CHASQUI PERUVIAN MAIL

Year 3, number 6 Cultural Bulletin of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs February 2005

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e u q i r n E BOLIVAR’S INTEGRATIONIST PROJECTS / E. A. WESTPHALEN: POETRY ENRIQUE POLANCO’S PAINTINGS / CATHEDRALS IN PUNO SIMON BOLIVAR: A LOOK AT HIS INTEGRATIONIST POLICIES

Scarlett O’Phelan *

The recent celebration of the 180th anniversary of the victory in Ayacucho and the invitation to the Amphictyonyc Congress in Panama, prompted us to review the Liberator’s integrationist projects. His dreams of regional unity are still valid, decisively gaining momentum after the historic creation of the South American Community of Nations.

imon Bolivar was born in Caracas Venezuela, Nueva Granada and Quito S on July 24th 1783, during a period materialized, later joined by Panama between wars. The war of independence in 1821. This political block of countries in the British Colonies in North America was effective for eleven years, had just ended and the 8rench specifically between 1819 and 1830. Revolution was about to break out. 8rom It has been said that the Gran Co- then on, his whole life would in some lombia State was created on a way be influenced by revolutions. precarious foundation and the fact that As a young widower, Bolivar began it lasted for ten years was mainly due to travelling around Europe in 1804, Simon Bolivar’s strong will. In 1829, a alongside his old master, Simon year before the new state collapsed, Rodriguez. In fact, they were both in Bolivar wrote the following to General Paris during the coronation of Napoleon O’Really: «We all know that New Gra- Bonaparte. During his stay in Europe, nada and Venezuela are joined solely the young Bolivar was soon won over by my authority, which will soon give by the independence-oriented way, when so decided by Providence tendency that originated in England in or mankind». favour of the liberation of the Spanish Nevertheless and despite these colonies in America, probably in fears, the truth is that Gran Colombia response to Spain’s open support of the appeared as the most important political British colonies in North America power in South America during the during their struggle for freedom from years immediately after the British rule. The emancipation of Independence. It is undeniable that Spanish America became one of the regional integration efforts provided Bolivar’s main objectives, to which end an abundance of natural resources. he did not limit himself to promoting Venezuela became a territory of large the armed fight, but drew up a project landed estates rich in livestock; New for a unified political nation known as Granada became the mining area par «Gran Colombia». excellence, with intensive industrial and commercial activities; Quito was THE GRAN COLOMBIA PROJECT the region of cocoa exports and textile factories. The combination of these The idea of large political blocks resources provided an economic base comprised of Spanish American States that, well managed, could convert Gran was proposed by certain Independence Colombia into a region with a powerful ideologists, such as 8rancisco de Miran- continental influence. da. According to Miranda, in 1808 – in However, two external factors – the midst of the Napoleonic invasion of regionalism and the partisanship Simón Bolívar. José Gil de Castro (1785 - 1841) the Spanish peninsula and during the promoted by political leaders – caused formation of government councils to the deterioration and eventual rule on behalf of 8erdinand VII – it which was established in the area Colombia – although not large enough disruption of Gran Colombia. was considered advisable to establish covered by the New Granada to become unmanageable. In his As Bolivar had suggested, it was four separate governments in America: Viceroyship in 1739. In a letter opinion, the centre (capital) could not important for the capital of the new 1) Mexico and Guatemala; 2) Santa 8e, addressed to General Santiago Nariño be located too far from its borders. He State to be situated in a central point, Caracas and Quito; 3) Peru and Chile; in 1813, Bolivar wrote about « .the also believed that if the Spanish equidistant from the rest of the territory. and 4) Buenos Aires and Tucuman. duty to form a nation with New Grana- American territory was split into small Hence the selection of Bogota as the Although the criteria used to structure da. This is what the population of Ve- states, these would be vulnerable and capital city. As a result of that decision, these blocks remains unclear, it must nezuela and Granada are voting for and easily subjugated by foreign powers. A however, Venezuela, where the project be admitted that although Santa 8e and in requesting such an interesting union large State, on the other hand, was had been created, was left on the Caracas had some things in common, of two regions, the brave sons of New capable of gaining respect and outskirts, far removed from the centre. in geographical, linguistic or ethnic Granada have come to liberate Vene- developing a better negotiating 8urthermore, based on the terms, there was little that an Andean zuela». 8urthermore, in his famous capacity. integrationist nature of the project, state like Quito could share with the letter written two years later in Jamai- Miranda’s ideas initially and then Bolivar appointed the Colombian Ge- other two states. ca, he confirmed the suitability of a Bolivar’s, and the proposals made by the neral 8rancisco de Paula Santander as Bolivar rescued the second block common government for Nueva Gra- people of Venezuela, Granada and Vice-President in Bogota, the decision- comprised of Santa 8e, Caracas and nada, Venezuela and Quito, combined Quito at the Angostura congress in 1819 making centre. Meanwhile, he began Quito from Miranda’s project, giving in a single State named Colombia. and in Cucuta in 1821, were key factors his military campaign towards the shape to what would become the Bolivar was thinking about the for the creation of the Gran Colombia south, to finalize the independence of territory of his Gran Colombia project, constitution of a very large state – Gran political block, in which the union of America with the liberation of Peru

