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Botswana Mineral Projects and Prospects

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Botswana Mineral Projects and Prospects PB 1 Botswana Mineral Projects and Prospects Table of Contents Introduction 4 BGI Mandate 4 History of Exploration and Mining 4 Precompetitive Data: National Coverage of Geological and Geophysical Surveys 4 Geological Mapping Coverage 4 Geophysics Data 5 Total Magnetic Intensity Map of Botswana 5 Gravity Surveys 5 Radiometric Data 6 Geochemical Data 6 Borehole Data 6 Updating of the National Geological Map 6 Pre-Kalahari Geology Map 8 Botswana Mineral Potential: By Commodity and Geological Provinces 9 Coal 9 Coal Resource Estimation 10 Opportunities for Diamonds, Base and precious metals 10 Diamonds and Kimberlite Fields 10 Geological Districts of Botswana 12 Geological Provinces: Molopo Farms Complex 15 Geological Provinces: Kalahari Copper Belt 15 Rare Earths 16 Industrial Minerals and Construction Aggregates 18 Slates 18 Aggregate for roads and building Construction 18 Industrial Minerals and Construction Aggregates 19 Ornamental Stones 20 Clay Deposits 20 Maitengwe Greenstone Belt 22 Mineral Accounts 26 2 3 Botswana Mineral Projects and Prospects List of Figures Figure 1 : Progress in Geological Mapping as at June 2011 4 Figure 2 : Government Funded Geophysical Surveys 5 Figure 3 : Total Magnetic Intensity Map of Botswana 2011 5 Figure 4: Gravity Bouger Anomaly Map 5 Figure 5: Radiometric Data 6 Figure 6: Nickel concentration distribution pattern 6 Figure 7: Magnesium concentration distribution pattern 6 Figure 8 Map: showing Borehole Data 7 Figure 9: Pre Kalahari Geology Map 8 Figure 10: Coalfields map 9 Figure 11: Map showing occurrence of kimberlite fields in relation to structural provinces and tectonic units 11 Figure 12: Map showing Metallogenic provinces 13 Figure 13: Map showing. Molopo farms complex Geology 15 Figure 14: Kalahari Copper Belt 15 Figure 15: Granitic Complexes of Botswana showing battery metals concentration results from BGS Sampling Points 16 Figure 16: Granitic Complexes of Botswana showing REE concentration results from BGS Sampling Points 17 Figure 17: Dipotsana slate is grey in colour when it is fresh, but it weathers reddish-brown depending on the period it took in contact with the fluids which will results in oxidation of the top most surface of the slate. 18 Figure 18: Corse to medium grained found both in the eastern and southern Botswana, the material qualify for road and building construction. Further crushing of these rocks, using cone crushers produces manufactured sand, which is suitable for construction buildings. 18 Figure 19: Industrial Minerals Map 19 Figure 20: Some of the granites (ornamental stones) similar to those found in the Greater Gaborone and North eastern Botswana, showing different shades of colours and textures. 20 Figure 21: Clay deposits in Botswana is used mostly for brick making. Small portion of it is used in pottery, of which most of it is exported to neighbouring countries. 20 Figure 22: Location of the study area and topographic elevation from ASTER DEM. 21 Figure 23: Regional Geology and major tectonic units of Botswana in relation to Maitengwe Study Area 22 Figure 24: Local Geology around the Maitengwe Study Area 24 Figure 25: Regional Geology and Geophysical Setting of Magondi Oregenic belt 25 Figure 26: The spatial extent of Archean cratons and Proterozoic orogenic belt. White line represent the fault system of the Okavango Rift Zone. Modified after Singletary et al. (2003) and Begg et al. (2009) 25 Figure 27: Contribution of Gross Value Added to GDP by kind of Economic Activity (Statistics Botswana 2017) 26 Figure 28: Compensation of Employees by Industry (Statistics Botswana (2017) 26 Figure 29: Depletion Components of rent (Economic Accounting of Mineral Resources 2016/17) 27 2 3 Botswana Mineral Projects and Prospects underground mine production and is anticipated to start Introduction production in 2021. Within the KCB, several exploration companies have advanced exploration to prefeasibility 1.1 BGI Mandate stage and these include. Tshukudu Metals Exploration- Mining Company. The Botswana Geoscience Institute (BGI) was established through an Act of Parliament passed in 2014. Its purpose 2 Precompetitive Data: National Coverage of Geological is to undertake research in the field of geosciences and and Geophysical Surveys provide specialised geoscientific services; empower the Institute to be the custodian of geoscience information; Approximately 25% of Botswana land area, narrow promote the search for, and exploration of any mineral eastern strip and Ghanzi ridge, is covered by Pre-Kalahari in Botswana; and to act as an advisory body in respect of Geological Formations where all of the mines in Botswana geohazards and other incidental matters. have been discovered. 