DOCSLIB.ORG

Vito Marcantonio Part 3 of 25

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Vito Marcantonio Part 3 of 25 1;:__%_43_.v__V?L_1___5__&#39;q,_M92J__"gmi__4__"____!_*_!_EI,_~A___:_____"I?__y___:_92____1_ f,_¢V_I1L W ___Vk§__92?_H3_?_H__ld__ _v&#39;_ 3 v __ vA_LV LQ:__ I___W!_3qr_Jf LA?__V!V___x&M,,_____ TIAF H J__7]_4,_Mr_J.hA_v" I1_a__"$__________J&#39;1f _im&#39;___F;V.JV__2:__&#39;kME CF ___f_R3_y_92_hr_v_92_N_;,___m__wmiA;kr__&#39;_I-K____,___!292__I__V, _ _MT 92 WJ_G/_&#39;__4___92_r*2 __W:_______i A___§&#39;___:_#F; JJM_Ak_yS1w::__!_,__u __lg!$_i__!m;_______v,QgN H _ ___>___PM_{J_Vk_Jq_~_Uvv_H,R__.&#39;:&#39;__|1hrv V1HR ,5.&#39;!*92H.I]r92 _&#39;W _ _L_*kMT:_!_an_______v._&#39;in__xyr t~ _ _ if1|__~__;___!___?__>_4_H_._ __hr_wHNUy?_ivh;_H_m_ M 7 ¢_W :K___&_____l21_/R >3_"___;%_h__n___&#39;_v__V»v_tr___&#39;V J ___i______>MtL_,Jx _{IL____:__r__!_ K_ ____V&#39;__y___rE&#39;"__ J; WC,___}wr~ __H: _ WWzfi~_F¬_;_Y_v____A1___&#39;_5V"lmy_____,q_lV___W_&#39;_Y___KMF__%""__H_v____92__>__,_____ W _ __F_WW4*_WE 1_____w_M___W__?__L|5; _ LJP?r___M_M_Evvi$m?v_wn?_§¥Ma 7{whm___iA_R_I 1: H/~@_YaTh___H_"I_{n_7F_____n92_1,___._*!Hb_iIa_m%y_,"_w__&#39;__#_¢_,_.92_L__L__;__1II A92IK{IVS Il!_i&#39;|___&h__ _ av*__W!_P__!___,_r_&ux_,___J_iKn______:&#39;__"H,H_£_r_&#39;_____ _92C}_ 4 hNh!_§¬p}Ex_A_N%g.:5%}! y ,,___A:3__L,r_"_ . V i_A__.7M_wv_:_1&#39;__N_HIifmmi_gM.§_&#39;__;__gin!r_%__W_"_qhhw_WW_H___mj__H ~WbiA_ W__H__Ik__A_aAm%fmrx$5m_w&#39;_H!|LN&_UArm_w?Wm_92__u_w!___T IW iifH>_H__x____#M_Mq 1 __K61_ i Ihi_My___&#39;ivé éN_%_M_J_~__,__,___r_4{__FJ-R5___if__f_92__,_4&#39;1._____4_S92___TI_v_V_6Mn?ty+iihi$3Em%%E¥av%%*£3x!_Jw_§;92_;W§i_¢&#39;__r}__h__M1i_£3q;A¢jHhM__H_nuNM4mv__f%1%?W/pg92_&#39;7. mi_i_;MV}H_VJfa:1%,?"_j_&#39;_,_HQh4?_%*1H; ___3I1H3 W t NhH______M!!m _y___5!:__V_,IV_v_NJ_¥an+13 4 I R.J___~_1:_"__:____A_92_u___:"¥v___*T4_%__wH___b,__.M____r__IN:HM?_&#39;____.,7__K_>_l"__r__7t____@%__&#39;_L>1.>Q!:_"_Y_&#39;n_7XAJ__"_92_hZM_ 1_ __A_v$I$_wT_MNm__w__*u}£__h_IF_m__W:iqini V_i___H___!____%é; Qg¬_~W}*_MM!g___Hy___bE"V___u:_____"__c__A_K___&#39;__"h EnU _,3n92~_:4_QMXI};:1heAuwif___1?____"HQ5&#39;LN*_____,4,__Llxi?"mm"9&2_Wr_&#39;Lu_~____&#39;FI;i__;__?&#39;_-H*r,_UQ,Irp*3Q>V!JQW_iiuqg VA fE__V_ _92_L_in_L_I 92 _Ju_N*~_W_x__IV5_V____r___W___w;_ww hAy _ k___W_w___p_V__VJ 1 ____Mmaby _92_!,&#39;~_L!yaLn__v__>_L>yd» AE_I !L v%_"__,R?mI_92_H!"__h¢@l%,___1,_ M rU M M_v__k_v_,W&#39;7&4,"____UHVU:R:Q_DA_:*__%+_hv%f!Y_u>_i%VA4_!<imf:1_M&_G>_I A 1IVy $_i_£Jpu£1:F:3W__,_____R|"M_____I A _;T_______W_____m_JW_4%__P*92___&#39;1>T"___~__V_"!_I________&#39;__:___N__Q?{I . _ _¢_U_*M?_92_&#39;Ié_m____qV_Wm ,vHU_vMm_4_" _4&#39;__n_L%H_V_WN_%_J_m__£__£_ Jhwlm ____4__§__92k&#39;___!i";_~_in_h_H>H_H|rP;__ ifYA ___,ydJ!A;V~_V__TA:Hp _V _Jul1%,H__q_,_Tw__%M;i V __$__*_W__92_L"W,*9!J&#39;_*_HA__m_F!*2MunHulay_hwxkn___fr__$%_i FE F A ih_I"___yr_~__*_w__L¢kamkw:]________vw%%$___wMwH_4AA__|_wmU___GumL_M_MMn.*_I__H3 _ J_ _ M_____"_ _4"____::_I"£9,k__&#39;_,_£_ mif__&#39;___nnit?xv * @*$_n&#39;_>___q____L___l; - _*__rJ__A_H__"___I_4IQ&#39;15*l____AHby:t___v_&#39;_VM M _ 5 I;rrg___$_______k_&#39;92u_V_?____L___92LJ}__h_*_____M_r"Y_$9"____H__*;__,___y y. T Mp;IJ,KH v_ J__Vm_FuQ__M&#39;MWy_%!__g¥QJ__1_hI_&#39;___;__r__wHH__4HWH_1r%,h92_~Jr_cli_Pxi,__|haUN__¢__A___H92v z U __ H _Hv__;___192{KF:WJ11: IM U _av>__92_1 KI1 t__P>_I__&#39;A_{W____¢_w__HWIQVAYMN_h LA,L _ f4;92R___WI:1>__V_h2 1,I ___~.__W___J&#39;_ _ in__&#39;v__¢>,_h__m92:_Am,Ib4_&#39;_mH>___&#39;V__Vuh_LV___¬_iv_Ir___AlF &V.