CHASQUI 2 da, so as to achieve a promising future for the recently independent Spanish American countries. Even so, these results did not interfere with his integrationist efforts. By then Bolivar already had a new project in mind: the Andes Confederation, which would unite the territories of the countries his army had liberated, from Cumana to Chuquisaca. This proposal never materialized. The failure of Gran Co- lombia was a hard blow for the Liberator, who began to question whether the liberated America was mature enough to embark on an integrationist project. He died shortly after, on December 17th 1830. Soon before his death Bolivar wrote a final proclamation directed to the people of Colombia, asking them to «work for the incalculable good of the union».

* Associate Professor, Pontificate Catholic University of Peru.

Bibliography:

Signing of the Capitulation of Ayacucho. Daniel Hernández (1856 – 1932) Museum of the Central Reserve Bank, Lima. Jose Luis Busaniche. Bolivar visto por sus contemporaneos, (Bolivar as seen by his contemporaries). 8ondo de Cultura from the Viceroyship. Venezuelan Hence the impression that Bolivar’s 22nd 1826, with delegations from Economica, Mexico. Third reprint. leaders, such as plainsman Jose Anto- integrationist project only incorporated Mexico, Central America, Colombia David Bushnell. Simon Bolivar. Hombre de nio Paez, deeply resented being Spanish-speaking countries. In and Peru. 8or one reason or another, Caracas, proyecto de America. (Man of Cara- subordinates of Santander, to the point addition, the exclusion of the United Brazil, Argentina and Chile did not cas, Project of America). Biblos Publishers. Buenos Aires, 2002. that in 1826 they fostered a States could indicate a certain lack of send representatives. Brazil probably confrontation between the populations confidence in the powerful country of resented not having been invited Josefina Zoraida Vasquez (co-ordinator). El nacimiento de las naciones iberoamericanas. (The of Venezuela and Granada. The Gran the north, coupled with the political initially, whereas Argentina and Chile birth of Spanish American nations). Mapfre Colombia project was showing serious and commercial rivalry between the probably felt closer to San Martin, who Tavera 8oundation, Madrid, 2002. signs of a breakdown. North Americans and their British had liberated both those countries. Jose Carlos Chiaramonte. Nacion y Estado counterparts, who were Bolivar’s allies. Although the United States sent two en Iberoamerica. El lenguaje político en tiempos THE AMPHICTYONYC It was robably the fear of what was then representatives, one of them died on de las independencias. (Nation and State in CONGRESS IN PANAMA referred to as the «pardocracia» the way and the other arrived too late. Spanish America. Political Language during (mulatto society) that prevented him Even though alliance treaties had been independence times). Editorial Sudameri- During the Ayacucho campaign in cana, Buenos Aires, 2004. 1824, Bolivar had remained in Lima See also: drawing up plans for a new integrationist project. This time, it was «During the Ayacucho campaign in 1824, Bolivar had Timothy Anna. La caída del gobierno español a system involving a permanent alliance remained in Lima drawing up plans for a new en el Perú (The fall of the Spanish government and mutual cooperation between in Peru). Institute of Peruvian Studies, Lima, 2003. 