

directions, and a list of dangers to navigation.16

The Survey of the Northern and Northwestern Lakes was

completed in 1882. A continuous chain of triangulation in the Great

Lakes was established and seventy-six nautical charts of the lakes

and connecting rivers had been published. With the completion of

the survey, field operations ended, but the printing, correcting,

and issuing of the charts continued. Corrections and additions

were based on local surveys and reports by engineer officers in

charge of river and harbor improvements on the lakes.17

1889-1911 Resumption of the Lake Survey

The Lake Survey work completed in 1882 was considered

sufficient for future navigation, however, navigational requirements

expanded, necessitating the resumption of the Lake Survey operations.

From 1889 to 1911 the previous work of the survey was updated and

new projects were initiated to make the surveys and charts more

adequate for growing lake commerce. The first annual Bulletin was

published, color charts were introduced, a general project for Lake

Survey operations was adopted in 1907, and in 1909 a chart project

was formulated.

Systematic field work was resumed in 1889 to correct some of

the Lake Survey charts, but by 1900 it was evident that this method

of updating the charts was inadequate. Water depths greater than

eighteen feet needed to be ascertained and charted to accommodate

larger ships, rapidly growing commerce, and harbor improvements on 36 the lakes. As a result of these needs, the U. S. Lake Survey was reorganized on January 1, 1901 to modernize the charts and expand scientific observations on the Great Lakes.18

The first annual Bulletin, later named the Great Lakes Pilot, was published in 1889. This was an important development which enabled the Lake Survey to simplify their charts by providing updated navigation information in booklets and monthly supplements instead of on the charts. Bulletins were supplied to all important businesses and individuals engaged in navigation on the lakes, and special notices about lake levels, obstructions, and improvements. were issued to navigation interests and newspapers in the Great

Lakes region.19

The Lake Survey initiated several changes in chart production during this period. Color charts were introduced in 1895, and by

1909 all charts were published in color. The charts were printed with depths of eighteen or twenty feet or less in blue indicating the limits of navigation. This was considered a great improvement in chart production much preferable to the old black and white prints. The method of chart production also improved. The early methods of engraving on stone and copper plates were expensive and inefficient, and a new method of transfer and etching was introduced by a Lake Survey engineer. The charts were engraved on stone, transferred to copper plates for corrections and revisions, and lithographic transfers were made from the copper plates to stone for printing new editions, which combined the speed and economy of stone engraving with the ease of correcting copper plates.‘20 The policy of issuing charts also changed. Until 1890, a full set of charts 37 was issued free to all registered U. S. vessels. After 1890, the

free issue was discontinued, and the charts were sold at a nominal price to cover the cost of printing and paper.21

The accuracy of locating and charting least depths and obstructions was improved with the invention of the long wire sweep method by a Lake Survey engineer in 1902. Even with minute soundings, it had become evident that shoals and dangerous objects were not always detected. The long wire sweep method utilized a copper wire suspended at a given depth by floats which was drawn through the water by steamers at each end of the wire. Obstructions were located when the floats attached to the wire tipped over, or when the wire caught and pulled. During the sweeping, soundings were made to develop lake bottom contours. In 1907, five uncharted shoals and ship wrecks were found with the wire sweep in Lake Erie and seven new shoals were located in the Mackinac Straits. In 1908,

seventeen uncharted shoals of less than eighteen feet and several wrecks were found, and the location of dangerous obstructions in

Lake Michigan caused the reopening of a shorter and more convenient navigation route. Many other wrecks and dangerous shoals were found

in later years.

Formulation of the General Project of 1907

Until 1907, the Lake Survey operated without a general policy

or project. Early methods of revising and updating charts and

improving navigational facilities on an ad hoc basis became inadequate with the rapid development of lake commerce and increased ship size, and for the first time, a general project to make the surveys and 38

charts adequate for all future demands was formulated in 1907.

The general project proposed to determine and chart lake depths

in all significant regions of the Great Lakes to a plane thirty

feet below the adapted low-water datum of the 0pen lakes and twenty-

five feet below the corresponding datum in the channels of the

connecting rivers, with the completion of triangulation and precise

leveling needed to control the areas under survey. The project also

provided for the extension of river-discharge measurements,

investigation of lake levels, magnetic surveys in and near main

navigation courses, and the prompt examination of areas where

obstructions were reported. Field work was necessary for this

project included triangulation, precise leveling, ordinary sounding,

deep-sea sounding, sweeping, hydraulic measurement, and magnetic

observations on land and water. It was estimated that this general

project would be completed in 1918, if adequate appropriations were

granted. After the completion of this project, Lake Survey operations

would continue to provide small surveys necessary to observe natural

changes and investigate wrecks and obstructions, and revise and issue

the charts. It was expected that the charts would increase in

importance and demand as commerce on the Great Lakes increased.23

Chart Project of 1909

A chart project for completing the Lake Survey charts to meet

future demands was approved in April 1909. The chart project provided

for the preparation of new charts and the revision of old charts so

all charts would be projected on the geodetic datum adopted in 1901,

with soundings referred to the planes of standard low water approved

in 1909. Obsolete charts would be discontinued, and the less 39

important harbor charts published as insets to appropriate coast

charts. It was estimated that this project would be completed in

six years, and would include 10# separate charts. The series would be maintained by revisions and corrections, such as changes in aids

to navigation, river and harbor improvements, additional sailing

courses, and significant topographic and hydrographic changes developed by commerce and industry. Hand corrections included changes

in lights and buoys, pier extension, and breakwater construction.2#

It was estimated that the general Lake Survey project formulated in 1907 would be completed by 1918, and the chart project approved in 1909 would be finished in 1915. Hewever, in 1911 the

surveying and charting of additional waters was added to these

projects, extending Lake Survey operations far beyond earlier expectations. This expansion initiated the third period.

91911-19h8 Expansion of Operations

During the third era, the Lake Survey's projects considerably

enlarged the area to be surveyed and charted and added several new

scientific studies. Legislation in 1911 extended the survey to

include the lakes and other navigable waters of the New York canals.

Included was the revision and adjustment of existing survey data by

field reconnaissance, supplemented by topographic and hydrographic

surveys necessary to prepare navigation charts. This project was completed in 1920, and seven charts were published.25

Further legislation in 1913 transferred the jurisdiction of

surveying and charting Lake Champlain from the Coast and Geodetic

Survey to the Lake Survey. Surveys of harbors and other important areas in Lake Champlain began in 1928 and were completed in 1933, A0 with the publication of five charts.26

The Minnesota-Ontario border lakes were added in 1914. The project provided for the preparation of nautical charts of the

American waters of Lake of the Woods and Rainy Lake, complete with hydrography. The remaining boundary waters were to be charted without hydrographic detail because of a lack of commerce in the area. Previous surveys by the International Boundary Commission were supplemented with additional field work. The project was completed in 1938, and four charts were published. Later, fourteen additional charts of the Minnesota-Ontario border lakes were published without hydrography.27

Two new scientific projects were begun during this period.

In 1920 a crustal earth movement study was initiated to determine the direction and rate of earth movements in the Great Lakes basin, evident by changes in water levels. It was found that there was a downward tilting of the land to the south and west throughout the region. Further investigations were conducted to determine the directions and rates of change in different areas, which would influence the regulation and outflow of the lakes. This study is still underway.28

From 1928 to 1932 the Lake Survey conducted a "deep sea" sounding project using echo sounding to determine depths. Echo soundings were made on the lakes on lines three miles apart. This new technique provided valuable new information about lake bottom topography. Most important was the discovery of the dangerous

Superior Shoal located in the middle of Lake Superior, with depths #1 from 200 to 1,000 feet and several peaks to within twenty-one feet of the surface in an area less than a mile across.29

The chart project formulated in 1909 was modified slightly over the years to accommodate changing navigation conditions and supplemental projects. Technical advances in production also influenced the charting project. In 1911 a flat-bed lithograph power press was installed by the Lake Survey. This was an important development enabling the Lake Survey to become self-contained and capable of a high degree of accuracy and quality in chart production.

Production work required expert specialists who were in little commercial demand, so the Lake Survey was able to produce the charts cheaper and better than large commercial lithographers. The charts were revised, original copper plate or stone engravings were corrected, transfers to stone were made, color plates prepared, and charts printed on the power press.30 In 1925 the change from flat-bed to offset lithography was begun and completed in 1937.

All the charts were printed in color, with water areas up to eighteen or twenty-one feet deep in the Great Lakes and up to twelve feet on the New York waterways shaded in blue to show safe areas for navigation. In 1915 a new plan was adopted to meet a demand for charts useful to motor boats and small pleasure craft. All areas less than six feet deep on certain harbor and river charts were to be shaded a flat or darker blue to show clearly the areas dangerous for smaller craft.31

Reformulation of the Chart Project The chart project adopted in 1909 was reformulated in 1917 to include previous additions and modifications. The reformulated #2 project provided for revising the old charts to standard projection and to standard low water for depths, preparing new charts based on the adopted standards to depict localities not shown before in detail and to replace obsolete charts, and to incorporate enlarged insets of harbors or other locations on appropriate coast charts, either newly engraved or reproduced from existing charts. The series of charts planned in 1917 included 105 separate charts of the Great

Lakes and connecting waters with fifty-two insets, five charts of

Lake Champlain, and seven charts of the New York canals. The number of charts was considered flexible to accommodate future changes in navigation conditions.32

The charts were drawn at various scales depending on the intended purpose. A general chart of the Great Lakes, used for a regional map, was drawn at a scale of 1:1,200,000. A general chart of each lake provided for overall navigation and was drawn at scales of 1:hO0,000 for Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, and 1:500,000 for Lake Michigan, Lake Superior, and Lake Huron. Coast charts depicted sections of the coasts in greater detail at scales of

1:80,000 to 1:120,000. River charts were used for more exacting navigation requirements, at scales of 1:15,00 to 1:#0,000. Small harbor charts were produced as insets on coast charts, and large harbors were on separate charts. Scales ranged from 1:2,500 to

1:20.000 depending on the size and importance of the harbor and the detail necessary for safe navigation.33

After the completion of the projects on the New York canals,

Lake Champlain, and the Minnesota-Ontario border lakes in 1938, the #3

Lake Survey continued the general project formulated in 1907, but operations consisted primarily of chart maintenance and correction.

Included were the revision and reissue of charts, revisory surveys

of harbors, rivers, and shores, investigations of obstructions to

navigation, observation and study of lake levels and hydraulic

conditions in their outlets, and publication of annual Bulletins with monthly supplements and notices to mariners.3h

19h8—1920 The Modern Period

During the modern period recreational traffic on the Great

Lakes rapidly expanded and charts specifically designed for use on small craft were in demand. The Lake Survey began to publish small loose-leaf style books of large scale charts with details and

information of special interest to recreationists. Previously, the only modification in chart design for small craft was the use of dark blue shading in areas less than six feet deep on certain charts, adopted in 1915.

The Lake Survey published several loose-leaf booklets of recreation charts. The first volume published in 19h8 included sixty charts of the New York canals. Recreational craft charts were published of the inland route in the northern lower peninsula of

Michigan in 1960, the west end of Lake Erie in 1963, the Detroit

River, Lake St. Clair, and the St. Clair River in 1963, and the south shore of Lake Erie in 196“. Charts of Lake Winnebago and the

Lower Rox River were published in 1967, and of the Chicago Lake

Front from Wilmette to Gary, Indiana in 1968.35

Several subdivisions of the Lake Survey conducted somewhat different projects during this period. The Revisory Section 41, provided revised data for charts every three years, but revisions

‘were>made annually on the St. Clair-Detroit River system and more frequently elsewhere when necessary. Field work included verifying land.correcting hydrographic and t0pographic features, taking soundings, and.investigating other pertinent information for revision on the charts.36

Inshore Sections conducted major hydrographic surveys of water depths less than thirty-five feet to revise or replace earlier surveys. They made surveys whenever it was necessary rather than operating on a regular schedule. Field work included echo sounding, electronic positioning, horizontal wire sweeping, and using aerial photography and field checking to correct topography. The vertical and horizontal control networks were also checked and maintained regularly. The horizontal network consisted of 5,000 marked points, and the vertical network had 2,000 bench marks.37

The Compilation Section prepared new editions and charts based on data from field work and other sources. In 1953 the Lake

Survey began to use plastic instead of glass as a base for engraving the charts, allowing the engraving of a complete chart on one sheet

instead of several, and during this period used modern cartographic production techniques to prepare and print the charts in color on

offset lithographic presses. In addition to providing charts of the

Great Lakes, the Cartographic Division provided maps for the Army Map

Service and other government offices.38

During this period the Lake Survey began to prepare flourescent radar charts, an innovation in nautical charts. Aerial photographs

of the image on the radarscope were made at regular intervals to ‘prepare an overlay printed in flourescent ink on the chart. The flourescence was activated by a black light, enabling the navigator

'to compare the image on the radarscope with the chart and plot his or her position regardless of weather conditions.39

Improvements in the lighting of chart rooms on ships to minimize interference with vision adaptation at night were also

introduced during this period. Experiments by the U. S. Navy

indicated that red light was the optimum lighting for reading nautical charts at night. However, the use of red light affected

the color on charts, making red, orange, and buff disappear. As a

result, on many charts these colors were replaced with magenta or

purple and grey.40

The Lake Survey continued scientific investigations of lake

levels and river flows, characteristics of lake and river bottoms,

changes in shorelines and other features, the movement of the earth's

crust, lake currents, and navigational facilities. The Lake Survey

published data on precipitation on the lake basins, diversions of

water to and from the lakes, river flows, and longbrange forecasts

of lake levels. Information on water temperatures, water levels at

specific locations, current velocities, benchmark descriptions and

elevations, and special navigation problems was furnished on request.M In 1962, the Lake Survey established a Research Division to

increase engineering and scientific investigations on the Great

Lakes. The research projects rapidly expanded and the Research

Division was redesignated the Great Lakes Research Center in 1966.

A wide range of scientific research was conducted on the lakes and

connecting rivers.“2 #6

In 1970, the Lake Survey disbanded when it was merged with

the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey to form the National Ocean Survey,

‘which has continued the charting and research projects of the Lake

Survey to the present. FOOTNOTES CHAPTER TWO

1Fitzgibbon, John, "Government Survey and Charting of the Great Lakes," Michigan History Magazine 1 (1917): 55-56. 21bid.

30. S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Report Upon the Preliminapy Triangulation of the United States Lake Survey, by C. B. Comstock, Professional Paper No. 2h (Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1882), p. 2.

“Ibid., pp. 2-1+.

-sIbid., p. 21.

6H'earding, William H. S., "W. H. S. Hearding Story 1851," Personal Narrative, 1875, Michigan State Library, Lansing, Michigan.

7Farmer, Silas, History of Detroit and Wayne County and Early» Michigag, (Detroit: Silas Farmer and 00., 1890). p. 918.

8Pettis, C. R., "The Work of the U. S. Lake Survey," Civil Engineering 8 (January 1938): 23.

90. S. Army, pp. 17-18. 10 . Ibld., pp. 32-3“. 11Ibid. 121pm. 13Fitzgibbon, pp. 61-63.

1“U. 5. Army, p. 2#.

15Ibid., p. 25.