__VP _rxiSW__,W_>______5}q|___n__»_4______pNz__H,AA:1J51+,__r_____J;I_#"*WV__"__U_|_hf_, L3 n _ hm5inMrJwHV____¬_&1__F5___*_H___.__r_1%RAIu1_______n92_{___4"w___6 J 5 Q 1%n *MM% _$"pgM_&#39;_,/"WK.__:!__&#39;__r_h*k.maI______v_--5V____¬E_x_tMw____m#,_u_____!VF&#39;__N_&#39;L__h Vt"__ W &#39;v _*_>_v___ __zi__mV$_A_I_L__>¥1Tuk____&_Exam!___I"I&#39;_ V_,M VH_£_,92&#39;.______kw»__F_J?__,1__:_n___k_>_____IfY____I____AME,11____.M; Q __1_ _"_whvf____Nfn_w_1__u_pi_EUup>h_M_92H____-J!tnI_{__M___:&#39;,____m_ h____:_&!W~___n,_____bd_____vh92|V_~_knH_!_;_haH____>_HH______j_n_l&#39;h__"__r_w_4V;_,it_&#39;H_%__i_____L___;hr____I?__ IF5 fTA __w_} _____F _VJ_&____A___T__:I___»_&_£___gm__W_vr_¢_WV_____&#39;___y.H__,§iw$"pdv___**_.__92____gNWf__&#39;H _ Em___id_,2 Q,up_&#39;___.N__%§H_kwiY»_h__f_______LVHv"_~___I2;"1_¥A9 IW _ 92 5 1.Kkw7?Vlgrpvwf_1_fQM}V[VéJ>_§_¬__&#39;__;f___}_A__:t_!_awpa___;_wky__4prah__ yda"___4&#39;____kq____U___f_H_!__&#39;r__>*NY.,,}.__:_w__b_"_r_J"x___&_¢_w_!___i__q_IHY:U,&#39;,hrfmy.W_¥__A_Pn:_____&#39;__W&#39;______N"VNniwuA___r__4,w_g__$"_____fI_,__,j>nE;I|_________92,_[¢_H_K____:_,;_:___A___fh________|_V&#39;:____._h_lA _l _,_.___HH_adhm_;,J_:M!_____92k__J__j_xNVia?:!_J&#39;_&#39;q4_§"_i*H*"JYV__ LM VJ*&#39;0_m_LJif_:___>¥t_____&#39;92_;_H2,_$_H4_J>_%"vg,dw_u_HyP;______kl_§__JH_I____pNi_All_92J"___M4__:______>7_i__y_Y__3:_92wit7_"__:___|_*,____"¬&#39;H__!_/____!__4ET I_ Ji2 dI;_92_ -__H4lg__H_n]_____Wfq92H&#39;:1£1Exohr;m____v__K__:___M?_p__w_¬___v~__%__MR51kfi_:_T_hA__¬¬_3_*v__H__b;___WQ_H_E_kJ;L___v_92__I__92_E*3 !1:_M&#39;_&#39;_,_D__;___,tr}WasNE,#___71.r&#39;92___I_;"~"v___&#39;flIv5V&#39;9_{?,]:_____J92V_&#39;_W?&#39;t7__:$_.-_ VN_wm 3"_&#39;b:_,7?}__ &#39;V v,£@__J_&#39;p5|n_V%g__/__yinJV?HA:h_V__H4____l__%____1k1:_%nQM}IMMu:_V___J:kg~_.»J¢U4&#39;&P___U_P&#39;_92__%"&#39;"&#39;92_§,___921iiIL!éJkl;é_J___§92_E{LEM____Lh&#39;____~1H"w_";___N___u__:M______V ____"kvi? ___DMU 4N "I;_____l_VL!;_E_I: ___§_v__?m192_§,_Mkj__>$____?___&#39;_, L:__+___fry}1_Q2____H_____%w é _4$__3,_______M3::r___¬w_i,_L__ _ » ¢ &#39;-&#39; ,- -* . - 92 r . V ~ 1- > . Q A . ~ . &#39;. V,_.92!"1Q ~. .-_V. _< ,?{-92. a-V ." V .~»..&#39;- _ V 3-_ ._-&#39;V&#39; :1VV 2- L ."...V3, __ V?"_..92, .. V_-V . u-V.-_. &#39;_ ,§V_ - .. F >_. V_ V _ ~ V . "<_§-W~;., V. -92 - . .- V &#39; .V.»~ _ - -V; . -> &#39;*. » .-Q.v - V "&#39;:&#39;~ -2 . k _ - _V;.. _ , _-".»:V,1.. v Vii V V V ,__ __ _ V sh V A V _ f_-5".... -V.~ _ _ V .11-_&#39;., __ V_~. &#39;,_§&#39; . _ ~ V ....V __ a. 0 .~ .>, .V .92. V3.1.» . V ~ __ - <"f._V.92 V V V ~.Q. -V V.o V .3 - .-V.. V- -. is > ¢ ,- ~ ."V.§- _V V:_ f __ _.V- &#39;*&#39; &#39;-~.f~r&#39;_ _. ~;.-.- .3_ ,_ -V&#39;AL T r", VV,92.__&#39; V_.,.&#39;92_V . ~&#39;. _ > .;_ -..~. ~ J * fa-. - V11-92 ~.: _ V? ,.&#39;_c ~_..- _ V-- ~ - * V92__.w&#39;.~:V . V-V . = »92 . 92 < V4 _ V - v-r~¢:&#39;.>;~V.»V-.V w &#39; . "2: »&#39; ~ . 2 . F" - < . V. V .* ,3-?V£V_V_.__;__.y *_&#39;_ _ , -. .?* &#39;1 " .. .. a _~.._ __&#39;., .3. _:V <. °~-. - &#39; __V.- &#39;-92 .. ,_V V V .V_. J .1_ , .. F,V.,u. _;____92_V. V .- V_ _ . » V, VVVVV V . VVVi,-VV _ .___VV VVVVV. VVVV>:VVVV_l _V V . lp?» .- V __;&#39; . &#39;v...-=V- . &#39;V» . _ . N . .6 ~. - ,_;VV .- ,-92-~V ~;.. -.~.,.-~ -- .-92 .~ . _~~ VV.;. -.~&#39;---V .. ..:_ - -:1- -. -._ - ~ ./ ~ "2. _= .-,. V , 1 V .. ~V - &#39;- V_ ... >V.V_92V."V. V.. - VV.. &#39; ..V, &#39; - ; V ~_.f"_V-.V W <.- =*. V»- - _. .». .v&#39; 92 41;-.&#39; _ V .i92_VV . * __ . ~, .-.- .. -92 3.».. _- 92 V. - 4.1- >- -; &#39; A _ _ V <- .V ..VV92VVVVV_VVV;. -.._ V: 92 hiV13. V V _92~.,V..:V_-V.V, < &#39;_ VVVV.. V.92-=-.-V V.VV _ +71-.,_>w 12. ; .V--~.Vi V VV Q__VV!VV;V_, V -1»V . V . V_;-V 92_,V.VVVV~VV&#39;lT7 _ VVV V " i.-0*""..=&#39;, V_ >*V . -n7 ~., 9- 92 V -E _. -&#39; &#39;-Q. _.} . .,V#&#39;1V _ -..V Q._ . V;-V92&hq&#39;.K1-Ir?.,V.-_V.-._.,.$@$ .A-5&#39;,&#39;;,.92",&#39;l FhV;3,4; "_-&#39;_92sf: .. V__ Q5:V92.92 V -V 1 J V." " -5--_.;._&#39; 1&#39;3:51..-é»t1- Q-V iV+Vf;&#39;I-.92jV&#39;_¥&#39;__..&#39;i-§*:&#39; .;a:><.2... ... V3 uV.» -.92 -.W ......_ V V~ . &#39;.-V --. 92""&#39;_V&#39;~_.V.&#39; V &#39; .&#39; ., -- _. ~ . .-- . VV..V_L;V V.3 . .-,V:V 92 . 92 . _. _ V,. V, V_. V V *~;.__»VV v», .f&#39;*:.!_»E~,§»,.3 :4; V1.3-_ ,,.. -.3 _" _~. ;."92&#39;92~§.Q:-v_§ !-°*8;." &#39;2-viz: . ;V3..&#39;;&#39;:$;V V ._, _ F &#39; - . ~ - I&#39;..&#39;5&#39; " &#39;l-V .&#39;:. .&#39; I I . -V»V. - &#39;-.!;&#39;V&#39; 1 j. _ f -. .-.~ V" . 9 -* ":- V VV .v- 3 "*92&#39;.~3* 1 NV1:3 .+">-K-I ;_VVV.n_ :3~&#39;,.".-W-I 92"V -*~ ..-.~;.VV::?* "-&#39;*;_?VVV._.¬! ..£-;-&#39;92~ .._§ 92 Va1 Q 1 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tailored Deterrence - a French Perspective
    50 TAILORED DETERRENCE - A FRENCH PERSPECTIVE Bruno TERTRAIS France is not at the forefront of the debate within NATO on the future of deterrence and retains a fairly conservative nuclear policy. However, the evolution of the French nuclear deterrent has been largely in tune with US and UK policies. Nuclear Deterrence With Smaller Arsenals Nuclear weapons will remain the ultimate guarantee of a nation’s survival for the foreseeable future. There is no alternative means of defense on the horizon which may threaten in a credible way the complete destruction of a State as a coherent entity, in just a few minutes. Conventional weapons could conveivably do the job, but only through repeated and multiple raids and with a lesser guarantee of success. Moreover, conventional weapons cannot instill in the adversary’s mind the very peculiar fear induced by nuclear weapons. Biological weapons are arguably as scary as nuclear ones - and perhaps even more so, in particu- lar for public opinion. But their use can be controlled only with difficulty. More importantly, they are not able to physically destroy government buildings, factories, command posts and arsenals. Unless perhaps deployed in space in very large numbers, strategic defenses will not be effective against a large number of missiles equipped with decoys and multiple warheads. Finally, threatening some particular hardened targets will continue to be possible only by nuclear means. But future deterrence will be ensured with smaller nuclear arse- nals. In the coming twenty years, Western nuclear stockpiles will continue *Senior Research Fellow, Fondation pour la Recherche Stratégique, France. 51 to be reduced.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Warheads
    OObservatoire des armes nucléaires françaises The Observatory of French Nuclear Weapons looks forward to the elimination of nuclear weapons in conformity with the aims of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. To that end, the Observatory disseminates follow-ups of information in the forms of pamphlets and entries on the World Wide Web: • on the evolution of French nuclear forces; • on the on-going dismantling of nuclear sites, weapons, production facilities, and research; • on waste management and environmental rehabilitation of sites; • on French policy regarding non-proliferation; • on international cooperation (NGO’s, international organizations, nations), toward the elimination of nuclear weapons; • on the evolution of the other nuclear powers’ arsenals. The Observatory of French Nuclear Weapons was created at the beginning of the year 2000 within the Center for Documentation and Research on Peace and Conflicts (CDRPC). It has received support from the W. Alton Jones Foundation and the Ploughshares Fund. C/o CDRPC, 187 montée de Choulans, F-69005 Lyon Tél. 04 78 36 93 03 • Fax 04 78 36 36 83 • e-mail : [email protected] Site Internet : www.obsarm.org Dépôt légal : mai 2001 - 1ère édition • édition anglaise : novembre 2001 ISBN 2-913374-12-3 © CDRPC/Observatoire des armes nucléaires françaises 187, montée de Choulans, 69005 Lyon (France) Table of contents The break-down of nuclear disarmament ....................................................................................................................................... 5 The
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Futures: Western European Options for Nuclear Risk Reduction
    Nuclear futures: Western European options for nuclear risk reduction Martin Butcher, Otfried Nassauer & Stephen Young British American Security Information Council and the Berlin Information-center for Transatlantic Security (BITS), December 1998 Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations Executive Summary Chapter One: Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear Policy in Western Europe Chapter Two: The United Kingdom Chapter Three: France Chapter Four: Nuclear Co-operation Chapter Five: NATO Europe Chapter Six: Nuclear Risk Reduction in Western Europe Endnotes About the authors Martin Butcher is the Director of the Centre for European Security and Disarmament (CESD), a Brussels-based non-governmental organization. Currently, he is a Visiting Fellow at BASIC’s Washington office. Otfried Nassauer is the Director of the Berlin Information-center for Transatlantic Security (BITS). Stephen Young is a Senior Analyst as BASIC. Previously, he worked for 20/20 Vision and for ACCESS: A Security Information Service. He has a Masters in International Affairs from Columbia University, and a BA from Carleton College. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the many people who pro-vided help of various kinds during the writing of this report. They include: Nicola Butler, for her inestimable assistance; Ambassador James Leonard, for his helpful comments on the report’s recommendations; Professors Paul Rogers and Patricia Chilton, for their comments on early drafts; Daniel Plesch, for his comments on the entire report; and Camille Grand, for his guidance and support in compiling the section on France. Special thanks to Lucy Amis and Tanya Padberg for excellent proofing and copy-editing work, and to Christine Kucia and Kate Joseph for advice and assistance on the layout and design of the report.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Weapons in Europe: British and French Deterrence Forces in a European Context Has Come to the Fore in Recent Years