322 pages. Spanish American nations. With this integrationist project. This time, it was a system project in mind, he organised an Scarlett O’Phelan Godoy (compiler). La In- involving a permanent alliance and mutual dependencia del Peru. De los Borbones a Bolivar. international congress in which the cooperation between Spanish American nations. With (The Independence of Peru. 8rom the nations that had recently gained their Bourbons to Bolivar). Riva Agüero Institute/ independence could meet. He chose this project in mind, he organised an international PUCP, Lima, 2001. 542 pages. Panama as the meeting point in view congress in which the nations that had recently gained Cristobal Aljovin de Losada. Caudillos y of its strategic location between North Constituciones. Peru: 1821 – 1845. (Political and South America, based on the their independence could meet. He chose Panama as Leaders and Constitutions. Peru – 1821 – experience of the amphictyonyc league 1845). 8CE/Riva Agüero Institute/PUCP, the meeting point in view of its strategic location Lima, 2000. 354 pages. of Greek nations which met regularly in the Corinth isthmus. It is worth between North and South America, based on the Gustavo Montoya. La Independencia del Perú remembering that Bolivar was an avid y el fantasma de la revolución. (The experience of the amphictyonyc league of Greek Independence of Peru and the phantom of reader of classic literature. the revolution). Minima Collection. IEP/ In order to prepare the ground for nations which met regularly in the Corinth isthmus. 8EA. Lima, 2002, 198 pages. this meeting, Bolivar sent diplomatic It is worth remembering that Bolivar was an avid missions from Colombia to Mexico, Peru and the Southern Cone. Continuing reader of classic literature». with this policy, alliance treaties were signed in 1823 between Colombia, Mexico, Peru, Chile and Argentina. from extending an invitation to Haiti. discussed and some agreements had 8inally, on December 7th 1824, with the (It is worth recalling that Bolivar had been drawn up during the meetings, support of his Peruvian General been the subject of serious threats and the activities were suspended on July Minister, Jose 8austino Sanchez insults from the mulatto General Ma- 15th so that a meeting could be held on Carrion, the Liberator sent out formal nuel Piar). Eventually, at the insistence a more convenient date in Tacubaya invitations to the governments of of Vice-President Santander – on the outskirts of Mexico city; Mexico and Central America, Chile, following the advice of Venezuelan Pe- however, such a meeting never did take Peru and Argentina, inviting them to dro Gual, his 8oreign Affairs Secretary place. send their representatives to a congress – invitations were also sent to the Unfortunately, the results of the that would meet in Panama early in governments of the United States and Panama Congress were disappointing, 1826. It is worth noting that neither Brazil, but not to Haiti. although the purpose behind the mee- Brazil, nor the United States or Haiti The opening sessions of the ting reflected the importance that were included. Congress in Panama took place on June Bolivar placed on an integrationist agen-

CHASQUI 3 EMILIO ADOL8O ABOUT THE POEM WESTPHALEN / POESIE Modulated words of E.A. Westphalen compiled in an essential publication*