16Ibid.

17U. 8. Army, War Department, Annual Report of the Chief of En ' eers, (Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1907 , p. 8h2.

18U. S. Lake Survey, "Charting the Great Lakes," (Detroit: U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1956). .

19U. S. Army, War Department, 1913, pp. 1k73-1474-

ZOU. S. Army, War Department, 1908, pp. 2517-2519.

“7 48

21U. 5. Army, War Department, 1913, pp. 1472-1473. ZZFitzgibbon, pp. 67-68.

23U. S. Army, War Department, 1909, p. 933. 2“mid" p. 937.

25U. S. Army, War Department, 1948, p. 3068. 26Ibid. 271bid.

28U. S. Army, War Department, 1920, p. 2061.

29Hunt, Ira A. Jr., "The Lake Survey and the Great Lakes," The Military Engineer 51 (May—June 1959): 185. 300. 3. Army, War Department, 1912, pp. 3530-3533.

31U. S. Army, War Department, 1917, p. 1923. 3ZIbid., p. 1918.

33U. S. Lake Survey, 1956.

3"’U. S. Army, War Department, 1931, p. 2249.

35Feldscher, Carl B., "Charting the Great Lakes," Paper presented at the 1964 Regional Convention of the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping, Kansas City, Missouri (Detroit: U. S. Army Engineer District, Lake Survey), p. 3.

36Ibid., pp. 4-5.

371b1deg pp. 5.6.

38U. S. Lake Survey, "U. S. Lake Survey Story," (Detroit: U. 3. Army Corps of Engineers, 1968), pp. 6, 21. 39Hnnt, pp. 185-186.

#OU. S. Naval Oceanographic Office, American Practical Navigator An Epitome of Navigation (Bowditch), Pub. No. 9 (Washington D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1966), p. 118.

“1U. S. Lake Survey, 1956.

“EU. S. Lake Survey, "Brief History of U. S. Lake Survey," (Detroit: U. S. Arm Corps of Engineers, no date). CHAPTER THREE

CARTOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAKE SURVEY CHARTS

Introduction

The U. S. Lake Survey nautical charts were examined to determine cartographic changes through time. Charts at various scales were selected from the four historical periods of the Lake

Survey: a small scale general chart at 1:“O0,000 or 1:500,000; a coast chart at 1:120,000; a river chart at 1:#0,000; and a harbor chart at 1:10,000 to 1:16,000. In addition, several other charts from each era were briefly examined to confirm major trends and note any unusual features. Table 1 shows the sample Lake Survey charts examined from each historical era.

The charts were examined to ascertain cartographic changes within and between time periods including overall features of the charts, textual information, and hydrographic and topographic symbolization: because the charts at various scales were similar in design and symbolization, each chart was not described separately.

Instead, the major cartographic trends and changes for each historical period were examined and any unusual features found on individual charts were noted. The Lake Survey chart projects for each period were briefly summarized to provide background information for the cartographic development of the charts.

“9 50

TABLE 1

SAMPLE LAKE SURVEY CHARTS

No. Chart Date Scale Category

18h1-1882 Lake Huron 1860 1:h00,000 general chart Saginaw Bay and Part of Lake 1860 1:120,000 coast chart Huron St. Clair River 1872 1:#0,000 river chart Ontonagon Harbor 1859 1:16,000 harbor chart

1882-1211 #3 Lake Erie 1908 1:hO0.000 general chart #52 Lake Huron 1906 1:120,000 coast chart ##3 St. Clair River 1908 1.h0,000 river chart #763 Holland Harbor 1912 1:15,000 harbor chart 1211-1ggg #5 Lake Huron 1990 1:500,000 general chart #52 Lake Huron 1936 1:120,000 coast chart #93 St. Clair River 1934 1:h0,000 river chart #711 Nanistique Harbor 1925 1:10.000 harbor chart M #5 Lake Huron 1967 1:500,000 general chart #52 Lake Huron 1967 1:120,000 coast chart ##3 St. Clair River 1966 1:h0,000 river chart #763 Holland Harbor 1966 1:15,000 harbor chart

1831-1§§2 The Initial Survgz

During the first historical period seventy-six black and white charts of the Great Lakes and connecting waters were published.

The general land features of the shore one-half to three-fourths mile inland were charted, including streams, roads, and vegetation, and detailed surveys of towns and settlements were made. Soundings, obtained by lead-line, were taken out to a depth of about twenty-two feet, and offshore soundings were taken ten miles out from shore.

Occasional soundings were obtained further out to determine general 51 lake depths. Water depths of eighteen feet were indicated on the charts for a maximum navigation draft of twelve feet. After

1870, a system of chart production was implemented to provide a general chart of each lake at 1:#00,000, coast charts at 1:80,000, and river and harbor charts at larger scales.

The sample charts examined in detail included Figure 1h, a general chart of Lake Huron published in 1860; Figure 15, a coast chart of Saginaw Bay and Part of Lake Huron published in 1860;

Figure 16, a chart of St. Clair River published in 1872; and Figure

17, a Preliminary Chart of Ontonagon Harbor published in 1859.

Extensive textual information was included on these charts, but the amount of information varied with the scale as small scale charts generally had more textual information than larger scales.

Included in the text was a list of authors comprised of the officers in charge of the survey, the engineers who conducted the triangulation, hydrographic and topographic surveys, the engraver. the author of information charted on Canadian waters, and survey dates. Extensive sailing directions were provided, with information on entering and leaving various ports, bays and other areas. Harbors of refuge and anchorage were described in detail on many of the charts as well as locations of dangers to navigation such as shoals, reefs, boulders, and ship wrecks. Additional notes provided legend information on soundings and depth contours, a table of magnetic variations, a list of light houses, a water level table, and occasionally a table of port distances.

Soundings were represented by numbers and depth contours in

feet and fathoms. Stippled depth contours were drawn for six, nine,

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twelve, and eighteen feet. The depth contours were shaded in dark

to light grey tones to show the limits of navigation. Soundings within the dotted surfaces were in feet, and elsewhere in fathoms.

Numerous soundings were shown near shore extending ten miles lake- ward because more soundings had been taken in this area to determine

the limits of safe navigation and dangers. Fewer soundings were

shown in the open lakes because only scattered soundings had been

obtained to ascertain general lake depths, as shown in Figure 18.

Aids to navigation represented on the charts included lighthouses, beacons, and buoys. Lighthouses were represented by pictographic symbols while abstract symbols were used for buoys and beacons. The location of dangers such as rocks, boulders, and reefs were indicated on the charts and lake bottom charactersitics such as mud, clay, gravel, and sand were noted. Features along the shoreline such as points, bays, and islands were often named.

On the small scale charts, land areas were indicated to about five miles inland, but at larger scales the distance was from one-half to two miles from shore. Symbols similar to modern tape- graphic symbols were used to represent deciduous and coniferous

trees, fields, orchards, grass, and swamps, and land elevations and relief were symbolized by hachures. Settlements and towns were named and indicated by streets and prominent buildings, along with rivers and railroads. Figure 19 shows the extensive detail used to depict land areas on a large scale chart.

Two unusual features were noted on these charts. On several harbor charts, an inset showing a low oblique view of the harbor was

included, illustrated in Figure 20. These insets were drawn in detail “armies—An. nu let-Inu— ”and. Mayne-“9h {Ina-Iqbal“! scum hue-...; <

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Figure 20. Insets on charts of Ontonagon Harbor and Eagle Harbor.

60 showing the vegetation and landscape. 0n the 1860 general chart of

Lake Huron, several side view diagrams indicating the lake bottom contours at various locations were included. 1889-1911 Resumption of the Lake Survey

During the second era surveying and charting operations resumed. The first annual Bulletin containing navigational information supplementing the charts was published in 1889. In 1895 the first color chart was printed, and by 1909 all charts were published in color. All depths of eighteen or twenty-one feet or less were printed in blue to indicate the limits of navigation. Also, lake depths were charted to a plane thirty feet below the adopted low- water datum of the open lakes and twenty-five feet below the corresponding datum in the channels of the connecting rivers in all significant regions of the Great Lakes.

The sample charts selected for evaluation included Figure 21, a chart of Holland Harbor published in 1912. A general chart of

Lake Erie published in 1908, a coast chart of Lake Huron published in 1906, and a chart of St. Clair River published in 1908 were evaluated but were not included as illustrations because available cepies were too fragile for reproduction.

The most significant cartographic development during this period was that all of the charts available for examination were printed in color. It was considered a great improvement in chart production at the time, because all depths less than eighteen or twenty-one feet were shaded in blue, emphasizing the limits of navigation. The color scheme was uniform on all the charts of this period: land was a yellow-orange (buff), water was white, and depth 61

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62 contours of six, twelve, and eighteen feet were tinted shades of green-blue. On some of the charts, elevations on land were depicted by contour lines, with brown shading between the lines, and aids to navigation were represented by red and yellow abstract symbols.

The textual information on these charts was similar to that on the earlier charts of the first historical period. Because the first annual Bulletin and monthly supplements containing navigational information were published in 1889, sailing directions and descriptions of harbors of refuge and dangers to navigation were either brief or omitted on the charts. The Bulletin was an important development since it provided the navigator with more extensive up-to-date information and simplified the charts. A compass rose was a new feature used to facilitate the plotting of courses and bearings. The symbols for the aide to navigation were also improved since they were in color which made them more noticable, and they were shown more prominently. New symbols were chosen to represent the aids to navigation: lighthouses were indicated by a red circle with points radiating out, surrounded by a globe of yellow, and buoys were represented by red abstract symbols. The major change in hydrographic symbolization was the addition of color. The depth contours for six, twelve. and eighteen feet were tinted in dark to light shades of blue-green. Occasionally the twenty-one and twnety-four foot depth contours were indicated by dotted lines. On some of the charts, all soundings were in feet, and on other charts the soundings were in feet within the tinted areas and in fathoms elsewhere.

On small scale charts land areas were indicated as far as 63 fifteen miles inland, but on large scale charts they were depicted to less than a mile inland. Symbols representing topography were the same as on earlier charts. One significant change was the introduction of contour lines to indicate land elevation. On most of the charts examined, relief was depicted by hachures. however, on some of the large scale charts elevation was indicated by ten and twenty foot contour lines. Occasionally, the area between the contour lines was shaded in dark brown.

As on earlier charts, occasional cross sections were included as marginal information. For example, on the 1905 chart of the

Northeast End of Lake Michigan at 1:120,000, side views were drawn of two points on Fox Islands, and of Pyramid Point on Manitou Island.

These side views were similar to those on the earlier charts of Eagle

Harbor and Ontonagon Harbor shown in Figure 20. 1911-19h8gggpgnsion of Operations

During the third historical period, Lake Survey operations expanded to include the New York State canals, Lake Champlain, and the Minnesota~0ntario border lakes, and in 1915 a new project was introduced to shade in dark blue areas less than six feet deep on certain charts to aid small boats.

The sample charts selected for examination were a general chart of Lake Huron published in 19h0, not available for illustration; a coast chart of Lake Huron published in 1936, shown in Figure 22; a chart of St. Clair River published in 193e, shown in Figure 23; and a chart bf Manistique Harbor published in 1925, illustrated in Figure

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Only minor cartographic changes occurred during this period.

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During the 1930's and 1940's the colors used on the charts changed from buff to pale beige or light yellow for land and from green-blue to light blue for depth contours. Water depths were tinted blue out to twenty-one, twenty-four, and sometimes thirty feet since greater depths were needed for larger ships during this period, and on some charts six foot depth contours were shaded dark blue for small boats.

More soundings were provided, especially in open waters, possibly due to the development of echo sounding. vegetation was symbolized less extensively and often omitted except for swamp symbols. urban features such as streets and cities were depicted in greater detail along the coast, perhaps due to increasing urbanization on the shores of the Great Lakes, and on some of the later charts federal and state highways were drawn in red. Hachures and contour lines were occasionally omitted, textual information was less extensive, and more harbor insets were included on the charts.

19h8-197O The Modern Period

The sample charts evaluated for the modern period were a general chart of Lake Huron published in 1967, shown in Figure 25; a coast chart of Lake Huron published in 1967, shown in Figure 26; a chart of St. Clair River published in 1966, illustrated in Figure

27; and a chart of Holland Harbor published in 1966, shown in Figure

28. Several cartographic changes were introduced during this period.

However, because no charts published during the late 19h0's and 1950's were available for study, it is difficult to determine exactly when these changes occured.

The color scheme changed somewhat, for the color of the land was changed from beige to a pale yellow, and the water depth contours 68

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to pale blue. Contour lines on land were changed to brown and brown shading between the contour lines was eliminated. In the

late 1950's and early 1960's, the symbols for the aids to navigation,

the compass rose, and some notes were printed in red, but by the late

1960's all these features were printed in purple, and channels were

colored magenta. These changes in color probably developed with the

increased use of red lights for reading charts at night, which made red and buff colors disappear and necessitated the introduction of

colors better suited for this lighting.

vegetation symbols were virtually eliminated, except swamp

symbols which were now printed in blue. Land areas were depicted'

primarily by streets, buildings, and landmarks by the 1960's.

Hachures were eliminated, and contour lines were used less frequently.

By the 1960's, water depths on most charts were tinted blue to twenty-

four feet, and often the thirty foot depth contour was drawn but not

shaded blue. All aids to navigation and other symbols were in

accordance with those illustrated in Chart No. 1 Chart Symbols and

Abbreviations, but most of the symbols were similar to previous ones,

except the lighthouse symbol which became more abstract and the yellow

color was eliminated. Less textual information was included on these charts, and the only tables found on most charts were a water level

table and a fathoms and feet to meters table.

The Lake Survey began to publish booklets of large scale

recreational craft charts during this period. These 11" x 17 %”

looseleaf booklets were designed for use on small boats and showed

greater details, including names and locations of yacht clubs and

marinas, more water depths, and detailed shoreline features and 73 landmarks. The chart scales varied in different booklets and insets were often included.

The Influence of Tradition on the Lake Surv_ey Charts

The U. S. Lake Survey produced nautical charts of the

Great Lakes region for over 125 years. These charts were continually revised to improve the safety of navigation on the lakes and keep pace with changing navigational needs, and various scientific investigations were conducted to provide information on the hydraulics and hydrography of the lakes and to supplement the charts.

Tradition greatly influenced the cartographic development of the Lake

Survey charts through time, for the charts changed remarkably little in appearance despite the many important advances in navigation, technology, and cartography. The cartographic development of the

Lake Survey charts is summarized in Table 2.

The greatest cartographic changes in the Lake Survey charts were the introduction of color and more accurate and complete representation of soundings, aids to navigation, and dangers. The use of color significantly improved the charts, for the use of shaded blue contours emphasized the limits of navigation while aids to navigation were represented by red and yellow abstract symbols which were much more prominent than the previous black and white symbols. Later, these symbols were changed from red to purple due to improved lighting conditions for night reading in the chartroom. Landform relief was represented by brown contour lines and brown shading, an improvement over the earlier black hachures, and land areas were colored either buff or later pale yellow which provided better visual contrast between water and land areas than on the black and white charts. 71...

TABLE 2

CARTOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAKE SURVEY CHARTS

Feature 18h1-1882 1889-1911 1911-19h8 1948-1970

COLOR black & white 1895- first color changed color changed color from buff to to pale yellow 1909-all in beige and and pale blue color green-blue to light blue

SOUNDINGS feet & fathom shades of shaded blue same numbers and green-blue contours to shaded grey feet in 30 feet contour lines tinted area 6 foot con- 6, 9, 12, 18 fathoms tours dark feet elsewhere blue for 6, 12, 18, small craft 21, 2# feet

AIDS TO pictographic red and same red then NAVIGATION symbols yellow purple abstract abstract symbols symbols

DANGERS words such same same plus standard as rocky, some symbols wreck, reef symbols

LAKE words such same same standard BOTTOM as clay, mud, abbreviations stone

LAND AREAS extensive same fewer no vegetation tapographic topographic symbols except symbols symbols for blue swamp vegetation symbols more urban more urban features features

ELEVATION ihachures hachures 8: less hachures Brown contour contours more contours lines & no brown shading hachures

The actual cartographic symbols changed only slightly, however. Soundings were represented by numbers and shaded contour lines on all the Lake Survey charts, and lake bottom characteristics were always symbolized by descriptive words or abbreviations. Aids to navigation on the early black and white charts were represented by pictographic symbols, but with the introduction of color they were changed to more abstract red and yellow symbols. These were later colored purple instead of red and altered only slightly to conform to international standards. Dangers to navigation were indicated by words such as reef, shoal, and wreck on the earlier charts, and by the 1930's standard symbols were used. The tapographic symbols used to represent features such as trees, fields, grass, and swamps changed very little over the years; the greatest change was the gradual elimination of such representation except for swamp symbols which were colored blue by the modern period. More urban features such as roads, cities, and prominent buildings and landmarks along shore were depicted on later charts due to the increasing urbanization of the Great Lakes region and standard symbols were used to represent these features.

Other information on the charts included written information which became less extensive over time, particularly after the first publication of the Bulletin in 1889. Insets were used to show harbors and other areas at larger scales, and on early charts low-oblique drawings of harbors were sometimes used. Over time more insets were included on the charts as some of the large scale harbor charts were incorporated onto appropriate coast charts. More information was gradually provided on the charts for small boats, such as shading of 76 shallow waters and representation of more landmarks along shore, and during the modern period detailed large scale recreational craft charts were issued.

The Lake Survey charts changed very little in appearance for more than a century because conventional cartographic symbols and designs were preferred for several reasons. Traditional, standardized symbols increased the uniformity and utility of the charts, and this was recognized internationally with the establishment of the Inter- national Hydrographic Bureau in 1921 to adopt standard chart symbols.

Many different symbols were used on nautical charts to represent a variety of important information such as dangerous shoals, ship wrecks, and shallow water, and the use of familiar symbols simplified chart reading during navigation. particularly in storms and treacher- ous areas. The charts were constantly updated by the Lake Survey and chart users to show new dangers, harbor improvements, and other ‘ changes, which further complicated the chart reading task and provided another reason for the use of traditional chart designs and symbols. Furthermore, it was easier and less expensive for the Lake

Survey to revise old charts and print new editions if the old printing plates could be corrected rather than completely remade, and new charts were more rapidly produced using familiar symbols and designs.

The U. S. Lake Survey was very conservative and adapted only those cartographic innovations which would significantly improve the charts. The most important innovation was the introduction of color to accentuate the limits of navigation and navigational aids and dangers and provide more visual contrast and legibility, and this was considered a significant improvement in chart design. This was 77 the only major cartographic innovation adopted, however, illustrating the impact of tradition on the hundreds of nautical charts produced on the Great Lakes for more than a century. APPENDIX APPENDIX A

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF U. S. LAKE SURVEY CHARTS 18B1-1970

Introduction

The following bibliography of charts was compiled from a list of charts published by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers in

1882 and reproductions of U. S. Lake Survey annual chart catalogs obtained from libraries in the Great Lakes region and the Library of Congress in Washington, D. C. The list published in 1882 included all seventy-six original charts produced from 18#1 to 1882.

Additions of new charts; revisions such as changes in scale, area covered, and new inserts; and elimination of obsolete charts were ascertained from annual chart catalogs. The U. S. Lake Survey report in the 1917 U. S. Army Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers included a list of current charts and expected revisions, additions, and deletions as part of the 1917 revision of the chart project developed in 1909.

Often the description of the vicinity covered by a chart changed from year to year in the chart catalogs; this reflected actual changes in the area covered, changes in place names such as the change from Point Aux Becs Scies to Point Betsie in 1903, or changes in the landmarks chosen to indicate the boundaries of the chart. All of these description changes were included in the bibliography because it was not possible to examine all the Lake Survey charts to determine the reason for the changes.

This bibliography is a reasonably complete list of the Lake

Survey charts published from 1841 to 1970. All the charts published by 1882 were included, and selected chart catalogs from 1900 to 1970

78 79 were used to compile the rest of the list. The chart catalogs examined were from 1900, 1903, 1907, 1909, 1913, 1917, 1927, 1935,

1937. 1939. 19#0. 1941. 19““. 19“5. 1949. 1953. 1955. 1958. 1960.

1962, 1963, 1967, 1969, and 1970. Additional chart catalogs were not included because of lack of availability and time and budget con- straints. Index maps of the Lake Survey charts were provided in the annual chart catalogs, and the index maps from the 1963 catalog are shown in Figures 29a through 29h to illustrate the areas typically covered by the charts.

CHART INDEX

GENERAL CHARTS OF THE GREAT LAKES Charts 0, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9

ST. LAWRENCE RIVER, LAKE CHAMPLAIN, AND NEW YORK STATE BARGE CANAL SYSTEM 81 St. Lawrence River Charts 11-131 81 Lake Champlain Charts 171-179 85 New York State Barge Canal System Charts 180-187 86

LAKE ONTARIO AND IOUER NIAGARA RIVER Charts 2-256 88

LAKE ERIE, NIAGARA RIVER, DETROIT RIVER, LAKE ST. CLAIR, AND ST. CLAIR RIVER Lake Erie and Niagara River Charts 3-376 Detroit River Charts h1-A16 Lake St. Clair Chart #2 St. Clair River Chart #3

LAKE HURON, STRAITS OF MACKINAC, AND ST. MARYS RIVER Lake Huron Charts 5-537 Straits of Mackinac Charts 6-60 St. Marys River Charts 61-660 we; MICHIGAN Charts 7-789

LAKE SUPERIOR Charts 9-981 117

MINNESOTA-ONTARIO BORDER LAKES Charts 8h—8hh 12k

HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE CHARTS 126

INDEX MAPS OF LAKE SURVEY CHARTS Figures 29a-29h 127 U. S. LAKE SURVEY CHARTS 18R1-197O

Note: This bibliography follows the annual chart catalog format and uses the modern chart numbering system initiated in 1909 and modified somewhat over the years. The dates of publication for the charts in this list include the first year each chart was published, dates of changes, and the date of discontinu- ation; unless noted, all charts were published until 1970.

GENERAL CHARTS OF THE GREAT LAKES

Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub.

0 General Chart of the Northern and North- 1:1,200.000 1907 western‘Lakes

The Great Lakes, Lake Champlain, New York 1:1,200,000 1935 Canals, and Lake of the Woods

The Great Lakes, Lake Champlain, and New 1:1,200,000 1939 York Canals Inset: Drainage Basin, Northern and 1:500,000 Northwestern Lakes

Inset Removed 1953

Great Lakes - General Chart - including 1:1,500,000 1968 Lake Champlain and New York Canals 2 Lake Ontario 1:h00,000 1877 Lake Ontario (color) 1 #100,000 1903 3 Lake Erie 1:#O0,000 1852 Lake Erie (color) 1zhO0,000 1903

5 Lake Huron 1:#O0,000 1860

Lake Huron and Georgian Bay (color) 1:hO0,000 1907

Lake Huron - the whole lake, Georgian 1:400,000 1927 Bay, and North Channel

Lake Huron - the entire lake, including 1:SO0,000 1937 Georgian Bay and North Channel

81 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub.

7 Lake Michigan - the whole lake 1:§O0,000 1900

Lake Michigan - the whole lake (color) 1:SO0,000 1903

Lake Michigan - the whole lake, including 1:500,000 1909 Green Bay

9 Lake Superior - the whole lake 1:500,000 1903 Insets: Gargantua Harbor, Ont. 1:20.000 Grand Marais, Mich., Harbor of 1:10,000 Refuge Grand Marais, Minn., Harbor 1:8,000 Michipicoten Harbor, Ont. 1:5,000

Lake Superior - the whole lake (color) 1:SO0,000 1907 Insets: same as above

Lake Superior - the whole lake 1:500,000 1913 Insets: Gargantua, Ont. 1:20,000 Grand Marais, Mich. 1:10,000 Grand Marais, Minn. 1:8,000 Michipicoten Harbor, Ont. 1:5,000

Lake Superior - the whole lake 1:500,000 1927 (insets removed)

ST. LAURENCE RIVER, LAKE CHAMPLAIN, AND NEW YORK STATE BARGE CANAL SYSTEM

Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub.

11 St. Lawrence River, No. 1 - St. Regis to 1:30,000 1874 Strawberry Island

St. Lawrence River - from St. Regis to 1:30,000 1907 Strawberry Island. N. Y. (color)

St. Lawrence River - St. Regis to Bradford 1:30,000 1927 Point, N. Y.

St. Lawrence River - St. Regis, Ont. to 1:30,000 1939 Weaver Point, Ont.

St. Lawrence River - St. Regis, Que. to 1:30.000 19S5 Richards Landing, N. Y. 82 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub.

11 St. Lawrence River - St. Regis, Que. to 1:30,000 1960 Croil Island, N. Y.

12 St. Lawrence River, No. 2 - Strawberry 1:30,000 1875 Island to Isle Au Galop

St. Lawrence River - from Strawberry 1:30.000 1907 Island, N. Y. to Galop Is., Ont. (color)

St. Lawrence River - Bradford Point, N. Y. 1:30,000 1927 to )6 mile southwest of Cardinal, Ont.

St. Lawrence River - Weaver Point, Ont. to 1:30,000 1939 Lalone Island, N. Y.

St. Lawrence River - Richards Landing to 1:30,000 19h5 Leishman Pt., N. Y.

St. Lawrence River - Croil Island to 1:30,000 1960 Leishman Pt., N. Y.

13 St. Lawrence River, No. 3 - Isle au Galop 1:30,000 1875 to Zﬁ'miles east of Morristown

St. Lawrence River - from below GalOp Is., 1:30,000 1907 Out. to 2% miles east of Morristown, N. Y. (color) '

St. Lawrence River - from below Galop Is., 1:30,000 1913 Ont. to Zﬁrmiles east of Morristown, N. Y. Inset: Ogdensburg, N.Y. and Prescott, Ont.1:15,000

St. Lawrence River - Lalone Island, N. Y. 1:30,000 1939 to Brooks Point, N. Y. (inset same)

1% Chart No. 13 changed to No. 1# St. Lawrence River - Ogdensburg, N. Y. to 1:30,000 1994 Brockville, Ont. Inset: Ogdensburg, N.Y. and Prescott, Ont.1:15,000

13 New Chart No. 13 St. Lawrence River - Leishman Pt. to 1:30,000 19k5 Ogdensburg, N. Y.

1% Old Chart No. 1h St. Lawrence River, No. A - 2% miles east 1:30,000 1876 of Morristown to Chippewa Point 83 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub.

1h St. Lawrence River - from 3% miles east 1:30.000 1907 of Morristown to Chippewa Pt., N.Y. (color)

St. Lawrence River - Brooks Point, N.Y. to 1:30.000 1939 Chippewa Point. N.Y.

Chart No. 1% discontinued 19h1

15 St. Lawrence River. No. 5 - Chippewa Point 1:30.000 1876 to Wellesly Island

St. Lawrence River - Wellesly Island to 1:30.000 1903 Chippewa Point (color)

St. Lawrence River - Chippewa Pt., N.Y. to 1:30.000 1927 St. Lawrence Park, N.Y., and Jackstraw Shoal Light, Ont.

St. Lawrence River - Chippewa Pt., N.Y. to 1:30.000 1935 Point Vivian, N.Y., and Jackstraw Shoal Lt.

St. Lawrence River - Chippewa Pt., N.Y. to 1:30.000 1939 Point Vivian, N.Y. and Gananoque Narrows. Ont. Inset: Alexandria Bay. N.Y. 1:10.000

St. Lawrence River - Holmes Pt. to Deer 1:30.000 19#1 Island (no inset)

St. Lawrence River - Brockville, Out. to 1:30.000 19#4 Deer Island. N. Y.

St. Lawrence River - Holmes Pt., N.Y. to 1:30.000 1960 Deer Island, N.Y.

16 St. Lawrence River, No. 6 - Wellesly Is. 1:30.000 1876 to Long Island

St. Lawrence.River - Long Island to 1:30.000 1903 Wellesly Island (color)

St. Lawrence River - from Pt. Vivian, N.Y. 1:30.000 1907 and Gananoque light, Ont., to Wolfe Island light, N.Y., and Burnt Island light, Ont.

St. Lawrence River - Pt. Vivian to Linda 1:30.000 1927 Island Light, NLYL, and from 3% miles east to 2% miles west of Gananoque, Ont. 84 Chart Locality Scale Dates NO. Pabe

16 St. Lawrence River - Pt. Vivian, N.Y. and 1:30.000 1935 Lynedock Island Light. Ont., to Linda Island Light, N.Y.. and Red Horse Rock Light, Ont.

St. Lawrence River - Pt. Vivian, N.Y. and 1:30.000 1939 Lynedock Island. Ont., to Linda Island. N.Y. and Howe Island, Ont.

St. Lawrence River - Whiskey Island Shoal 1:30.000 1941 to Bartlett Pt. Light Insets: Clayton, N. Y. 1:10.000 Alexandria Bay, N. Y. 1:10.000

St. Lawrence River - Deer Island to 1:30.000 1944 Bartlett Pt. Light (insets same)

St. Lawrence River - Whiskey Island Shoal 1:30,000 1960 to Bartlett Pt., N. Y. . Insets: Clayton, N. Y. 1:10.000 Alexandria Bay, N.Y. 1:10.000

17 St. Lawrence River 1:30.000 1937 Inset: Cape Vincent 1:10.000

St. Lawrence River - Bartlett Point Light, 1:30.000 1939 N. Y., and St. Lawrence Island, Ont., to Cape Vincent, N. Y. and Cold Bath Shoal, Ont. Inset: Cape Vincent, N. Y. 1:10.000

St. Lawrence River - Bartlett Point, N. Y. 1:30,000 1960 to Cape Vincent, N. Y. Inset: Cape Vincent, N. Y. 1:10.000

18 St. Lawrence River - Head of river 1:30.000 1937

St. Lawrence River - Cape Vincent, N. Y. 1:30.000 1939 and Howe Island, Ont., to Allen Otty Shoal, N. Y., and Ninemile Point Light, Ont.

St. Lawrence River - Cape Vincent, N. Y., 1:30.000 1960 to Allen Otty Shoal. N.Y., and Kingston, Ont.

113 St. Lawrence River - Morristown, N. Y. to 1:15.000 1969 Butternut Bay. Ont.

114 St. Lawrence River - Union Park, Ont., to 1:15.000 1945 Ironsides. N. Y. 85 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub.

114 St. Lawrence River - Butternut Bay, Ont., 1:15.000 1969 to Ironsides Island, N. Y.

115 St. Lawrence River - Ironsides, N. Y., to 1:15.000 1945 Bingham Island, Ont.

116 St. Lawrence River - Bingham Island, Ont. 1:15.000 1945 to Round Island, N. Y.

St. Lawrence River - Gananoque, Ont., to 1:15.000 1953 St. Lawrence Park, N. Y.

117 St. Lawrence River - Round Island, N. Y. 1:15.000 1945 to Wolfe Island, Ont.

St. Lawrence River - Round Island, N. Y. 1:15.000 1953 and Gananoque, Ont., to Wolfe Island, Ont.

131 Ogdensburg Harbor (color) 1:10.000 1903

Ogdensburg and Prescott Harbors 1:10.000 1907

Chart No. 131 discontinued - now inset on No. 13. 1913

171 Lake Champlain, No. 1 - Rouses Point to 1:40.000 1913 Cumberland Head. N. Y. and Vt. '

Lake Champlain. No. 1 - Missisquoi Bay to 1:40.000 1927 South Hero Island, N. Y. and Vt.

Lake Champlain, No. 1 - South Hero Island 1:40.000 1935 to Richelieu River and Missisquoi Bay

Lake Champlain - Richelieu River and 1:40.000 1939 Missisquoi Bay, Quebec, to South Hero Is., N.Y.

172 .Lake Champlain. No. 2 - Cumberland Head to 1:40.000 1913 Ligonier Pt., N. Y. and Vt.

Lake Champlain - Cumberland Head, N.Y. and 1:40.000 1939 Savage Island, Vt., to Four Brothers Islands

173 Lake Champlain, No. 3 - Ligonier Pt. to 1:40.000 1913 Coles Bay, N. Y. and Vt.

Lake Champlain, No. 3 - Ligonier Pt. to 1:40.000 1927 Potash Bay, N. Y. and Vt.

Lake Champlain - Juniper Island to Cole Bay1:40,000 1937 , 86 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub.

173 Lake Champlain - Four Brothers Islands to 1:40.000 1939 Barber Point, N. Y.

174 Lake Champlain, No. 4 - Coles Bay to 1:40.000 1913 Whitehall, N. Y. and Vt.

Lake Champlain - Barber Point, N. Y. to 1:40.000 1939 Whitehall, N. Y.

179 Burlington Harbor, Vt. 1:10.000 1913

175 Chart No. 179 changed to No. 175 Burlington Harbor, Vt. 1:10.000 1939

180 New York State Barge Canal System - 1:21.120 1949 Recreational Craft booklet - Barge Canal System east of Lyons, N. Y., including the Erie, Champlain, Oswego, and Cayuga-Seneca Canals - 60 charts - 11" x 17"

New York State Barge Canal System - 1:20.000 1967 Not classed solely as a Recreational Craft Chart because it is the only chart coverage of the Canal System. Depicts the Barge Canal System east of Lyons, N.Y., including the Erie, Champlain, Oswego, and Cayuga-Seneca Canals - Contains 61 charts - 11" x 17%"

181 New York Canals No. 1 r Champlain Canal, 1:40.000 1927 Whitehall to Waterford

New York Canals - Champlain Canal from 1:40.000 1939 Whitehall, N. Y., to Troy, N. Y.

New York State Barge Canal System - 1:40.000 1963 Champlain Canal from Troy, N. Y., to Whitehall, N. Y.

Chart No. 181 discontinued 1967

182 New York Canals No. 2 - Erie Canal‘from 1:40.000 1927 Waterford to Amsterdam

New York Canals - Erie Canal from Troy, 1:40.000 1939 N. Y. to Amsterdam, N. Y. and Champlain Canal from Troy, N. Y., to Stillwater, N.Y.

Chart No. 182 discontinued 1955

183 New York Canals No. 3 - Erie Canal from 1:40.000 1927 Amsterdam to Utica, N..Y. 87 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub.

183 Chart No. 183 discontinued 1958

184 New York Canals No. 4 - Oneida Lake, N. Y. 1:40.000 1913

New York Canals No. 4 - Lock 22 to Look 1:40,000 1927 23. including Oneida Lake, N. Y.

New York State Barge Canal System - Lock 1:40.000 1963 22 to Look 23, including Oneida Lake, N. Y.

185 New Yerk Canals No. 5 - Erie Canal from 1:40.000 1917 Brewerton to Cross Lake and to Syracuse. and Oswego Canal

New York Canals - Erie Canal from Lock 23 1:40.000 1939 to Cross Lake, N. Y., and Oswego River to Lake Ontario. including Oswego, N. Y., and Onondaga Lake

Chart No. 185 discontinued 1955 186 New York Canals No. 6 - Erie Canal from 1:40.000 1917 1 mile west of Cross Lake to Lyons, and Cayuga and Seneca Canal to Cayuga and Seneca Lakes

New York Canals - Erie Canal from west of 1:40.000 1935 Cross Lake to Lyons, and Cayuga and Seneca Canal to Cayuga and Seneca Lake, N. Y.

New York Canals - Erie Canal from Nichol- 1:40.000 1939 son Island, N.Y., to Lyons, N.Y., and Cayuga and Seneca Canal to Cayuga and Seneca Lakes. N.Y.

New York Canals - Erie Canal from Nichole 1:40.000 1949 son Island, N.Y. to Lyons, N.Y., and Cayuga and Seneca Canal to Cayuga and Seneca Lakes Insets: Entrance to Canal on Seneca Lake 1:10.000 Geneva, N. Y. 1:10.000

Chart No. 186 discontinued 1958

187 New York Canals No. 7 - Cayuga and Seneca 1:60.000 1927 Lakes, N. Y.

New York Canals - Cayuga and Seneca Lakes 1:60.000 1949 Insets: Watkins Glen, N. Y. 1:10.000 Ithaca, N. Y. 1:10.000 88 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub.

187 New York State Barge Canal System - Cayuga 1:60.000 1963 ‘ and Seneca Lakes, N. Y. Insets: Watkins Glen, N. Y. 1:10.000 Ithaca. N. Y. 1:10.000

LAKE ONTARIO AND LOWER NIAGARA RIVER

Chart Locality Scale Dates NO. mbe

2 Lake Ontario 1:400,000 1877

Lake Ontario - the whole lake (color) 1:400.000 1903

21 Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 1 - Stony 1:80.000 1877 Point and South Bay to Clayton, N. Y.

Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 1 - from 1:80.000 1903 Stony Point to Kingston and to Nut Island. Canada (color)

Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 1 - from 1:80.000 1907 Wolf Is. light, N.Y.. and Burnt Is. light, Ont., to Stony Point, N.Y.. and Pt. Pleasant, Ont.

Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 1 - Round 1:80.000 1909 Island. near Clayton. to Stony Point, N.Y.. and South Bay Point light, Ont.

Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 1 - Grind- 1:80.000 1927 stone Is., St. Lawrence River, to Stony Pt., N. Y., and to Prince Edward Pt. and Pt. Pleasant. Ont.

Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 1 - Howe 1:80.000 1937 Island and Clayton to 6 miles south of Stony Point, N.Y., and to Prince Edward Peint and Point Pleasant, Ont.

Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 1 - Clayton, 1:80.000 1939 N.Y. and Kingston, Ont. to Stony Pt., N.Y., and False Duck Islands. Ont.

22 Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 2 - Stony Pt. 1:80.000 1878 to Little Sodus Bay

Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 2 - from Fair 1:80.000 1903 Haven to Stony Point (color) 89 Chart Locality Scale Dates NO. Pub.

22 Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 2 - from 1:80.000 1907 Stony Point to Little Sodus Bay, N.Y.

Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 2 - Stony Pt. 1:80.000 1909 to Little Sodus Bay, N.Y. Inset: Oswego Harbor, N.Y. 1:8,000

Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 2 - 6 miles 1:80.000 193? south of Stony Point to Port Bay (no inset)

Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 2 - 6 miles 1:80.000 1939 south of Stony Point. N.Y. to 8 miles west of Little Sodus Bay, N.Y.

Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 2 - 6 miles 1:80.000 1944 south of Stony Point, N.Y., to 8 miles west of Little Sodus Bay, N.Y. Inset: Little Sodus Bay. N.Y. 1:15,000

Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 2 - 6 miles 1:80.000 1963 south of Stony Point, N.Y., to 8 miles west of Little Sodus Bay, N.Y. Insets: Little Sodus Bay, N. Y. 1:15.000 North and, N. Y. 1:20.000

23 Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 3 - Big Sodus 1:80.000 1878 Bay to Genesee River

Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 3 - from 1:80.000 1900 Charlotte to Black Creek. near Fair Haven, Little Sodus Bay

Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 3 - Little 1:80.000 1907 Sodus Bay to Charlotte. N. Y.

Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 3 - Port Bay 1:80.000 1937 Rochester Harbor

Lake Ontario Coast Chart N0. 3 - 8 miles 1:80.000 1939 east of Sodus Bay. N.Y. to Rochester Harbor. N.Y.

Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 3 - Port Bay 1:80.000 1963 to Long Pond, N.Y.

24 Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 4 - Charlotte 1:80.000 1878 to Thirty Mile Point, N.Y.

Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 4 - Charlotte 1:80.000 1907 to Thirty Mile Point, N. Y. (color) 9O

Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub.

24 Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 4 - Braddock 1:80.000 1935 Point to Thirty Mile Point, N. Y.

Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 4 - Long Pond 1:80.000 1963 to Thirty Mile Point. N. Y. Inset: Oak Orchard Harbor, N. Y. 1:10.000

25 Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 5 - Thirty 1:80.000 1878 Mile Point to Port Dalhousie

Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 5 - Thirty 1:80.000 190? Mile Point. N.Y., to 5 miles west of Port Dalhousie, Ont.

Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 5 - Thirty 1:80.000 1927 Mile Point, N.Y., to 5 miles west of Port Dalhousie, Ont., including lower Niagara River

Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 5 - Thirty 1:80.000 1935 Mile Point. N.Y., to 5 miles west of Port Dalhousie, Ont.. including lower Welland Canal

Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 5 - Thirty 1:80.000 1944 Mile Point, N.Y.. to Port Dalhousie, Ont., including lower Welland Canal Inset: Olcott, N. Y. 1:10.000

Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 5 - Thirty 1:80.000 1958 Mile Point, N.Y., to Pert Dalhousie, Ont., including lower Welland Canal Insets: Olcott, N. Y. 1:10.000 Wilson, N. Y. 1:10.000

211 East End of Lake Ontario, including 1:30.000 1945 Chaumont, Henderson, Black River Bays and Sockets Harbor Inset: Sackets Harbor 1:5,000

East End of Lake Ontario, including 1:30.000 1969 Chaumont, Henderson, and Black River Bays, N.Y. Insets: Sackets Harbor 1:5,000 Henderson Harbor 1:10.000

225 Oswego Harbor, N. Y. (color) 1:8,000 1903

Chart No. 225 discontinued - now inset to N0. 22 1913

Chart No. 225 reinstated - Oswego, N. Y. 1:10.000 1937

Oswego Harbor. N. Y. 1:10.000 1949 91

Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub.

227 Little Sodus Bay, N. Y. (color) 1:8,000 1903

Chart No. 227 discontinued 1944

234 Great Sodus Bay, N. Y. (color) 1:10.000 1903

241 Charlotte Harbor. N. Y. (color) 1:5,000 1903

Rochester (Charlotte) Harbor. N..Y., 1:10.000 1927 including Genesee River to head of navigation

Rochester Harbor, N.Y., including Genesee 1:10.000 1939 River to head of navigation

238 Chart No. 241 changed to No. 238 1941

256 Lower Niagara River from.Niagara 1:30.000 1909 Falls to Lake Ontario

Chart of Niagara Falls - see Chart No. 311

LAKE ERIE, NIAGARA RIVER, DETROIT RIVER, LAKE ST. CLAIR, AND ST. CLAIR RIVER

Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub.

3 Lake Erie 1:400,000 1852

Lake Erie (color) 1:400,000 1903

Lake Erie - the whole lake. and waterways 1:400,000 1909 from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron

Early chart: West end Lake Erie 1:120,000 1852 Discontinued 1900

Early chart: Kelley's and Bass Islands 1:50.000 1852 Discontinued 1900

31 Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 1 - Dunkirk to 1:80.000 1880 Niagara Falls and to Morgan's Peint, Canada 92

Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub.

31 Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 1 - Niagara 1:80.000 1907 Falls to Dunkirk N.Y., and to Morgan's Point, Ont. (color)

Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 1 - Niagara 1:80.000 1927 Falls to Dunkirk, N.Y., and to Morgan's Pt., Ont. Inset: Dunkirk, N. Y. 1:12,000

Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 1 - Morgan's 1:80.000 1935 Pt., Ont. to Sturgeon Point, N.Y., including Niagara River and Welland Canal (no inset)

Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 1 - East End of 1:80.000 1949 Lake Erie, Morgan's Point, Ont. to Sturgeons Point, N.Y., including Niagara River and Welland Canal

32 Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 2 - 5 miles east 1:80.000 1879 of Erie to Dunkirk, N. Y.

Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 2 - Dunkirk. 1:80.000 1907 N.Y. to Erie, Pa. (color)

Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 2 - Sturgeon 1:80,000 1935 Pt., N.Y. to 13 miles east of Erie, Pa. Inset: Dunkirk. N.Y. 1:15.000

Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 2 - Sturgeon 1:80.000 1963 Pt., N.Y. to 20 Mile Creek. Pa. Insets: Dunkirk Harbor. N.Y. 1:15.000 Barcelona Harbor, 1:5,000

33 Lake Erie Coast Chart N0. 3 - Erie to 1:80.000 1879 Conneaut and Long Point

Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 3 - from 1:80.000 1903 Conneaut River to 5% miles east of Erie (color)

Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 3 - 13 miles 1:80,000 1935 east of Erie. Pa., to 7 miles west of Conneaut, Ohio Inset: Conneaut. Ohio 1:10.000

34 Lake Erie Coast Chart N01 4 - Conneaut to 1:80.000 1879 Fairport

Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 4 - Chagrin 1:80.000 1907 River to east boundary of Ohio (color) 93

Chart Locality Scale Dates NO. PUbe

34 Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 4 - east 1:80.000 1913 boundary of Ohio to Chagrin River, Ohio Inset: Conneaut, Ohio 1:8,000

Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 4 - Conneaut to 1:80.000 1927 Chagrin River, Ohio Inset: Conneaut, Ohio 1:8,000

Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 4 - 8 miles 1:80.000 1935 east of Ashtabula to 12 miles west of Fairport, Ohio (no inset)

Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 4 - 8 miles 1:80.000 1939 east of Ashtabula, Ohio. to 15 miles west of Fairport. Ohio Inset: Mentor Harbor, Ohio 1:10.000

Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 4 - Ashtabula, 1:80,000 1969 Ohio to Chagrin River, Ohio Insets: Mentor Harbor, Ohio 1:10.000 Chagrin River, Ohio 1:10.000

35 Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 5 - vicinity of 1:80.000 1880 Fairport to Vermilion

Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 5 - from 1:80.000 1903 Vermilion to Chagrin River (color)

Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 5 - Chagrin 1:80.000 1927 River to vermilion, Ohio Inset: Vermilion, Ohio 1:12.000

Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 5 - 12 miles 1:80.000 193? east of Cleveland to Vermilion Inset: Vermilion. Ohio 1:10.000

Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 5 - 12 miles 1:80,000 1939 east of Cleveland, Ohio to Vermilion, Ohio Insets: vermilion. Ohio 1:10.000 Rocky River, Ohio 1:10.000 Avon Basin, Ohio 135.000

Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 5 - 12 miles 1:80.000 1949 east of Cleveland, Ohio. to Vermilion, Ohio Insets: vermilion, Ohio 1:10.000 Rocky River, Ohio

Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 5 - Moss Point 1:80.000 1960 to Vermilion, Ohio Insets: vermilion, Ohio 1:10.000 Rocky River, Ohio 1:10.000 94

Chart Locality Scale Dates N0. Pub.

35 Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 5 - Moss Point 1:80.000 1967 to Vermilion, Ohio Insets: vermilion, Ohio 1:10.000 Rocky River, Ohio 1:10.000 Beaver Creek, Ohio 1:5.000

36 Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 6 - Vermilion 1:80.000 1879 to Port Clinton and Point Pelee to Vicinity of Detroit River

Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 6 - Vermilion, 1:80.000 1907 Ohio to Port Clinton. Ohio. and Point Pelee to Colchester, Ont., including the islands (color)

Chart No. 36 discontinued - replaced by No. 39 1969

37 Lake Erie Coast Chart N0. 7 - Port Clinton 1:80.000 1881 to Toledo and Detroit River

Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 7 - Colchester, 1:80.000 1900 Canada to Port Clinton

Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 7 - West end of 1:80.000 1907 lake from Port Clinton, Ohio, to Colchester, Ont. (color)

Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 7 - West end of 1:80.000 1937 lake, west of Port Clinton, Ohio, and Colchester, Ont. Inset: Port Clinton, Ohio 1:10.000

Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 7 - Port Clinton.1:80.000 1953 Ohio, and Colchester, Ont., to mouth of Detroit River Inset: Port Clinton. Ohio 1:10.000

Chart No. 37 discontinued - replaced by No. 39 1969

39 Lake Erie Coast Chart - West end of Lake 1:100,000 1953 Erie, from Pelee Point, Ont.. and Sandusky, Ohio to mouth of Detroit River

Lake Erie Coast Chart - West end of Lake 1:100,000 1963 Erie, including the Islands

Lake Erie Coast Chart - Point Pelee, Ont.. 1:100,000 1969 to West end of Lake Erie, including the islands Insets: Port Clinton Harbor, Ohio 1:15.000 Monroe Harbor, Mich. 1:20.000 95

Chart Locality Scale Dates N0. Pub.

311 Niagara Falls 1:10.000 1876

Niagara Falls (black and white) 1:20.000 1900

Chart No. 311 discontinued 1913

312 Buffalo Harbor 1:30.000 1857

Buffalo Harbor and Niagara River to the 1:30.000 1903 Falls (color)

Name changed: Upper Niagara River - Niagara Falls to 1:30.000 1927 Buffalo Harbor. N. Y.

314 Buffalo Harbor, N.Y. - including Black 1:15.000 1927 Rock Canal

318 Dunkirk Harbor, N. Y. (color) 1:8,000 1903

Chart No. 318 discontinued - now inset to No. 31 1927

332 Erie Harbor and Presqu'Ile. Pa. 1:8.000 1900

Erie Harbor and Presqu'Ile. Pa. (color) 1:15.000 1903

Erie Harbor and Presque Isle. Pa. 1:15.000 1907

335 Conneaut Harbor, Ohio (Color) 1:5,000 1903

Chart No. 335 discontinued - now inset to No. 34 1913

342 Ashtabula Harbor, Ohio (color) 1:5,000 1903

346 Fairport Harbor. Ohio (color) 1:8,000 1903

354 Cleveland Harbor, Ohio. and Cuyahoga 1:12.000 1903 River, Ohio (color)

Cleveland Harbor, Ohio - including 1:15,000 1917 Cuyahoga River

Cleveland Harbor. Ohio - including 1:10.000 1949 Cuyahoga River

357 Lorain Harbor, Ohio 1:8,000 1903

Lorain Harbor, Ohio (color) 1:8,000 1907

Lorain Harbor, Ohio 1:10.000 1944 96

Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub.

360 Lake Erie Recreational Craft Chart - various 1967 South Shore of Lake Erie - shows the shore line and adjacent waters from Cedar Point, near Sandusky, Ohio. to and including Port Clinton, Ohio; the United States islands in the vicinity; and Sandusky Bay and River to Fremont, Ohio. Scales vary. with large scale insets of harbors, such as Put-in-Bay on South Bass Island. Contains 35 charts - 11" x 17%"

363 Huron Harbor, Ohio (color) , 1:5,000 1907

364 Islands in Lake Erie - including Sandusky 1:40.000 1913 Bay, Ohio

Islands in Lake Erie- including Sandusky 1:40.000 1953 Bay, Ohio Inset: Put—in-Bay, Ohio 1:10.000

365 Sandusky Bay, Ohio 1:20.000 1874

Sandusky Bay, Ohio (color) 1:20.000 1903

Chart No. 365 discontinued - included on No. 364 1913

Chart No. 365 reinstated Sandusky Harbor, Ohio 1:10.000 1927

370 Lake Erie Recreational Craft Chart - various 1963 West End of Lake Erie - a loose leaf style volume of large scale charts showing the coast of Lake Erie from Toledo Harbor, Ohio, to the mouth of the Detroit River and including the Maumee River from Perrysburg to Maumee Bay.

Lake Erie Recreational Craft Chart - 15:000 1967 West End of Lake Erie - shows the shore line and adjacent waters from Port Clinton, Ohio to Toledo, Ohio, and thence to mouth of Detroit River, including Portage River to Oak Harbor. Ohio, and the Maumee River to Perrysburg, Ohio. Scale 1:15.000, with insets on larger scales. Contains 34 charts - 11" x 17%"

374 Maumee Bay 1:30.000 1858

Maumee Bay and Maumee River, including 1:30.000 1903 city of Toledo. Ohio (color)

Maumee Bay and Maumee River, including 1:25.000 1907 City of Toledo, Ohio 97

Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub.

374 Maumee Bay and Maumee River. including 1:30.000 1927 city of Toledo, Ohio

Name Changed: Toledo Harbor, Ohio - Maumee Bay and lower 1:30.000 1935 Maumee River

Toledo Harbor, Ohio - Maumee Bay and lower 1:20.000 1937 Maumee River Inset: Entrance Channel to harbor 1:40.000

Toledo Harbor, Ohio - Lower Maumee River, 1:20.000 1969 Maumee Bay, and Ottawa River Inset: Entrance Channel to harbor 1:40.000 376 Monroe Harbor, Mich. 1:20.000. 1937

Chart No. 376 discontinued - replaced by No. 39 1969

41 Detroit River - from Windmill Point Light 1:40.000 1876 House to Detroit River Light House

Detroit River - Windmill Point Light House 1:40.000 1903 to Detroit River Light House (color)

Detroit River - Detroit River lighthouse 1:40.000 1909 to Windmill Point lighthouse Inset: Lower Detroit River - Ballards 1:25.000 Reef to below Detroit River

Detroit River - Detroit River light to 1:40.000 1913 windmill Point light (no inset)

Detroit River - Detroit River Light to 1:40.000 1927 windmill Point Light Inset: Lower Detroit River - Ballards 1:25.000 Reef to below Detroit River Light

Detroit River - Detroit River Light to 1:40.000 1935 windmill Point Light Insets: Lower Detroit River 1:25.000 Trenton Channel 1:20.000

Detroit River - 3 miles south of Detroit 1:30.000 1937 River Light to Windmill Point, Mich. (no insets)

4180 Detroit River - Small Craft Chart - 1:40.000 1970 folded to 6' x 1239' 98

Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub.

400 Detroit River Recreational Craft Chart - various 1962 Detroit River, Lake St. Clair, and St. Clair River - a loose leaf style volume of large scale charts showing the Detroit River, St. Clair, and the St. Clair River. The chart covers the waterway from Lake Erie to Lake Huron.

Detroit River Recreational Craft Chart - 15:000 1967 Detroit River. Lake St. Clair, and St. Clair River - shows the connecting waterway from Lake Erie to Lake Huron and includes the Trenton Channel, Rouge River, and Clinton River to Mt. Clemens. Mich. Contains 47 charts - 11" x 17%"

412 Trenton Channel and approaches thereto 1:15.000 1960 Inset: Rouge River - Detroit River to 1:10.000 Ford Motor Company

416 Head of Detroit River - Third Street to 1:30.000 1960 and including Grosse Point Channel and adjacent shores. Lake St. Clair

Head of Detroit River - Third Street to 1:30.000 1935 Gaukler Point, Lake St. Clair

Chart No. 416 discontinued 1967

415 Rouge River. Mich. - Detroit River to Ford 1:10.000 1927 Motor Company Plant

Chart No. 415 discontinued - now inset to No. 412 1963

411 Lower Detroit River - Ballards Reef to 1:25.000 1913 below Detroit River light

Chart No. 411 discontinued - now inset on No. 41 1927

Early chart: Mouth of Detroit River 1:20.000 1874 Discontinued 1900

42 Lake Saint Clair - from Woodtick Island, 1:50.000 1874 St. Clair River, to Windmill Point Light House

Lake Saint Clair - from Woodtick Island, 1:50.000 1903 St. Clair River. to Windmill Pt. Lighthouse (color) 99

Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub.

42 Lake St. Clair - Windmill Pt., Mich., to 1:60.000 1937 Woodtick Island, St. Clair River

Lake St. Clair - the entire lake including 1:60.000 1949 St. Clair River to Woodtick Island

Lake St. Clair - the entire lake including 1:60.000 1960 St. Clair River to Woodtick Island Inset: Mouth of Clinton River 1:30.000

Lake St. Clair - the entire lake including 1:60.000 1967 St. Clair River to Fawn Island

42 SC Lake St. Clair - Small Craft Chart - 1:80.000 1969 folded to 6" x 12%”

43 St. Clair River - from Fort Gratiot Light 1:40.000 1872 to Baby's Point

St. Clair River - including St. Clair 1:40.000 1907 Flats and foot of Lake Huron (color) Insets: Vicinity of Marine City 1:16.000 Shoals in vicinity of St. Clair 1:16.000 Russell Island Shoal including 1:16.000 Algonac and Grand Point, Mich.

St. Clair River - including St. Clair 1:40.000 1917 Flats and foot of Lake Huron Insets: Vicinity of Marine City 1:16,000 Vicinity of St. Clair 1:16.000 Russell Island and Algonac 1:16.000

St. Clair River - including St. Clair 1:40.000 1935 Flats and foot of Lake Huron Inset: Head of St. Clair River 1:16.000

St. Clair River - including St. Clair 1:40.000 1939 Flats and foot of Lake Huron Inset: Head of St. Clair River 1:15.000

Early chart: Saint Clair Flats 1:32.000 1857 Discontinued 1900 100

LAKE HURON. STRAITS OF MACKINAC, AND ST. MARYS RIVER

Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub.

5 Lake Huron 1:400,000 1860

Lake Huron and Georgian Bay (color) 1:400.000 1907

Lake Huron - the whole lake, Georgian Bay. 1:500,000 1937 and North Channel

51 Lake Huron Coast Chart N0. 1 - Head of St. 1:120,000 1913 Clair River to Harbor Beach, Mich., and Port Albert, Ont. Inset: Harbor Beach. Mich 1:8.000

Inset removed to No. 52 1927

Lake Huron Coast Chart No. 1 - Head of St. 1:120,000 1937 Clair River to Pt. aux Barques and to Port

Albert ’ onto Inset: Harbor Beach 1:10.000

Lake Huron Coast Chart No. 1 - Head of St. 1:120,000 1953 Clair River to Pt. aux Barques and to Port Albert, Ont. Insets: Harbor Beach 1:10.000 Port Sanilac, Mich. 1:5,000

52 Saginaw Bay. Mich. - from Sable Point to 1:120,000 1860 Richmondville

Lake Huron Coast Chart No. 2 - Saginaw Bay 1:120,000 1907 from Richmondville, Mich., to Au Sable Point (color)

Lake Huron Coast Chart No. 2 - Richmond- 1:120.000 1927 ville to Au Sable Point, Mich. including Saginaw Bay Inset: Harbor Beach. Mich. 1:8.000

Lake Huron Coast Chart No. 2 - Pt. Aux 1:120,000 1937 Barques, Mich., to 11 miles north of Oscoda, Mich., including Saginaw Bay Inset: Tawas Harbor 1:30.000 101

Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub.

52 Lake Huron Coast Chart No. 2 - Pt. Aux 1:120.000 1941 Barques, Mich., to 11 miles north of Oscoda, Mich., including Saginaw Bay Insets: Tawas Harbor 1:30.000 Entrance to An Sable River, Mich. 1:10.000

Lake Huron Coast Chart No. 2 - Pte. Aux 1:120,000 1963 Barques, Mich., to 11 miles north of Oscoda, Michl. including Saginaw Bay Insets: Tawas Harbor. Mich. 1:30.000 Entrance to Au Sable River, Mich. 1:10.000 Port Austin, Mich. 1:10.000

Lake Huron Coast Chart No. 2 - Pte. Aux 1:120.000 1967 Barques, Mich., to 11 miles north of Oscoda, Mich., including Saginaw Bay Insets: Tawas Harbor. Mich. 1:30.000 Entrance to Au Sable River. Mich. 1:10.000 Port Austin, Mich. 1:10.000 Caseville, Mich. 1:10.000 Sebewaing, Mich. 1:20.000

53 South End Lake Huron - from near Cape 1:120,000 1861 Ipperwash, Canada to Forestville, Mich.

South End Lake Huron - from near Cape 1:120,000 1907 Ipperwash, Ont.. to Forestville, Mich. Inset: Head of St. Clair River 1:16,000

Lake Huron Coast Chart No. 3 - South End - 1:120,000 1909 Harbor Beach, Mich. . and Port Albert, Ont. , to head of St. Clair River (color) Inset: Goderich Harbor, Ont. 1:10.000

Lake Huron Coast Chart No. 3 - Tawas 1:120,000 1913 Harbor to Rogers, Mich. Insets: Tawas Harbor, Mich. 1:24.000 Alpena, Mich. 1:15.000 Rogers and Calcite, Mich. 1:8,000

Lake Huron Coast Chart No. 3 - 13 miles 1:120,000 1937 south of Sturgeon Point to Forty Mile Point and north to Great Duck Island Insets: Alpena, Mich. 1 1 Rogers and Calcite, Mich. 1:2 102 Dates Chart Locality Scale N°' Pub.

53 Lake Huron Coast Chart No. 3 - 6 miles 1:120,000 1963 north of Oscoda, Mich., to Forty Mile Point Light, Mich., including Great Duck Island, Ont. Insets: Alpena, Mich. 1:15.000 Rogers City and Calcite, Mich. 1:20.000 Harrisville Harbor. Mich. 1:8,000 54 Lake Huron Coast Chart No. 4 - North coast 1:120,000 1913 of Lake Huron from Scammon Cove to Lougheed Point, Ont., and North Channel from Sulpher Island to Little Detroit, Ont. Insets: Serpent Harbor. Ont. 1:30.000 Little Detroit. Ont. 1:8,000

Chart No. 54 discontinued 1913

55 Lake Huron Coast Chart No. 5 - Southern 1:120,000 1907 portion of Georgian Bay from Parry Island, Ont., to Cape Hurd, and east coast of Lake Huron thence to Pert Elgin, Ont. (color) Insets: Penetanguishene Harbor :40,000 Southampton Harbor. Ont. 24,000 Owen Sound, Ont. -16,000

Lions Head. Ont. 10 9 000 Midland, Ont. 1O .000

Chart No. 55 discontinued 1913

56 Lake Huron Coast Chart N0. 6 - Northeast 1:120,000 1907 coast of Georgian Bay, from Killarney Harbor to Perry Island, Ont. (color) Insets: French River. Ont. 1 Depot Harbor, Out. 1 Alexander and Charles Inlets 1: Point au Basil Harbor, Ont. 1 Bying Inlet and approaches 1

Chart No. 56 discontinued 1913

57 Lake Huron Coast Chart No. 7 - Northeast 1:120,000 1903 coast of Lake Huron from Cape Hurd to Lougheed Peint including entrance to Georgian Bay and eastern end of North Channel 102

Chart Locality Scale Dates "0. Rib.

57 Lake Huron Coast Chart No. 7 - Northeast 1:120,000 1907 coast of Lake Huron, from Lougheed Point, Ont., to Cape Hurd, including eastern end of North Channel and entrance to Georgian Bay Insets: Rattlesnake Harbor 1:24.000 Tobermory Harbor 1:24.000 Club Harbor 1:24.000 South Baymouth Harbor 1:24.000 Killarney Harbor 1:24.000 Little Current, Ont. 1:24.000

Chart No. 57 discontinued 1909

58 Lake Huron Coast Chart No. 8 - North coast 1:120,000 1903 of Lake Huron from Lougheed Point to Scammon Cove and North Channel from Darch Island to Sulpher Island

Lake Huron Coast Chart No. 8 - North Coast 1:120,000 1907 of Lake Huron from Big Shoal Cove, Ont., to Lougheed Point; and North Channel from Sulpher Island to Darch Island, Ont. Insets: Serpent Harbor, Ont. 1:30.000 Little Detroit, Ont. 1:8,000

Chart No. 58 discontinued 1913

511 South End of Lake Huron - 1 mile north of 1:15.000 1953 Lakeport, Mich., to and including Head of St. Clair River

513 Presqu'Ile and Middle Island 1:40.000 1860

Presque Isle, False Presque Isle, and 1:40.000 1907 Middle Island, Mich. (color)

No. 513 changed to No. 537 537 Presque Isle, False Presque Isle, and 1:40.000 1913 Middle Island. Mich. - Morris Bay to North Bay, Mich.

Presque Isle and Rockport Harbors — 1:60.000 1935 Thunder Bay Island to Presque Isle. Mich. Insets: Rockport, Mich. 1:10.000 Presque Isle Harbor. Mich. 1:15.000

Thunder Bay Island to Presque Isle, Mich. 1:60.000 1960 Insets: Rockport . Mich. 1 :10 .000 Presque Isle Harbor, Mich. 1:15.000 Stoneport Harbor, Mich. 1:10.000 103

Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub.

537 Thunder Bay Island to Presque Isle, Mich. 1:60.000 1969 Insets: Stoneport Harbor, Mich. 1:10.000 Presque Isle Harbor, Mich. 1:15.000

515 Thunder Bay 1:40.000 1860

Thunder Bay (color) 1:40.000 1907

535 No. 515 changed to N0. 535 - Thunder Bay 1:40.000 1913

Thunder Bay - Black River to Morris Bay, 1:40.000 1927 Mich.

Chart No. 535 discontinued 1935

522 Tawas Harbor 1:16.000 1857

Tawas Harbor (color) 1:16.000 1907

Chart No. 522 discontinued 1917

524 Saginaw River, Mich. - from Mouth to West 1:10.000 1857 Bay City

Saginaw River, Mich. - Month to Bay City 1:15.000 1909

Saginaw River, Mich. - entire river and 1:30.000 1927 approach in Saginaw Bay

Saginaw River, Mich. - entire river and 1:20.000 1937 entrance channel in Saginaw Bay

528 Sand Beach Harbor of Refuge, Mich. 1:8.000 1876

Sand Beach Harbor of Refuge, Mich. (color) 1:8.000 1907

Chart No. 528 discontinued 1913

6 Straits of Mackinac - from Hay Point and 1:120,000 1856 Detour Passage to Hat Island, Lake Michigan

Straits of Mackinac - Detour Passage, Lake 1:120,000 1903 Huron, to Hat Island, Lake Michigan (color)

Straits of Mackinac - False Detour Channel 1:120,000 1913 and Presque Isle, Lake Huron, to Point Epoufette and Charlevoix, Lake Michigan Inset: Rogers and Calcite. Mich. 1:18.000 104

Chart Locality Scale Dates NO. mb.

6 Straits of Mackinac - False Detour and 1:120,000 1927 Presque Isle, Lake Huron, to Point Epoufette and Charlevoix. Lake Michigan (no inset)

Straits of Mackinac - False Detour and 1:120,000 1935 Presque Isle, Lake Huron, to Point Epoufette and Charlevoix. Lake Michigan Inset: Round Island Passage 1:10.000

Straits of Mackinac - False Detour Channel 1:120.000 1949 and Presque Isle, Mich., to Point Epoufette, Michigan, and Little Traverse Bay, Michigan (no inset)

60 Les Cheneaux Islands - including Mackinac 1:40.000 1907 and Round Islands (color)

Les Cheneaux Islands - Beaver Tail Point, 1:40.000 1927 to Big St. Martin, Mackinac, and Round Islands

Les Cheneaux Islands - Beaver Tail and St. 1:40.000 1935 Martin Reefs to St. Martin, Mackinac, and Round Islands

Les Cheneaux Islands - Martin Reef to St. 1:40.000 1939 Ignace, including Les Cheneaux Islands and Round Island Passage

Coast Chart - De Tour Passage to 1:80.000 1944 Waugoshance Point, Mich. Insets: Cheboygan. Mich. 1:15.000 Mackinac Island, Mich. 1:10.000 Mackinaw City, Mich. 1:15.000 St. Ignace, Mich. 1:15.000

Coast Chart - De Tour Passage to 1:80.000 1967 Waugoshance Point. Mich. Insets: Cheboygan. Mich. 1:15.000 Mackinac Island, Mich. 1:10.000 Mackinaw City, Mich. 1:15.000 Hammond Bay Harbor, Mich. 1:10.000

Early chart: River Ste. Marie No. 1- Point Iroquois 1:40.000 1858 to Middle Neebish Discontinued 1903 105

Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub.

Early chart: River Ste. Marie No. 2 - Middle Neebish 1:40.000 1858 to Hay Point, Discontinued 1903

Early chart: St. Marys River (one sheet) (color) 1:80.000 1903 Discontinued 1907

Early chart: East Neebish Rapids 1315.000 1359 Discontinued 1903

61 St. Marys River No. 1 - Lake Huron to 1:40.000 1903 Twin Islands (color)

St. Marys River - Lake Huron to Lake 1:40.000 1939 Munuscong, including Potagannissing Bay

St. Marys River - overprinted with a radar- 1955 scope image visible under black light

St. Marys River - Lake Huron to Lake 1:40.000 1963 Munuscong, including Potagannissing Bay (radarscope image not mentioned)

62 St. Marys River No. 2 - Twin Island 1:40.000 1898 to Sault Ste. Marie (color)

St. Marys River - Lake Munuscong to Sault 1:40.000 1939 Ste. Marie. including Lake George

St. Marys River - overprinted with a radar- 1955 scope image visible under black light

St. Marys River - Lake Munuscong to Sault 1:40.000 1963 Ste. Marie, including Lake George (radarscope image not mentioned)

63 St. Marys River No. 3 - from Head of Bay 1:40.000 1896 Lake to White Fish Bay (color)

St. Marys River - Head of Hay Lake to 1:40.000 1927 Whitefish Bay Inset: Sault Ste. Marie 1:20.000

St. Marys River - overprinted with a radar- 1955 scope image visible under black light 106

Chart Locality Scale Dates N0. Pub.

63 St. Marys River - Head of Lake Nicolet to 1:40.000 1963 Whitefish Bay Inset: Sault Ste. Marie 1:20.000 (radarscope image not mentioned)

64 St. Joseph Channel and Western End of 1:40.000 1907 North Channel - from Shoal Island light to Sulpher Island light, Ont. Inset: Wilson Channel, Ont. 1:12.000

Chart No. 64 discontinued 1913

65 East Entrance of South Channel - including 1:15,000 1935 Cheboygan Harbor, Mich.

East Entrance of South Channel, Straits of 1:15.000 1939 Mackinac, including Cheboygan Harbor, Mich.

Chart No. 65 discontinued 1945

66 Inland Route. Mich. 1:40.000 1917 Inset: Cheboygan, Mich. 1:15.000

Inland Route. Mich. - Cheboygan, Mich. to 1:40.000 1927 Little Traverse Bay, including Petoskey and Harbor Springs Inset: Cheboygan Harbor, Mich. 1:15.000

Inland Route, Mich. - Cheboygan. Mich. to 1:40.000 1945 Little Traverse Bay Inset: Cheboygan Harbor, Mich. 1:15.000

Chart No. 66 replaced by No. 660 1960

67 Cheboygan Harbor and Approaches 1:12.000 1909

Chart No. 67 discontinued - now inset to No. 66

601 Les Cheneaux Islands, Mich. 1:20.000 1939

660 Inland Route. Mich. - Recreational Craft 1:15,000 1960 Chart - a loose leaf style volume of 12 sheets which extends from Cheboygan on Lake Huron to Conway at the west end of Crooked Lake 107

Chart Locality Scale Dates NO. Pub.

660 Inland Route, Mich. - Recreational Craft 1:15.000 1967 Chart - not classed solely as a recreational craft chart because it is the only Chart coverage of the area. However, it is of the same size and format. It contains charts of the waterways from Cheboygan to Conway, Mich., including Mullett, Burt, Pickerel, and Crooked Lakes, and Crooked, Indian. Black, and Cheboygan Rivers. Contains 12 charts - 11" x 17%”

LAKE MICHIGAN

Chart Locality Scale Dates NO. PUbe

7 Lake Michigan - whole lake 1:500,000 1900

Lake Michigan - whole lake (color) 1:500.000 1903

Lake Michigan - the whole lake, including 1:500,000 1909 Green Bay

7A Lake Michigan - Submarine Training area 1:500,000 1944

Chart No. 7A discontinued 1949

7M Lake Michigan - general chart on mercator 1:500,000 1944 projection (in addition to Chart No. 7)

70 North End Lake Michigan - including 1:400.000 1867 Green Bay - from near Kewaunee, Wis. to Cheboygan, Mich.

North End Lake Michigan, including Green 1:400,000 1907 Bay - from near Kewaunee, Wis., to Portage Lake Harbor, Mich., to Cheboygan. Mich.

North End Lake Michigan, including Green 1:240,000 1909 Bay - Cheboygan, Michl. to near Kewaunee, Wis., and to Portage Lake Harbor, Mich. (color)

North End of Lake Michigan, including 1:240,000 1945 Green Bay - north of Arcadia, Mich., and Kewaunee, Wis.

North End of Lake Mich., including Green 1:240.000 1960 Bay 108

Chart Locality Scale Dates N0. Pub.

Early chart: South End Lake Michigan - Portage Lake, 1:400.000 1876 Mich., and Two Creeks near Kewaunee, Wis. Color 1907 Discontinued 1909

Early chart: Grand and Little Traverse Bays - from 1:120,000 1863 Point aux Becs Scies to Middle Village (Point Betsie to Middle Village, Mich.) 1903 Color 1903 Discontinued 1913

Early Chart: North End Green Bay - Manistique, Mich., 1:120,000 1864 to Porte des Morts Color 1907 Discontinued 1913

Early chart: South End Green Bay - St. Martin Island 1:120,000 1864 to Green Bay, Wis. Color 1907 Discontinued 1913

Early chart: Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 1 - from 1:80.000 1877 Portage to below Manitowoc Color 1907 Discontinued 19“?

Early chart: Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 2 - from 1:80.000 1877 Calvin Creek near Manitowoc to Ulao, Wis. Color 1907 Discontinued 1917

Early chart: Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 3 - Ulao to 1:80.000 1876 Kenosha, Wis. Color 1909 Discontinued 1917

Early chart: Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 4 - Kenosha 1:80.000 1877 to Chicago Color 1907 Discontinued 1917 109

Chart Locality Scale Dates N0. Pub.

Early chart: Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 5 - Chicago 1:80.000 1876 to New Buffalo, Mich. Color 1907 Discontinued 1913

Early chart: Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 6 - New 1:80,000 1876 Buffalo to South Haven, Mich. Color 1907 Discontinued 1913

Early chart: Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 7 - Lake 1:80.000 1877 Harbor to near South Haven, Mich. Color 1907 Discontinued 1913

Early chart: Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 8 - Lake 1:80.000 1878 Harbor to Ludington, Mich. Color 1907 Discontinued 1913

Early chart: Lake Michigan Coast Chart N0. 9 - 1:80.000 1878 Ludington to Point aux Becs Scies. Mich. (Point Betsie, Mich.) Color 1907 Discontinued 1913

71 Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 1 - Seul 1:120,000 1913 Choix Point, Mich., to Porte des Morts, Wis., and North End of Green Bay Insets: Nahma, Mich. 1:15.000 Cedar River. Mich. 1:16.000

Inset of Cedar River discontinued 1935

Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 1 - Seul 1:120,000 1937 Choix Point, Mich., to Porte des Morts, Wis., and North End of Green Bay Inset: Manistique, Mich. 1:15.000

72 Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 2 - Porte 1:120.000 1913 des Morts to Kewaunee, Wis., and South end of Green Bay 110

Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub.

72 Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 2 - Porte 1:120,000 1927 des Morts to Kewaunee, Wis., and South end of Green Bay Insets: Oconto. Mich. 1:20.000 Strawberry Channel, Wis. 1:60.000 Algoma, Wis. 1:12.000

Inset of Algoma, Wis. Changed to: 1:15.000 1937

Chart No. 72 discontinued 1939

73 Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 3 - Kewaunee 1:120.000 1917 and Port Washington, Wis., including Fox River and Lake Winnebago Insets: Kewaunee, Wis. 1:12.000. Two Rivers, Wis. 1:12.000

Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 3 - Algoma 1:120,000 1937 to 10 miles north of Port Washington, Wis. Insets: Kewaunee, Wis. 1:10.000 Two Rivers. Wis. 1:10.000

Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 3 - Algoma 1:120.000 1939 to 18 miles south of Sheboygan, Wis. Insets: Kewaunee, Wis. 1:10.000 Two Rivers, Wis. 1:10.000

74 Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 4 - Port 1:120,000 1913 Washington. Wis., to Waukegan, Ill. Insets: Port Washington, Wis. 1:10.000 Waukegan, Ill. 1:10.000

Add inset: Kenosha, Wis. 1:10.000 1937

Add inset: Oak Creek Harbor, Wis. 1:5,000 1967

75 Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 5 - Waukegan,1:120,000 1913 Ill. to South Haven, Mich. Inset: Michigan City, Ind. 1:10.000

Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 5 - South 1:120,000 1969 end of Lake Michigan from Waukegan, Ill., to South Haven, Mich. Insets: Michigan City, Ind. 1:10.000 New Buffalo Harbor, Mich. 1:10.000

76 Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 6 - South 1:120,000 1913 Haven to Benona. Mich. Insets: South Haven, Mich. 1:12.000 Saugatuck, Mich. 1:15.000 111

Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub.

76 Inset of South Haven, Mich. changed to: 1:10.000 1935

Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 6 - South 1:120,000 1967 Haven to Benona. Mich. Insets: South Haven. Mich. 1:10.000 Saugatuck, Mich. 1:15.000 Port Sheldon, Mich. 1:10.000

77 Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 7 - Benona. 1:120,000 1913 Mich. to Point Betsie, Mich. Insets: Ludington, Mich. 1:12.000 Arcadia, Mich. 1:10.000 Frankfort, Mich. 1:10.000

Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 7 - Benona. 1:120,000 192? Mich. to Point Betsie Mich. Insets: Arcadia, Mich. 1:10.000 Frankfort. Mich. 1:10.000 Pentwater, Mich. 1:12.000

Inset of Arcadia, Mich. discontinued 1935

Inset of Pentwater, Mich. changed to: 1:10.000 1937

Add inset: Arcadia, Mich. 1:10.000 1967

78 Lake Michigan Coast Chart N0. 8 - Frank- 1:120,000 1913 fort to Charlevoix. Mich., including Grand Traverse Bay and Manitou and Fox Islands

Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 8 - Point 1:120,000 1939 Betsie, Mich., to Charlevoix. Mich., including Grand Traverse Bay and Manitou and Fox Islands Insets: Traverse Ctiy. Harbor Springs. 1:10.000 and Petoskey, Mich. Leland, Mich. 1:2,500

Chart No. 78 discontinued 1944

79 Beaver Island Group - from Manistique to 1:120,000 1882 St. Helena Shoal and Middle Village

Beaver Island Group - from St. Helena to 1:120,000 1907 Manistique and Middle Village, Mich. Inset: Beaver Harbor, Mich. 1:15.000 112

Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub.

79 Beaver Island Group - Waugoshance Point to 1:80.000 1913 Soul Choix Point and Boulder Reef, Mich.

Beaver Island Group - Waugoshance Point to 1:80.000 1927 Boulder Reef, and North Shore from Brevoort to Soul Choix Point, Mich.

Chart No. 79 discontinued

701 Lake Michigan Coast Chart - Farnsworth 1 80,000 1939 Point. Michl to 15 miles southwest of Escanaba. Mich., including Big Bay de N00 and Little Bay de Noc Inset: Manistique, Mich. 1.15.000

702 Lake Michigan Coast Chart - Green Bay 1:80.000 1939 from Point Detour to Baileys Harbor and Menominee, Mich., including Entrance to Green Bay

Add insets: Detroit Harbor, Wis. 1:20.000 1949 Jackson Harbor, Wis. 1:20.000

703 Lake Michigan Coast Chart - Green Bay 1:80.000 1939 south of Peshtigo Point and Horseshoe Point, Wis., including Sturgeon Bay Canal and coast from Jacksonport to Kewaunee, Wis. Insets: Oconto. Wis. 1:20.000 Algoma, Wis. 1:10.000

704 Lake Michigan Coast Chart - Beaver Island 1:80.000 1939 Group, Waugoshance Point, Mich., to Bowlder Reef and north shore from Brevort, Mich., to Seul Choix Point, Mich. Inset: Port Inland, Mich. 1:10.000

Add inset: St. James, Beaver Island, Mich.1:10,000 1944

Change to: St. James. Beaver Island, Mich.1:15,000 1945

705 Lake Michigan Coast Chart - Platte Bay, 1:80.000 1944 Mich., to Lake Leelanau, Mich., including the Manitou and Fox Islands Inset: Leland, Mich. 1:2,500

Add inset: South Manitou Harbor, Mich. 1:30.000 1958 113

Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub.

706 Lake Michigan Coast Chart - Grand Traverse 1:80.000 1944 Bay and Little Traverse Bay, Mich. Insets: Petoskey, Mich. 1:10.000 Harbor Springs. Mich. 1:10.000 Traverse City, Mich. 1:15.000

711 Manistique Harbor, Mich. (color) 1:5,000 1907

Manistique Harbor. Mich. 1:10.000 1927‘

Chart No. 711 discontinued 1937

715 Entrance to Green Bay - Poverty Island to 1:40.000 1909 Porte des Morts, Wis.

Entrance to Green Bay - Summer Island, 1:40.000 1927 Mich. to Porte des Morts, Wis.

Chart No. 715 discontinued 1939

718 Little Bay de Noc. Mich. - Peninsula 1:40.000 1907 Point to Bark River, Mich. (color) Insets: Escanaba Harbor 1:20.000 Gladstone Harbor 1:20.000

Add inset: Ford River, Mich. 1:20.000 1927

Inset of Ford River. Mich. discontinued 1935

Little Bay de Noc, Mich. - including 1:30.000 1937 Escanaba and Gladstone (no insets)

720 Lake Winnebago and Lower Fox River, Wis. - various 1967 Recreational Craft Chart - not classed solely as a Recreational Craft Chart because it is the only chart coverage of the area. However, it is the same size and format. It contains charts of the Lower Fox River from Green Bay to Neenah and Menasha. Wis., and Lake Winnebago, with detailed charts of Fond du Lac, Oshkosh. Neenah. Menasha. and Calumet Harbors. Contains 33 charts - 11" x Tﬂﬁ' (replaces Chart No. 726)

723 Menominee Harbor. Mi. and Marinette, Wis. 1:15.000 1907

725 Head of Green Bay, Wis. 1:30.000 1853

Head of Green Bay and Fox River below 1:25.000 1907 Depere. Wis. (color) 114

Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub.

725 Head of Green Bay, Wis. and Fox River 1:25.000 1939 below De Pere, Wis. Inset: Part of Green Bay. Wis. 1:10.000 726 Lake Winnebago, Wis. 1:60.000 1937 Fox River - De Pere, Wis. to Lake 1:30.000 Winnebago

Chart No. 726 replaced by No. 720 1967

728 Sturgeon Bay, Canal. and Harbor of Refuge, 1:25.000 1903 Wis. (color)

Sturgeon Bay, Canal. and Harbor of Refuge. 1:30.000 1909 Wis. Insets: Entrance to Canal 1:10.000 Sturgeon Bay and Sawyer 1:10.000

Inset of Entrance to Canal discontinued 1935

Sturgeon Bay and Canal, Wis. 1:30.000 1953 Inset: Sturgeon Bay, Wis. 1:10.000

734 Manitowoc Harbor, Wis. (color) 1:8,000 1907

Manitowoc Harbor. Wis. 1:10.000 1937

735 Chart No. 734 Changed to No. 735 Manitowoc Harbor, Wis., and Sheboygan 1:10.000 1939 Harbor, Wis.

737 Sheboygan Harbor, Wis. (color) 1:10.000 1907

Chart No. 737 replaced by No. 735

743 Milwaukee Harbor (color) 1:12.000 1903

Milwaukee Harbor 1:15.000 1927

Milwaukee Harbor 1:10.000 1941

745 Racine Harbor - including Wind Point 1:15.000 1907 Shoals and Racine Reef (color)

Racine Harbor, Wis. 1:10.000 1941

747 Kenosha Harbor, Wis. 1:10.000 1909

Chart No. 747 discontinued - now inset to No. 74 1937 11S

Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub.

749 Waukegan Harbor. Ill. 1:8,000 1909

Chart No. 749 discontinued - now inset to N0. 74 1937

750 Chicago and Vicinity - Recreational Craft 1:10.000 1969 Chart - shows the shoreline and adjacent waters from Wilmette, Ill., to Indiana Harbor, Ind.. including Chicago Harbor. Also depicted are the North Shore Channel, the North and South Branches of Chicago River, Calumet River, and Lake Calumet. Contains 24 charts - 11" x 17%"

751 Chicago Lake Front - Wilmette to Gary 1:60.000 1927

Chicago Lake Front - Wilmette. Ill. to 1:60.000 1935 Gary. Ind. Insets: Gary and Buffington 1:15.000

Chicago Lake Front - Wilmette. Ill. to 1:60.000 1939 Gary, Ind. Inset: Gary Harbor. Ind. 1:15.000

752 Chicago Harbor, Ill. 1:15.000 1927

753 Lake Front, Chicago, Ill. 1:24,000 1900

Lake Front, Chicago, including Calumet 1:30.000 1903 Harbor (color)

Chicago Lake Front No. 1 - from Glencoe to 1:40.000 1913 Hyde Park, Ill.

Chart N0. 753 discontinued 1927

754 Chicago Lake Front No. 2 - from Hyde Park. 1:40.000 1913 Ill. to Gary, Ind.

Chart No. 754 discontinued 1927

755 Calumet and Indiana Harbors 1:15.000 1927 Insets: Buffington 1:15.000 Gary. Ind. 1:15.000

Insets removed to Chart No. 751 1935

Calumet Harbor, Ill., Indiana Harbor, Ind.,1:15,000 1939 Buffington Harbor, Ind.. and Calumet Lake 116

Chart Locality Scale Dates

NO. Pilb.

758 St. Joseph and Benton Harbor. Mich. 1:8.000 1909

St. Joseph and Benton Harbor, Mich. 1:10.000 1935

763 Black Lake (Holland) Harbor 1:15.000 1909

Holland Harbor, Mich. - Black Lake and 1:15.000 1913 Holland

Holland Harbor, Mich., and Lake Macatawa 1:15.000 1939

765 Grand Haven Harbor. Mich. including Spring 1:15.000 1907 Lake (color)

Grand Haven, Mich. including Spring Lake 1:15.000 1939 and lower Grand River

767 Muskegon Harbor, Mich. including 1:15.000 1903 Muskegon Lake (color)

Muskegon, Mich. and Muskegon Lake 1:15.000 1939

768 White Lake Harbor, Mich. including 1:15.000 1927 Whitehall and Montague, Mich.

White Lake, Mich., Whitehall, and 1:10.000 1939 Montague, Mich.

774 Ludington Harbor, Mich. (color) 1:5,000 1907

Ludington Harbor, Mich. 1:8,000 1909

Ludington Harbor, Mich. 1:10.000 1935

Ludington Harbor, Mich., and Pere 1:5,000 1939 Marquette Lake

776 Manistee Harbor. Mich. (color) 1:10.000 1907

Manistee Harbor, Mich., and Manistee Lake 1:10.000 1939

777 Portage Lake Harbor (color) 1:10.000 1907

Portage Lake. Mich. 1:10.000 1939

784 Manitou Passage, Mich. between Manitou 1:30.000 1907 Islands and Pyramid Point

Chart No. 784 discontinued 19hh 117

Chart Locality Scale Dates N0. Pub.

789 Pine Lake. Mich. 1:30.000 1909 Inset: Charlevoix Harbor 1:10.000

Lake Charlevoix (Pine Lake), Mich. 1:30.000 1927 including Round Lake and Charlevoix. Mich. Inset: Charlevoix. Mich. 1:10.000

Lake Charlevoix. Mich. 1:30.000 1939 Inset: Charlevoix. Mich. 1:10.000

Early chart: City of Chicago 1:20.000 1874 Discontinued 1900

Early chart: South Fox Island Shoals (color) 1:20.000 1903 Discontinued 1913

Early chart: Lake Winnebago. Wis. (color) 1 40,000 1907 Discontinued 1909

Early chart: Frankfort Harbor, Mich. (color) 1 5,000 1907 Discontinued - now inset to No. 77 1913

Early chart: Harbor at Michigan City, Ind. (color) 1 5,000 1907 Discontinued - now inset to No. 75 1913

Early chart: Charlevoix Harbor, Mich. (color) 1 8,000 1907 Discontinued - now inset to No. 717 1909

Early chart: South Haven Harbor 1 8.000 1909 Discontinued - now inset to No. 76 1913

LAKE SUPERIOR

Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub.

Early chart: Lake Superior No. 1 - Grand Island to 1:400,000 1872 St. Marys River Color 1907 Discontinued 1909 118

Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub.

Early Chart: Lake Superior N0. 2 - Ontonagon to Grand 1:400,000 1870 Island, Mich. Color 1907 Discontinued 1909

Early Chart: Lake Superior N0. 3 — Pigeon Bay to 1:400,000 1873 Duluth. Minn. and 14 Mile Point Color 1907 Discontinued 1909

Early chart: Isle Royale - including northwest coast 1:120,000 1872 of Lake Superior Scale changed: 1:30.000 1900 Discontinued 1909

Early chart: West end of Lake Superior 1:32.000 1863 Discontinued 1900

9 Lake Superior - the whole lake 1: 500, 000 1903 Insets: Gargantua Harbor, Ont. 1:20.000 ' Grand Marais Harbor, Mich. 1: 10,000 Grand Marais Harbor, Minn. 1: 8,000 Michipicoten Harbor, Ont. 1: 5,000

Color 1907

Lake Superior - the whole lake 1:500,000 1927 (no insets)

91 Lake Superior Coast Chart No. 1 - includ- 1:120.000 1907 ing Whitefish Bay and head of St. Marys River - east end of Lake, from Cape Gargantua, Ont., to Two Hearted River, Mich. (color)

Lake Superior Coast Chart N0. 1 - east end 1:120,000 1913 of lake, from Cape Gargantua, Ont., to Big Two Hearted River, Mich., including White- fish Bay and head of St. Marys River Inset: Gargantua, Ont. 1:20.000

Inset discontinued 1935

Chart No. 91 discontinued 1937 119

Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub.

92 Lake Superior Coast Chart N0. 2 - South 1:120.000 1927 Share from Big Two Hearted River to Grand Portal, Mich., including Caribou Island Inset: Grand Marais, Mich. 1:16.000

Lake Superior Coast Chart No. 2 - Head of 1:120,000 1937 St. Marys River to Au Sable Point, Mich. Inset: Grand Marais, Mich. 1:15.000

Add inset: Whitefish Point Harbor, Mich. 1:5,000 1963

Add inset: Little Lake Harbor, Mich. 1:5,000 1967

93 Lake Superior Coast Chart N0. 3 - South 1:120,000 1909 Shore from Castle Point to Big Bay Point, Mich., including Manitou Island and Stannard Rock

Lake Superior Coast Chart No. 3 - Grand 1:120,000 1935 Portal to Big Bay Pt., Mich., including Manitou Island and Stannard Rock

Lake Superior Coast Chart No. 3 - Grand 1:120,000 1937 Marais, Mich., to Big Bay Point. Mich.

Add inset: Big Bay Harbor. Mich. 1:5.000 1963

94 Lake Superior Coast Chart N0. 4 - includ- 1:120,000 1907 ing Keweenaw Peninsula - from Big Bay to Ontonagon

Add inset: Capper Harbor, Mich. 1:15.000 1917

Lake Superior Coast Chart No. 4 - Big Bay 1:120,000 1937 to Redridge, Mich., including Keweenaw Peninsula and Keweenaw Waterway Insets: Eagle Harbor 1:15.000 Copper Harbor 1:15.000

Add insets: Grand Traverse Bay Harbor, Mi.1:5,000 1963 Lac La Belle Harbor, Mich.

95 Lake Superior Coast Chart No. 5 - 1:120,000 1917 Ontonagon. Mich., to Oronto Bay and Outer Island Wis. Inset: Ontonagon, Mich. 1:12.000

Lake Superior Coast Chart No. 5 - 1: 1937 Redridge, Mich. to Oronto Bay Inset: Ontonagon. Mich. 13101000 120

Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub.

95 Lake Superior Coast Chart No. 5 - 1:120,000 1939 Redridge, Mich. to Little Girl Point, Mich. Inset: Ontonagon, Mich. 1:10.000

Add inset: Black River Harbor, Mich. 1:5,000 1963

Add inset: Saxon Harbor, Wis. 1:2,500 1967

96 Lake Superior Coast Chart No. 6 - includ- 1:120,000 1907 ing Apostle Islands - west end of lake, from Little Girl Point, Mich., to Duluth, and thence to Beaver Bay, Minn. Inset: Port Wing Harbor, Wis. 1:8,000

Change insets: Port Wing Harbor, Wis. 1:10.000 1927 Two Harbors, Minn. 1:12.000

Change insets: Port Wing Harbor, Wis. 1:10.000 1935 Two Harbors, Minn. 1:10.000

Change insets: Port Wing Harbor, Wis. 1:10.000 1937 Two Harbors, Minn. 1:15.000

Add inset: Cornucopia, Wis. 1:5,000 1944

Lake Superior Coast Chart No. 6 - Little 1:120,000 1963 Girls Point, Mich. to Silver Bay, Minn.. including Duluth. Minn. and Apostle Islands Insets: Port Wing Harbor, Wis. 1:10.000 Two Harbors. Minn. 1:10.000 Cornucopia Harbor, Wis. 1:5,000 Knife River. Harbor, Minn. 1:5,000

97 Lake Superior Coast Chart No. 7 - Beaver 1:120,000 1958 Bay, Minn. to Pigeon Point, Minn. Inset: Grand Marais. Minn. 1:8.000

Change inset: Grand Marais, Minn. 1:10.000 1937

Lake Superior Coast Chart No. 7 - Beaver 1:120,000 1958 Bay, Minn. to Pigeon Point, Minn. Insets: Silver Bay, Minn. 1:10.000 Taconite Harbor. Minn. 1:10.000 Grand Marais, Minn. 1:10.000

98 Lake Superior Coast Chart No. 8 - includ- 1:120,000 1907 ing Isle Royal - northwest coast of Lake Superior from Grand Portage Bay, Minn. to Black Bay, Ont., including Thunder Bay Insets: Todd Harbor, Rock Harbor, and 1:30.000 Washington and Grace Harbors 121

Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub.

98 Lake Superior Coast Chart No. 8 - Grand 1:120,000 1937 Portage Bay, Minn.. to Hawk Island, including Isle Royals and Thunder Bay Insets: Todd Harbor, Rock Harbor, and 1:30.000 Washington and Grace Harbors (Isle Royale)

Lake Superior Coast Chart No. 8 - Isle 1:120.000 1949 Royale, Mich. including Thunder Bay. Ont., and coast from Grand Portage Bay. Minn.. to Shesheeb Point, Ont. (no insets)

931 Grand Island, Mich. 1:25.000 1862

Color 1907

Grand Island, Mich. - including south 1:30.000 1927 shore from Grand Portal to Train Point Inset: Munising Harbor, Mich. 1:12.000

Grand Island. Mich. - including coast 1:25.000 1935 from Grand Portal to Au Train Point Inset: Munising Harbor, Mich.

Grand Island, Mich. - including coast 1:30.000 1937 from Grand Portal to An Train Point Inset: Munising Harbor. Mich. 1:15.000

Grand Island, Mich. - including coast 1:30.000 1939 from Sail Rock to Au Train Point, Mich. Inset: Munising Harbor, Mich. 1:15.000

Name change: Munising Harbor and approaches including 1:30.000 1967 Grand Island Inset: Munising Harbor, Mich. 1:15.000

932 Munising Harbor. Mich. (color) 1:8,000 1907

Chart No. 932 discontinued - now inset on No. 931 1927

935 Marquette Harbor 1:50.000 1860

Marquette and Presque Isle Harbors, Mich. 1:15.000 1903 (color) 122

Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub.

942 Huron Islands - Huron Bay and Huron 1:30.000 1869 Islands

Huron Bay and Huron Islands. Mich. (color) 1:30,000 1907

Chart No. 942 discontinued 1935

943 L'Anse and Keweenaw Bay 1 30,000 1866

Keweenaw Bay, Mich. (color) 1.30.000 1907

Keweenaw Bay, Mich. 1 30.000 1937 Insets: L'Anse 1 10,000 Pequaming 1.10.000

Keweenaw Bay, Mich. 1:30.000 1967 Insets: L'Anse. Mich. 1:10.000 Baraga, Mich. 1:10.000

944 Portage Lake and River, Mich. 1 30,000 1865

Portage Lake and River, Mich. (color) 1:30.000 1907 Insets: Portage Entry and River 1.15.000 Portage Lake Upper Entrance 1 15,000 and Canal Portage Lake and Lake Superior Canals, 1.30.000 1913 across Keweenaw Peninsula Insets: Portage Entry 1.15.000 Upper Entrance and Canal 1 15,000

Keweenaw Waterway - Portage Lake and River 1.30.000 1917 Insets: Portage Entry 1 15,000 Upper Entrance and Canal 1.15.000

Keweenaw Waterway. Mich. - including 1 30.000 1937 Torch Lake Insets: Hancock and Houghton 1 10,000

946 Copper Harbor 1 10,000 1866 Color 1907 Discontinued - now inset to No. 94 1917

947 Agate Harbor 1:10.000 1858 Color 1907 Discontinued 1927

948 Eagle Harbor 1:5,000 1858 Color 1907 Discontinued 1937 123

Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub.

949 Eagle River 1 :10.000 1859 Color 1907 Discontinued 1913

951 Ontonagon Harbor 1:16.000 1859 Color 1907 Discontinued - now inset on No. 95 1917

Early chart: Apostle Islands No. 1 - including south 1:50.000 1903 coast of Lake Superior from Squaw Bay, Wis. to Rays Point (color) Discontinued 1909

Early chart: Apostle Islands No. 2 - including 1350.000 1903 Chequamegon Bay and south coast of Lake Superior from Oronto Bay to Red Cliff, Wis. (color) . Discontinued 1909 961 Apostle Islands (color) 1:80.000 1903

Apostle Islands and Chequamegon Bay - 1:60.000 1909 including coast from Little Girl Point, Mich. to Sand Point, Wis.

Apostle Islands, Wis., including 1:60.000 1944 Chequamegon Bay Inset: Bayfield, Wis. 1:10.000

964 Ashland and Washburn Harbors. Wis. 1:15.000 1909

966 Duluth and Superior Harbors 1:15.000 1900

Duluth and Superior Harbors (color) 1:18.000 1903

Duluth-Superior Harbor, Minn. and Wis. 1:24.000 1927

Duluth-Superior Harbor 1:25.000 1937

Duluth-Superior Harbor 1:15.000 1944

Duluth-Superior Harbor 1:15.000 1963 Inset: Upper St. Louis River. Minn. 1:30.000

968 Agate and Burlington Bays (Two Harbors), 1:6,000 1903 Minn. (color) 124

Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub.

968 Agate and Burlington Bays, Minn. - Two 1:6,000 1913 Harbors, Minn.

Two Harbors. Minn. 1:6,000 1917

Chart No. 968 discontinued - now inset on No. 96

981 Isle Royale, Mich. 1:40.000 1941

MINNESOTA-ONTARIO BORDER LAKES

Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub.

84 Lake of the Woods - southern part of the 1:120,000 1935 lake, south of Northwest Angle Inlet and west of Sabaskong Bay, Ont.

Add insets: Warroad, Harbor, Minn. 1:20.000 1963 Rainy River, Minn. 1:20.000

806 North Lake (no hydrography) 1:42.240 1951

807 Northern Light Lake (no hydrography) 1:42.240 1951

808 Sea Gull Lake (no hydrography) 1:24.240 1951

809 Saganaga Lake (no hydrography) 1:42.240 1951

810 Knife Lake (no hydrography) 1:42.240 1951

811 Basswood Lake, Eastern Part (no hydro.) 1:42.240 1951

812 Basswood Lake, Western Part (no hydro.) 1:42.240 1951

813 Crooked Lake (no hydrography) 1:42.240 1951

815 Lac la Croix (no hydrography) 1:42.240 1951

817 Sand Point Lake to Lac la Croix including 1:42.240 1951 Crane Lake and Little Vermilion Lake (no hydrography)

818 Namakan Lake, Eastern Part (no hydro.) 1:42.240 1951

820 Namakan Lake. Western Part, and Kabetogama 1:42.240 1951 Lake, Eastern Part (no hydrography) 125

Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub.

822 Kabetogama Lake, Western Part 1:42.240 1951 (no hydrography)

821 Rainy Lake - International Falls to 1:25.000 1937 Bushyhead Island

Rainy Lake - International Falls, Minn. 1:25.000 1949 to Dryweed Island, Minn.

Chart No. 821 Changed to No. 823 1953

822 Rainy Lake - Bushyhead Island to 1:25.000 1937 Big Island

Rainy Lake - Dryweed Island, Minn. to 1:25.000 1949 Big Island, Minn.

Chart No. 822 changed to No. 821 1953

823 Rainy Lake - Big Island, Minn. to 1:25.000 1937 Oak Point Island, Ont. Inset: Kettle Falls, Minn. 1:10.000

841 Lake of the Woods No. 1 - Long Point to 1:40.000 1927 Windy Point and Rainy River entrance Discontinued ' 1939

842 Lake of the Woods No. 2 - West of Rocky 1:40.000 1927 Point and Stony Point, Minn. Discontinued 1939

843 Lake of the Woods No. 3 - Northwest Angle 1:40.000 1927 Inlet to Big Island Discontinued 1939

844 Lake of the Woods No. 4 - Between Garden 1:40.000 1927 Island and Long Point Discontinued 1939 126

HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE CHARTS

Locality Dates No. Pub.

1474 Lake Superior - the whole lake 1910 Discontinued 1927

1475 Lake Michigan - the whole lake including 1910 Green Bay Discontinued 1927

1476 Lake Huron - the whole lake and Georgian 1910 Bay Discontinued 1927

1477 Lake Erie and Lake Ontario - both lakes 1910 and south parts of Lake Huron and Georgian Bay Discontinued 1927

1665 Lake Erie - the whole lake. and waterways 1910 to Lake Huron Discontinued 1927

5':' 91' CT or 52' :2 a ‘ 3'.

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127

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Figure 29a. Index map of general charts of the Great Lakes. (1963) 128

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Figure 29b. Index map of charts of St. Lawrence River, Lake Champlain, and New York State Barge Canal System. (1963)

fr ‘0 VI 0 Cohen! J v Prince ' /—2‘/—~ v 9 Edward P! , / In /~

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Figure 29c. Index map of charts of Lake Ontario and lower Niagara River. (1963)

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Port Hart 443

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Figure 29d. Index map of charts of Lake Erie, Niagara River, Detroit River, Lake St. Clair, and St. Clair River. (1963)

131

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Figure 29o. Index map of charts of Lake Huron, Straits of Mackinac, and St. Marys River. (1953)

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Figure 29f. Index map of charts of Lake Michigan. (1963)

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Figure 293. Index map of charts of Lake Superior. (1963)

94' 93‘ 9'2' 91' 90' a $6? ’ I 5 3 :‘2‘ a ONTARIO

,134

MINNESOTA

WC 99° 93' 92' 9|' suture:

Figure 2911. Index map of charts of Minnesota-Ontario Border Lakes. (1963) LIST OF REFERENCES LIST OF REFERENCES

Defense Mapping Agency and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. Chart No. 1 United States of America Nautical Chart Symbols and Abbreviations. Washington, D. C.: Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic/Topographic Center, 1979.

Defense Mapping Agency. Hydrographic Center. American Practical Navigator An Epitome of Navigation. (Bowditch). Pub. No. 9. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1980.

Farmer, Silas. History of Detroit and Wayne Countygand Early Michigag. Detroit: Silas Farmer and Co., 1890.

Feldscher, Carl B. "Charting the Great Lakes." Paper presented at the 1964 Regional Convention of the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping, Kansas City, Missouri. Detroit: U. S. Army Engineer District, Lake Survey.

Fitzgibbon, John. "Government Survey and Charting of the Great Lakes." Michigan Historpragazine 1 (1917): 55-71.

Fleming, Roy F. "Charting the Great Lakes." Canadian Geographical Journal 7:2 (February 1936): 69-77.

Hearding, William H. S. "W. H. S. Hearding Story 1851." Personal Narrative, 1875. Lansing: Michigan State Library.

Hunt, Ira A. Jr. "The Lake Survey and the Great Lakes." The Military Engineer 51 (May-June 1959): 18h-186. Kember, I. D. "Some Distinctive Features of Marine Cartography." The Cartographic Journal 8 (June 1971): 13-20.

Lawrence, G. R. P. Cartographic Methodg. London: Metheun and Co., Ltd., 1971.

Pettis, C. R. "The Work of the U. S. Lake Survey." Civil Engineering 8 (January 1938): 23—25.

Thompson, Morris M. Maps for America Cartographic Products of the U.pS. Geological Survey and Others. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1979.

U. S. Army. Corps of Engineers. ,ggport Upon the Preliminary Triangulation of the United States Lake Survey, by c. B. Comstock. Professional Paper No. 24. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1882. 135 S. Army. War Department. Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1907, 1903, 1909, 1912. 1913. 1917. 1920. 1931. 1948.

S. Lake Survey. "Brief History of the U. S. Lake Survey." Detroit: U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, no date.

S. Lake Survey. Catalggue of Charts of the Great Lakes. Detroit: U. s. Army Corps of Engineers, 1900. 1903. 1907. 1909. 1913. 1917. 1927. 1935. 1937. 1939. 1940, 19“1. 19““. 1945. 19h9. 1953. 1955. 1958. 1960. 1952. 1963. 1957. 1969. 1970.

U. S. Lake Survey. "Charting the Great Lakes." Detroit: U. S. Army . Corps of Engineers, 1956.

U. S. Lake Survey. "U. S. Lake Survey Story." Detroit: U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1968.

U. S. Naval Oceanographic Office. American Practical Navigator An Epitome of Navigation. (Bowditch). Pub. No. 9. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1966.

136