    Questions about the meaning, role and utility of nuclear deterrence forces deterrence and French British in Europe: weapons Nuclear in a European context has come to the fore in recent years. Russia has reemphasized the role of a full-spectrum nuclear arsenal. This includes increased reliance on substrategic nuclear weapons for battlefield use, to compensate for its perceived inferiority in conventional armaments. In Europe, the main multilateral and intergovernmental institutions and cooperation have been put under strain as a result of several negative developments. As a consequence the UK and France, Europe’s two nuclear powers, are debating the role and composition of their respective deterrent forces. Multiple, complex security dilemmas, and the possibility that established alliances and partnerships might not be sufficiently reliable, inform the choices that have to be made. The study concludes that while the current arsenals will remain fundamental to national security, their long term futures are far from certain. Budgetary constraints, domestic politics, and strategic perceptions informed by national nuclear mentalities are the main factors determining the outcome and composition of French and British arsenals beyond 2030. Nuclear weapons in Europe: British and French deterrence forces Niklas Granholm, John Rydqvist FOI-R--4587--SE ISSN1650-1942 www.foi.se April 2018 Niklas Granholm John Rydqvist Nuclear weapons in Europe: British and French deterrence forces Bild/Cover: HMS Victorious returning to Clyde. Photo UK MoD. FOI-R--4587--SE Titel Kärnvapen I Europa: Storbritanniens och Frankrikes kärnvapenarsenaler Title Nuclear weapons in Europe: British and French deterrence forces Rapportnr/Report no FOI-R--4587--SE Månad/Month April Utgivningsår/Year 2018 Antal sidor/Pages 79 ISSN 1650-1942 Kund/Customer Försvarsdepartementet Forskningsområde 8.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction Background Further Details on MBDA And
    [Unofficial English translation] Introduction The exclusion of EADS from the investment universe of the Government Pension Fund – Global has been reviewed. There is no longer a basis for exclusion of the company from investments related to involvement in the production of cluster munitions. The recommendation to exclude the company is however upheld because the company is involved in production of key components to nuclear weapons. Background On 16 June 2005, the Advisory Council on Ethics for the Government Petroleum Fund submitted its recommendation on exclusion of companies that are involved in the production of cluster munitions.1 The company EADS (European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company) was among the companies that were recommended for exclusion. The basis for the exclusion of EADS was that the company in a letter to Norges Bank dated June 8, 2005, stated that the company owned the company TDA in a joint venture with the company Thales S.A. Moreover, EADS stated that TDA produced the mortar ammunition PR Cargo, which the Council considered to be cluster ammunition according to the Fund’s ethical guidelines. In a new letter to Norges Bank, dated 21 March, 2006, EADS stated that the company no longer is an owner of TDA and, thus, that there is no longer a basis for exclusion of the company from investments related to involvement in production of cluster munitions. On 19 September 2005, the Council submitted its recommendation on exclusion of companies that develop and produce nuclear weapons.2 EADS is mentioned in this recommendation because of its ownership in the company MBDA and its involvement in the development of the nuclear missile M51.
    [Show full text]