«It is no secret that access to Poetry is no common or compulsory current life event. Many people (the majority, I fear) go through their privileged, mediocre or anguished lives without even the slightest suspicion of the rare objects built with HE DEJADO DESCANSAR I HAVE LAID TO REST words that circulate – almost surreptitiously - sometimes leaving a sweet or bitter taste, but confusing us and transporting us to another sphere of existence – usually exalted and nearly always impossible to translate into other terms of our He dejado descansar tristemente mi cabeza I have sadly laid to rest my head language or the various activities of our spirit. En esta sombra que cae del ruido de tus In the shadow falling from the sound of your How do we reach this state, which we could affectionately refer to as delirious? pasos footsteps The phenomenon of poetic initiation has never been clarified (as far as I know). Vuelta a la otra margen Around the other side I suspect there are numerous different ways – along dark and bewildering roads Grandiose as the night to rebuff you Grandiosa como la noche para negarte – that lead to the first contact – to the prime revelation. The truth is that those I have left the last rays of light before dawn and He dejado mis albas y los árboles arraigados who have opened their eyes and ears to the perception of a nymph or a mermaid the trees rooted in my throat en mi garganta – would find it difficult to let go of the nostalgic feeling of being captivated by it. He dejado hasta la estrella que corría entre I have even left the star that seeped between my I do not know whether Poetry transformed the lives of the credulous or the mis huesos bones psychic, even though it is seldom more than a deceiving conjecture: perhaps He abandonado mi cuerpo I have abandoned my body hearing a voice or, more likely, timidly sensing it. There is no system or ritual – Como el naufragio abandona las barcas Like the shipwrecked abandons the ship painful or inspired – whereby Poetry will respond to a desperate or cautious call. O como la memoria al bajar las mareas Or like the memory when it drops its guard Even if it should occur by chance, we would never know if it will grant us an Algunos ojos extraños sobre las playas Strange eyes above the beaches undeserved gift: the talent granted as quickly as it can be abolished. He abandonado mi cuerpo I have abandoned my body It could be assumed from the above that Poetry is not only uncertain – varia- Como un guante para dejar la mano libre Like a glove to set my hand free ble – but equally deceiving and, more often than not, disappointing. Si hay que estrechar la gozosa pulpa de una If the juicy pulp of a star must be squeezed Another consequence is the admission that there are no safe or established estrella You will not hear any softer sound than the leaves approach systems – any efforts to draw up rules and invent captivating methods No me oyes más leve que las hojas Because I have freed myself of all my branches are unrealistic. One success – unexpected and usually unpromising – is no Porque me he librado de todas las ramas And even the air cannot bind me assurance of a repeated success. The poet must give himself to Poetry free of any Y ni el aire me encadena Nor can the waters grapple with me, otherwise prejudices or rhetorical art, just like the first time he had the good fortune to Ni las aguas pueden contra mi sino You will not hear me coming stronger than the believe that an attractive and disappointing voice was addressing him. No me oyes venir más fuerte que la noche night The poet is irreparably fooling himself if he tries to set a trap or play a trick – Y las puertas que no resisten a mi soplo The doors cannot resist my blowing ingenious or wise – to make sure grace is granted to him. Y las ciudades que callan para que no The cities keep silent so as to go unnoticed I may be refuted when I say that innumerable poems are recommended las aperciba And the forest opens up like a morning daily – even though Poetry may be discreet, we find ourselves tirelessly Y el bosque que se abre como una mañana That wants to embrace the world in its arms overwhelmed by false pretenses and discordant novelties – or (even worse) by Que quiere estrechar al mundo entre sus brazos Beautiful bird, you will fall into paradise deformed repetitions of some apparent achievements which self-proclaimed Bella ave que has de caer en el paraíso The curtain has dropped on your escape experts tell us are fixed and intangible standards. Ya los telones han caído sobre tu huida My arms have blocked the walls The truth is – to make a vulgar comparison – that the so-called precious Ya mis brazos han cerrado las murallas And the branches bend over to pass you by stones acquire their quality because they are rare or extravagant and that quality Y las ramas inclinado para pedirte el paso 8rail doe, scared of the earth is – to a greater or lesser extent – accepted and recognized. On the other hand, Corza frágil teme la tierra Scared of the sound of your own steps on my poetry appreciation will always depend on people’s temperament and sensitivity Teme el ruido de tus pasos sobre mi pecho chest and on the times or circumstances in which it is heard. Consequently, there is no Ya los cercos están enlazados The fences are connected standard level of estimation or any certainty of ecstasy or enchantment. