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In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Of SETTLN1iENTS, TRÄDITTON AND CIIANGE: Ä' CÄSE FOR COMMI]NT TY DEVELOPì,IENT IN RI'RAL BOTSWANA. BY 3l+ I,ÂPOLOGANG MAGOLE A Practicum Submitted To The Faculty of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF C]TY PI,ANNING Department of City Pfanning University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba @ .Tune, l-995. Nat¡onal ubrary Bibliothèque nationale l*l du Canada Acou¡sitions and Direct¡on des acquisitions et Biblìographic Services Branch des services bibliograPhiques 395 Wellington Sl.eet 395, rue Wellington Ottawa, Ontario Onawa (Onlario) K1A ON4 K1A ON4 Yolt lile voùè télëtence Outlite Nate téléteñce The author has granted an L'auteur a accordé une licence irrevocable non-exclusive licence irrévocable et non exclusive allowing the National LibrarY of permettant à la Bibliothèque Canada to reproduce, loan, nationale du Canada de distribute or sell coPies of reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou his/her thesis by anY means and vendre des copies de sa thèse in any form or format, making de quelque manière et sous this thesis available to interested quelque forme que ce soit Pour persons. mettre des exemplaires de cette thèse à la disPosition des personnes intéressées. The author retains ownershiP of L'auteur conserve la ProPriété du the copyright in his/her thesis' droit d'auteur qui Protège sa Neither the thesis nor substantial thèse. Ni la thèse ni des extraits extracts from it may be Printed or substantiels de celle-ci ne otherwise reproduced without doivent être imPrimés ou his/her permission. autrement reProduits sans son autorisation. ISBN 0-6i2-13335-4 Canadä Nom. Lhç ot cl ! R N g f\f flcr0 L-Q- Oì' se select the one subiect which most neorly dexribes tlre content of your disærtotìon. Enler lhe conesponding four.digit code in the spoces Provided. Scc;.t/ Scie ,',.ceP slrlÆcTlE¡M sl,uEcl coo€ Sub¡ect Cocgories tÍr ltutltlllllls allD 3oclal sc¡¡llc¡g PH ,0S0PW, nEUGl0ll AllD IHIOI.OGY Plr;lo:oohv................................0422 Relio¡oir ' Ëenerol.............................. 031 8 Biblic.l shrd'es....................0321 Clerov ................................ 031 9 Hil& of ............................ 0320 Phìlosinhv of ...................... 0322 Íreolocy .1...1............................0¿ó9 WGITG¡, TMMIUR¡ ÀIID uIGUtsÍ6 tÉåo1..............,..........,....0ó79 An<¡ent,.,......................,,.,..0289 Umuiitic! ...........................0290 M&m ..............,..,.........,..029ì lilerolure C.€rrêd.....,..,,.,..................0¿01 Clo¡sico1 ....................,...,....0294 Comoo¡otìve.......................0295 I't¿di*¡l ............................0297 M.d€rn .......................,.,....0298 ........,.050t Alr¡con....,..........................03ìó ..........0503 Amer¡con.......,..........,.........059ì ...,......0505 Á¡ion ............................,....0305 ..........0508 conodion lEnolkh)..............0352 ..........0509 conodion lFre-nchi ..............0355 ........05ì0 Enoli¡h ...............................0593 G€i'nonic ............,....,.........03ì ì ldtin Am€ricon .................... 03 ì 2 Mìddle EosÞm ....................03 ì 5 Rorîonce ...................,.,......031 3 Sldvic ond Êosl Eu.opêon ... ,. 031 4 Soeech Potho|oov................ 0aó0 Tbxicolocv ......:.1.................0383 Honê Ecôno:riica ......................038ó PHYSr(Ât S(l¡ilcS ..................0ó25 .................. 0989 .........,........03¿9 ..................0ó32 ,................. 0.¿51 SETTE1MENTS , TRADITION AND CHANGE: A CASE FOR COI'fMUNITY DEVEIOPI'IENT IN RURAL BOTSWANA BY LAPOLOGANG }fAGOLE A Practicum submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of the University of Manitoba in partial fuifillment of the requirements of the degree of ÈÍASTER OF CITY PLANNING @ 1995 Permission has been granted to the LIBRARY OF THE UNMRSITY OF MANITOBA to lend or sell copies of this Practicum, to the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF CANADA to microfilm this Practicusr and to lend or sell copies of the film, and LIBRARY MICROFILMS to publish an abstract of this PracHcum. The author resewes other publication rights, and neither the Practicum not extensive exEacts fiom it may be printed or other-wise reproduced without the authols w¡itten perrrission, I hereby declare that I a¡n the sole author of this practicum. I authorize the University of Manitoba to lend this practicum to other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. Lapologang Magole I further authorize the University of Manitoba to reproduce this practicum by photocopying or by other means, in total or in part, at the request of other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. Lapol-ogang Magole T.ABLE OF CONTENTS Tit1e page Signature Page Copyright Agreemen t Table of Contents .......... i Illustrations and Tables . ...... Íii Abstract ...... iv Abbreviations .... ........... v Glossary of Terms AcknowJ-edgements . VI].I Preface: Botswana: An Overview .ix C}APTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION: ...... 1 1.1 Settlement Form.. .......... I I.2 Tradition and Change ...... 6 l-.3.0 The Study .... l-7 l-.3.L Prob1em Statement ,...... 17 1.3,2 Background of Study ...... l-8 1.3.3 Method .......23 CIIAPTER TWO 2.0 RURAL DEVELOPMENT TN BOTSWANA: GOVERNMENT POLTCY AND URBAN BIAS . ........ 25 2.I Introduction: The Economy ...... 25 2.2 Institutional Framework for Local Devel-opment ....28 2.3,0 Development Policy In Independent Botswana . 33 2.3.L Rural Development Policy ....... 35 2.4.0 The Urban Bias .. .......... 44 2.4,7 UrbanisatÍon ..... ......... 46 2.5 Issues of Rural- Development .,..52 2.6 Government Action: RuraL Development Under NDP 7 ........ 59 2.7 Conclusion ....-.-...63 CITAPTER THREE 3.0 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND SETTLEMENT FORM IN BOTSW.ANA ., 65 3.1 Introduction ..... ......... 65 3.2.0 Community Developrnent ... 65 3.2.L Community Development Process '.'....'.'7L 3.2.2 Community Development A¡d The case of Botswana .'....'.'.'l 4 3.3.0 Traditional Cornmunities of Botswana . ....... 78 3.3.1 The Three Land SYstem ' ' . ' 19 3,3.2 Settlenent Form in Botswana: The Village ......... 80 3.4 The Case For Community Development In Botswana: The RoLes of The Kgotla and The Kgosi . ... ... 85 3,5.0 Change in Setswana Settlements ...'... 90 3.5.1 Pre-Colonial and Pre- Independence Changes ..... ... 9L 3.5.2 Pos t- Independence Changes ..'.'.92 3.5 Sunmary And Conclusions.. .'."..96 CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 A CASE OF BOKAJ\ VILI.,AGE .. .. .. ... 98 4.1 History of Bakaa . .. .. .. 98 Geographical- Location .. .. 99 4.3 Field Survey .. ... .. .. .. 100 4.4.0 Bokaa Corìnunity Data Presentation and Analysis . ..... ' 1'02 4.4.1 Administration ... ........ L02 Population .. ... 103 l? Connunication A¡d Conìnunity Services ...... 107 .4.4 Housing and Land Avaj-labilj-ty... .. .. L09 ¿q Employment and Income ' '. LL2 .4.6 Sociaf and Physical Change of Settlement .. .. i.L8 Conclusions ....... L2L CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 CONCLUSIONS .AND RECOMMEND.A,TIONS .....I22 5,1 Introduction ..... ........L22 5.2 Delopment Issues Raised by The Case Study .'...'.' L23 5.3 Development implications ..... '. '. '. ' L26 5.4 Community Development and The Kgotla .."". L29 5.5.0 Physical Development . .136 5.5.1 The Settl-ement Pattern ......... 139 5.6 Conclusions ..".'.L42 BIBL]OGRAPHY ..... ......,. L44 ILLUSTRÄTIONS AND TABLES IN THE TEXT Fi gure L: Local Government Structure .'.'...32 Fi gure 2: Urban population in Botswana (f964-1991) '...'. 4'7 Fi gure 3: Gaborone City population (1964-1991) . ' '.... 49 Figure 4: Kgatleng Dístrict population (1964-1991) . .' 5i- Figure 5: Typical Setswana Traditional- Settlement Pattern ..... 81 Fi gure 6: Typical Setswana Household '... 84 Figure ?: Population of Bokaa (1971-199f) .. ......104 Fi gure 8: Population of Bokaa by age-group and sex (1991) .. .l-06 TabIe 6: Residential plots allocated at Bokaa (l-990-l-991) ... 111 TabIe 7¡ Bokaa's Cash Earning Economy by Households .. ....... Ll-3 Table 8: Employment by type in Bokaa (1991) . ...' 1).4 Table 9: Population of Bakaa who Have Formal Education.... 116 Figure 9: Traditional, New Grid and Proposed Pattern '.. LAt MAPS Map A: BotsvJana Map B: Kgatleng Di s trict Map c: Gaborone, Morwa, Bokaa, Location Map Map D: Historical Evolution of Bokaa Settlenent Pattern Map E: Bokaa Present And Proposed Land Use Map E: Social Service DeveloPment APPEND]CES Appendix A: Tab1es Appendix B: Questionnaire of the study ABSTRACT ALthough on average rural settlements in Botswana are well furnished with the basic infrastructure and social services, slow economíc development, unemployment, and poverty remain unchanged and are in fact increaJing. Thís situation has been attributed to a lack of commitnent by govexnment to policy that pronotes industríal location in rural areasi a lack of ímplementation of policy that benefits the rural sector (aïable farming; smalr scale and informal industry) , the rong standing urban bias in all sectors of development, and lack of public participation. A study of Bokaa, a smaLl village in Kgatleng District, revealed all the above mentioned conditions in its development' Apart from interviewing some residents and the leaders of Bokaa' an observation was made on the physicat and social development of the Village' In addition to the above rnentioned problems facing Bokaa and other rural settlements in Botswana, the study found that the village was losing most of its able-bodied population, who travel to other places to look for employment. Although there are appropriate po1ícíes for rural development in Botswana, these are hardly
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