  • L'importance De La Dissuasion Nucleaire Pour Le Tissu Industriel De
    L’IMPORTANCE DE LA DISSUASION NUCLEAIRE POUR LE TISSU INDUSTRIEL DE DEFENSE FRANÇAIS1 COMITÉ : Comité Industrie de Défense – ANAJ-IHEDN Introduction Le 7 mars 1966, le Général de Gaulle annonçait la sortie de la France du commandement intégré de l’OTAN. Pour l’opinion publique, la surprise est totale. Le journal l’Aurore parle d’un « coup de poignard dans le dos » porté à nos alliés Américains, alors que le mécontentement de la population civile gronde également, déclenchant plusieurs manifestations sur le territoire français. En cause, plus de 50 000 emplois directs liés à la présence des bases américaines sur notre territoire. Néanmoins, la décision du Général est intimement liée à sa volonté de doter la France d’une force de frappe nucléaire indépendante et autonome à l’heure où le pays est encore doté d’ogives américaines dans le cadre de l’OTAN. Ainsi, si le premier essai nucléaire français – nom de code Gerboise bleue - a eu lieu en 1960, les dépenses en matière de dissuasion nucléaire vont peu à peu s’intensifier dans le but de doter le pays d’une arme fiable et efficace, en constante amélioration. 1967 sera l’année de tous les records, puisque la France consacre 1,2% de son PIB à l’arme atomique et aux moyens qui lui sont associés [1]. Les efforts budgétaires consentis paient rapidement. Le 24 août 1968, la première bombe H expérimentale française, Canopus, explose au-dessus de l’atoll de Fangataufa. La France expose au monde entier les progrès scientifiques de ses meilleurs atomistes. Au fil des années, c’est une véritable industrie qui s’érige ainsi sur le territoire afin de produire les éléments que nécessite la conception de cette force.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 12A. World Nuclear Forces, 2005
    Appendix 12A. World nuclear forces, 2005 SHANNON N. KILE and HANS M. KRISTENSEN* I. Introduction A decade and a half after the end of the cold war, eight states deploy more than 13 000 operational nuclear weapons (see table 12A.1). If all warheads are counted— operational warheads, spares, and those in both active and inactive storage—the eight states possess a total of roughly 27 600 warheads. In addition to these intact weapons, thousands more plutonium cores (pits) are stored as a strategic reserve. The nuclear arsenals vary in both size and capability, ranging from Russia’s 7360 operational weapons to those of India and Pakistan, whose combined arsenal still contains fewer than 100 warheads. Despite their different circumstances, however, all the eight states continue to maintain and modernize their arsenals and insist, publicly or covertly, that nuclear weapons play a crucial and enduring role for their national security. Both Russia and the United States are in the process of reducing their operational nuclear forces under the terms of the 1991 START I Treaty and the 2002 Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (SORT).1 China, India and Pakistan, on the other hand, may increase their arsenals somewhat over the next decade. France appears to have reached an equilibrium of some sort in the size of its arsenal, while the United King- dom will soon face a decision about the future of its nuclear arsenal. When the current Russian and US reductions have been completed, in 2012, these eight states (assuming no others have joined the ‘nuclear club’) will still possess a total of about 14 000 intact nuclear warheads.
    [Show full text]
  • Third-Country Nuclear Forces and Possible Measures for Multilateral Arms Control
    Third-Country Nuclear Forces and Possible Measures for Multilateral Arms Control Steven Pifer James Tyson The Brookings Institution 1775 Massachusetts Ave., NW Arms ControlWashington, and D.C. 20036 Non-Proliferationbrookings.edu Series Paper 12 • August 2016 Acknowledgments We want to express our deep gratitude to Robert Einhorn and Mi- chael O’Hanlon for reviewing drafts of this manuscript. We would also like to thank Gail Chalef and her colleagues at Brookings for their assistance in the production of this paper. The contents and recommendations are the authors’ own. Support for this publication was generously provided by the Ploughshares Fund and the Carnegie Corporation of New York. The Brookings Institution is a nonprofit organization devoted to indepen- dent research and policy solutions. Its mission is to conduct high-quality, independent research and, based on that research, to provide innovative, practical recommendations for policymakers and the public. The con- clusions and recommendations of any Brookings publication are solely those of its author(s), and do not reflect the views of the Institution, its management, or its other scholars. Brookings recognizes that the value it provides is in its absolute commit- ment to quality, independence, and impact. Activities supported by its donors reflect this commitment. Table of Contents Introduction and Executive Summary ...........................................1 Chapter 1: The Nuclear Arms Control Context...................................4 Chart: World Nuclear Warhead Numbers,
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Weapons States
    CND Nuclear weapons states United States of America G Number of nuclear 6,450 warheads • 3,800 nuclear warheads in the military stockpile • 1,750 of these warheads deployed • 2,650 retired and awaiting dismantlement (due to be completed by 2023) N Nuclear weapon Submarines I system details • 14 Ohio Class SSBNs with Trident II (D5 or enhanced D5LE) missiles with new Mk-6 guidance system and W76-1 and W88 warheads. • The US also has other submarines (Los Angeles, Improved Los Angeles and Virginia class SSNs) with Tomahawk cruise missiles and W80-0 warheads F (non-strategic). Land based • 400 Minuteman III intercontinental ballistic missiles with 400 W87 or W78 warheads. E Aircraft • 20 B-2As and 46 B-52Hs bombers are nuclear capable with around 60 (18 B-2As and 42 B-52Hs) assigned to nuclear missions. Around 300 nuclear I weapons are deployed, some are free-fall but most are nuclear-tipped cruise missiles. R Position on first use • The 2010 Nuclear Posture Review stated the fundamental role of nuclear weapons was to deter a nuclear attack on the United States and that the United States will not use or threaten to use nuclear weapons on any state that is party to the NPT and in compliance with its nuclear non-proliferation (NPT) obligations. However, it still reserves the right of first-use. B Modernisations • The US government plans to spend $400 billion between 2017 and 2026 modernising and maintaining its nuclear forces and the necessary infrastructure. This will include: The production of adaptable warheads which can be used on both ICBMs and SLBMs.
