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Poultry Waste Management Practices in Selected Poultry Operations Around Gaborone, Botswana

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Poultry Waste Management Practices in Selected Poultry Operations Around Gaborone, Botswana Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2013) 2(7): 240-248 ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 2 Number 7 (2013) pp. 240-248 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article Poultry waste management practices in selected poultry operations around Gaborone, Botswana John Cassius Moreki* and Teto Keaikitse Department of Animal Science and Production, Botswana College of Agriculture, Private Bag 0027, Gaborone, Botswana *Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] A B S T R A C T This study investigated poultry waste management practices in poultry operations around the City of Gaborone. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire that was administered to 25 randomly selected commercial poultry farmers in Kgatleng, Kweneng and South-East Districts. Data were also collected through K e y w o r d s direct observation and by reviewing secondary sources of data. Data were analysed Dumping site; using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), Version 19. Results Gaborone; showed that 80% of the respondents disposed of manure and/litter by giving it landfill; away to other farmers, 16% used it as a fertilizer on their own fields, whereas 4% litter; of the respondents disposed of manure/litter in the landfills/dumping sites. The manure; three methods of mortality disposal were landfills (52%), incineration (20%) and mortality. burning (20%). With an estimated population of 908 200 chickens reared in the research sites in a year it is estimated that 20 441 tonnes of manure was produced in a year. The challenges in disposing of poultry waste were lack of transport, lack of farmers knowledge of poultry waste management and insufficient space to enable construction of waste disposal pits on farms. This study showed that farmers knowledge of poultry waste management was inadequate. Introduction The poultry industry produces large produced as waste in large quantities on amounts of waste that include solid waste broiler operations, especially in medium- and wastewater. The solid waste consists scale and large-scale operations, and these of bedding materials, excreta (manure), need to be disposed of (Moreki and feed, feathers, hatchery waste (empty Chiripasi, 2011). Olumayowa and shells, infertile eggs, dead embryos and Abiodun (2011) stated that dead birds and late hatchlings), shells, sludge, abattoir hatchery waste are high in protein and waste (offals, blood, feathers and contain substantial amounts of calcium condemned carcasses) and mortality. In and phosphorus due to high levels of Botswana, ashes which result from the use mineral supplements in the diet. The of coal for chick brooding are also approximated percentages of nutrient 240 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2013) 2(7): 240-248 intake excreted by poultry are: nitrogen Production, Ministry of Agriculture. From (65.5%), phosphorus (68.5%) and this list, 25 poultry operations were potassium (83.5%), elements for soil randomly selected using the rank and fertility and increased crop production. index function in excel software to avoid selection of a farm more than once. The There are several ways of disposing of selection of respondents was based on poultry waste including burial, rendering, proportionally the number of poultry incineration, compositing, feed for operations within the districts and the type livestock, fertilizer or source of energy. of commercial operations (i.e., medium or The most predominant waste disposal large-scale). Six poultry operations in methods in Botswana appear to be burial South- East district, six in the Kweneng in the landfills, burning, incineration and district and 13 in Kgatleng district were as a fertilizer in gardens and arable lands. selected. Other waste disposal methods include conversion of poultry waste to energy and Survey instrument and design use of poultry waste for treatment of heavy A structured questionnaire was developed metal contaminated water (Moreki and with the help of relevant literature to Chiripasi, 2011). Sainsbury (1992) stated collect data required. This helped to that energy recovery is a promising form reduce the wide variability of responses of waste disposal which works by and made it easier to compile and analyse recycling some forms of waste into a fuel data. The questionnaire was divided into source for heating, cooking and powering two parts (i.e., A and B) to address the turbines. stated objective. Part A comprised information on the demographic There is limited information on poultry characteristics of the respondents while waste disposal in Botswana (Moreki and Part B covered management of poultry Chiripasi, 2011). Therefore, a study was waste on farms. Reliability of the undertaken to investigate the poultry waste instrument was established by conducting management practicesin poultry operations a pilot test with a similar group in Boatle, around Gaborone. Mokolodi, Sebele and Notwane in South East District. Materials and Methods Data collection Description of the study areas Personal interviews