1.2 History of Exploration and Mining Notwithstanding extensive cover of the Quaternary Kalahari Deposits, the unexposed 75% Pre-Kalahari Botswana’s exploration and mining has been historically Geology rocks in Botswana are potential metallogenic dominated by diamonds and to lesser extent base metals. provinces with unexplored and untapped mineral Most of Botswana’s diamond production is of gem quality, potential that can drive diversification from diamonds. resulting in the country’s position as the world’s leading producer of diamond by value. 2.1 Geological Mapping Coverage Copper, gold, nickel, and soda ash production also has In recognition of this potential, Botswana Government has held significant, though smaller, roles in the economy. since independence, embarked on aggressive nationwide Base metal mining experienced a slum in 2015, however geological and geophysical mapping resulting in 90% of exploration for Cu-Ag deposits has intensified in western the land area covered in high resolution aeromagnetic and part of Botswana. Growth is expected from the copper/ relatively high-resolution gravity survey in the northern silver discoveries in the Kalahari Copper Belt (KCB). part, central and Molopo Farms areas. Geological mapping covered 48 % of the country. Currently, 45% of the country The Botswana government granted Khoemacau Copper is covered by 37% of 1: 125 000 scale and 8% of 1: 250 000 Mining Company a mining licence for a 3.6 Mtpa scale geological maps. 20° E 21° E 22° E 23° E 24° E 25° E 26° E 27° E 28° E 29° E PROGRESS IN GEOLOGICAL MAPPING ZAMBIA Kasane TOPOGRAPHICAL LEGEND ! NAMIBIA 1725C Leshomo Ngoma Bridge ! ! ! Villages /Settlememnts 1724D 1725C 18° S 1724C 1724C 18° S Xamshiko ! National Boundary Siabisso Kataba ! ANGOLA ! Xaoxwe District Boundaries ! 1823A 1823B 1824B 1825A Vilnoa !Nakauyu 1822B 1824A Karee ! Dibejama! 1822A Safari Camp ! ! Major Roads 1821B ! · 1821A 1823B 1825B Marunga Pandamatenge ! Dobetsha Savute ! ! ! 1 : 125 000 SERIES (Published) ZIMBABWE Full colour Geological map with brief description 1821C 1821D 1822C 1822D 1823C 1823D 1824C 1824D 1825C 1825D and formalised stratigraphic nomenclature 1 : 250 000 SERIES (Published) 19° S 19° S Geological maps with brief description Mababe and Geophyscical information ! 1922B 1921A 1921B 1922A 1923A 1923B 1924A 1924B 1925A 1925B GEOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION Xorotsaa Kandalengo!ti ! 1 : 500 000 Cheracheraha 1926A ! Geological interpretation of the Aeromagnetic Gqose ! Survey of Western Ngamiland Qubi ! 1923D REVISED HYDROGEOLOGICAL MAPPING 1921C 1921D 1922C 1922D 1923C 1924C 1924D 1925C 1925D 1926C 1 : 500 000 SERIES (Published) Maun Sepako ") ! Konde ! Maun 1926D Completed with brief description ! 20° S 20° S SHEET 9 Kaore Mmanxotai ! B 42 Zoroga ! ! Motopi Gweta M 2 2022B ! ! Completed with brief description 2021A 2021B 2022A Makgobola 2023A 2023B 2024A 2024B 2025A 2025B 2026A 2026B ! 2027A SHEET 10 Bulletin published Mpayabana B 30 ! Moroka Mbalambi ! Kalakama!ti !Jackalas 1 Bodibeng M 7 M 2 ! M 6 District Memoir published ! Mosetse Nswazw!i M 1 ! ! Toteng 2021C 2021D 2022C 2022D 2023C 2023D 2024C 2024D 2025C 2025D 2026C 2026D 2027C ! 2027D Lepashe Tsamaya ! ! Projected Coordinate System:� Marapong M 2 ! Clarke_1880_Transverse_Mercator Mathangwane 21° S ! 21° S Projection:� Transverse_Mercator Geographic Coordinate System:�GCS_WGS_1984 Mmeya False_Easting:� 500000.00000000 Datum: �D_WGS_1984 Xere Mmatshumo ! ! B 21 ! Mopipi Francistown False_Northing:� 10000000.00000000 Prime Meridian: �Greenwich ! Mokubilo 2127A ") 2125B B 21 ! Central_Meridian:� 24.00000000 Angular Unit: �Degree 2121A 2121B 2122A 2122B 2123A 2123B 2124A 2124B 2125A 2126A 2126B Mabesekwa Matsiloje OrapaOrapa ! 2127B ! Scale_Factor:� 0.99960000 !") B 21 B 21 Letlhakane M 3 Latitude_Of_Origin:� 0.00000000 B 21 B 21 ! M 1 Ditladi M 7 B 35 ! Linear Unit: � Meter Robelela NAMIBIA M 3 ! Ghanzi Dimajwe Foley ") ! B 31 ! M 40 CENTRAL KALAHARI 1 : 125 000 SERIES COVERAGE Lepokole 2121C 2121D M 7 2122C 2122D 2123C 2123D 2124C 2124D 2125C 2125D 2126C 2126D 2127C 2127D 2128C ! 22° E 23° E 24° E 25° E Mmashoro Mmadinare Gobojango! Semolale ! Serule ! ! Khwee ! 2129C ! Selibe-Phikwe Bobonong 2128D ! ! B 25 22° S Selebi-Pikwe 22° S ") 24° S 24° S M 4 B 34 Morwamosu Xanagas B 38 Toposi Siding Sefhophe Motlhabaneng Pont Drift Kome Pan Mabutsane Maboane ! ! ! B 24 ! B 19 ! 2229A Takatokwane Mamuno 2223A Paje 2228A Mathathane ! 2220B 2221A 2221B 2222A 2222B 2223B 2224A 2224B 2225A 2225B 2226A 2226B ! 2227A 2227B 2228B ! Utwi Xade Mogapi 2220A! ! ! Tswaane Serowe Kgagodi Khekhe Kokotsha Keng Samane Jwaneng ! Metsiamanong ! ! M 4 ! Thab!ala 25° S 25° S ! Lesenepole Moletemane ! ! Werda Molopo 2228D Makopong 2228D Farms LerolwaneMetlobo Gope B 16 B 18 ! B 13 Letsheng B 10 2228C B 8 ! 2227C Ratholo 2222C Mokgware !
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