    [Show full text]
  • (CUWS) Outreach Journal # 1279
    Issue No. 1279 1 September 2017 // USAFCUWS Outreach Journal Issue 1279 // Feature Item “Identification of High Confidence Nuclear Forensics Signatures”. Published by the International Atomic Energy Agency; August 2017 http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/TE-1820_web.pdf As a means to prevent and respond to a nuclear security event, nuclear forensics provides information on the origin and history of nuclear and other radioactive materials out of regulatory control in the context of legal proceedings under international or national law relating to nuclear security. By bridging nuclear science, law enforcement and nuclear security, nuclear forensics depends on diverse disciplines and technical capabilities. The strength of a nuclear forensic examination is not contingent upon a single technology but is instead derived from demonstrated confidence in conclusions following laboratory analysis and data interpretation. Innovation in nuclear forensic methodologies is driven by science and research. For this reason, the IAEA has prioritized coordinated research projects (CRPs) in nuclear forensics as a means to provide scientifically validated and objective solutions to promote confidence in the conclusions following a nuclear forensic examination. In addition, CRPs provide a mechanism to build confidence in nuclear forensics by sharing the experience of researchers and examiners from around the world. As States utilize nuclear forensics as a preventive and response to a nuclear security event, confidence in the findings from a nuclear
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Weapon Modernization Programs of Nuclear-Armed States
    Nuclear Weapon Modernization Programs of Nuclear-Armed States Hans M. Kristensen Director, Nuclear Information Project Federation of American Scientists Phone: 202-454-4695 Email: [email protected] Presentation to Side Event on Nuclear Weapon Modernizations Organized by Alliance for Nuclear Accountability Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom Third Preparatory Committee Meeting for the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty United Nations, New York, May 1, 2014 Research and publications with generous support from the Ploughshares Fund Status of nuclear forces More than 125,000 warheads produced since 1945 Peak of 64,500 stockpiled warheads in 1986 (70,300 if including retired) • US stockpile peaked early (1967) • Russian stockpile peaked late (1986) Enormous progress since 1986 peak: • ~54,000 warhead stockpile reduction • ~47,000+ warheads dismantled Trend: pace of reductions slowing Today: ~ 10,000 warheads in stockpiles (16,000 if Estimated Global Nuclear Warhead Inventories, 2014 counting retired intact warheads awaiting dismantlement) US and Russia possess 90% of global inventory (94% if counting retired intact warheads): each has 4 times more warheads than rest of world combined; 15 times more than third-largest stockpile (France) Decreasing: US, Russia, Britain, France Increasing: China, Pakistan, India Israel relatively steady; North Korea trying Hans M. Kristensen, Federation of American Scientists, 2014 | Slide 2 Modernizations: United States ICBM • Minuteman III life-extension fielding • GBSD replacement ICBM planning
    [Show full text]
  • CONFÉRENCE DU DÉSARMEMENT 14 Février 2007 FRANÇAIS Original: ANGLAIS
    CD/1814 CONFÉRENCE DU DÉSARMEMENT 14 février 2007 FRANÇAIS Original: ANGLAIS LETTRE DATÉE DU 13 FÉVRIER 2007, ADRESSÉE AU SECRÉTAIRE GÉNÉRAL DE LA CONFÉRENCE DU DÉSARMEMENT PAR LE REPRÉSENTANT PERMANENT DU ROYAUME-UNI DE GRANDE-BRETAGNE ET D’IRLANDE DU NORD À LA CONFÉRENCE, TRANSMETTANT LE TEXTE D’UN LIVRE BLANC, DATÉ DE DÉCEMBRE 2006, SUR L’AVENIR DE LA FORCE NUCLÉAIRE DE DISSUASION DU ROYAUME-UNI J’ai l’honneur de vous transmettre ci-joint le texte du Livre blanc du Royaume-Uni, daté de décembre 2006 et intitulé «The Future of the United Kingdom’s Nuclear Deterrent» (L’avenir de la force nucléaire de dissuasion du Royaume-Uni). Je vous prie de bien vouloir faire le nécessaire pour que ce texte soit publié comme document officiel de la Conférence du désarmement et distribué à toutes les délégations d’États membres de la Conférence et d’États qui participent aux travaux de l’instance sans en être membres. L’Ambassadeur, Représentant permanent du Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d’Irlande du Nord (Signé) John Stewart Duncan GE.07-60385 (F) 190207 200207 CD/1814 page 2 L’avenir de la force nucléaire de dissuasion du Royaume-Uni Document présenté au Parlement, sur ordre de sa Majesté, par le Ministre de la défense et le Ministre des affaires étrangères et du Commonwealth Décembre 2006 CD/1814 page 3 PRÉFACE DU PREMIER MINISTRE AU LIVRE BLANC La responsabilité première de tout gouvernement est d’assurer la sécurité et la sûreté de ses citoyens. Pendant 50 ans, notre force nucléaire indépendante de dissuasion a été la garantie ultime de notre sécurité nationale.
    [Show full text]