were used to collect The study covered nine villages in three data from some of the respondents in the districts: Kgatleng district (i.e., Bokaa, study area. Questions were asked to Matebeleng, Oodi and Sikwane); respondents and responses recorded in the Kweneng district (Gakuto, Gamodubu and questionnaire with clarifications made Mogoditshane); South East district where possible. Data were also collected (Tlokweng, Phakalane and Notwane). through direct observation during visits to the poultry operations. Sample design Data analysis A list of poultry operations was obtained Data were entered into a computer and from the Department of Animal analysed using the Statistical Package for 241 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2013) 2(7): 240-248 the Social Sciences (SPSS), Version 19. farmers fields or farmers collected it from Tables and figures were used to the poultry operations. Thereafter, chicken summarise statistical information such as houses were cleaned and rested for 7 to 8 means and percentages. days before restocking takes place. Only 20% of the respondents in Oodi and Matebeleng indicated that they used their Results and Discussion own vehicles to transport manure and/or litter to the dumping site at Pilane. The Demographic characteristics of removal of poultry manure and/or litter respondents manually is a common practice for the floor systems. A study by Olumayowa and Data on demographic characteristics of Abiodun (2011) in Nigeria showed that respondents are presented in Table 1. Sixty 93.1% of the farmers used shovels and percent of the respondents were males spades to remove poultry manure from pen while the remainder was women. houses. Sims and Wolf (1994) reported Furthermore, 32% of the respondents were that partial cleaning of wet crusted or single, whereas the remainder was caked litter normally occurs after each married. All the respondents in this study flock is removed from the house. had attended school with 56% having tertiary education. Disposal of methods of manure/litter Poultry farm descriptions Eighty percent of the respondents said they disposed of manure and/or litter by The majority (64%) of poultry operations giving it away to other farmers to use in in this study were small-scale followed by their arable fields, 16% used it to fertilize medium-scale (20%) and large-scale their own fields, whereas 4% disposed of (16%) (Table 2). All the respondents it in the landfills/dumping site. Using (100%) were commercial farmers (96% manure to fertilize the soil is a good way broilers and 4% layers). The 25 poultry to dispose of litter or manure because operations reared 401 733 (i.e., 279 400 manure and/or litter can add the nutrients broilers and 22 333 laying hens in a year. that are lacking in the soil. Manure or litter removal from poultry In agreement with the current results, houses Chapman (2007) stated that strategies that growers may use to properly dispose of In this study, litter and/or manure was poultry waste are local land application as scraped off the floor using spades, made a fertilizer; offsite marketing for use as into heaps using rakes and thereafter fertilizer or soil amendments, feed additive collected into empty 50 kg bags, which or energy source; and chemical additives were then taken to an isolated spot within that will immobilize nitrogen and or outside the farm premises awaiting phosphorus in the manure or litter. The collection by the Council workers. Layer author argued that if properly followed, farmers in the present study said they these strategies should be adequate to removed manure once a year using skid protect surface and underground water steer loader. Manure was then loaded into quality without adversely affecting the trucks and disposed of either at the economics of poultry production. 242 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2013) 2(7): 240-248 Table.1 Demographic characteristics of nutrients including nitrogen, phosphorous, poultry operators around Gaborone potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur, manganese, copper, zinc, chlorine, boron, iron, and molybdenum (Amanullah et al., Category Frequency Percent 2010; Chastain et al., 2012). This makes Gender poultry manure to be rich in nutrients than Male 15 60 other manures (Amanullah et al., 2007). Female 10 40 Total 25 100 However, the amounts of nutrients in Marital status poultry manure can vary depending upon Married 8 32 many factors including the age and diet of Single 17 68 the flock, moisture content, age of manure Total 25 100 (Amanullah et al., 2010), the stage of Educational level growth and the well-being of the fowl Primary 3 12 producing it (Damerow, 1994). Amanullah et al., (2010) stated that poultry manure Secondary 8 32 increases the moisture holding of the soil Tertiary 14 56 and improves lateral water movement, Total 25 100 thus improving irrigation efficiency and Table 2: Poultry farm descriptions in the decreasing the general droughtiness of the study area sandy soils. Additionally, application of poultry Category Frequency Percent manure improves soil retention and uptake Type of poultry of plant nutrients, and increases the Broilers 24 96 number and diversity of soil microorganisms, especially in sandy Layers 1 4 conditions thus enhancing crop health.
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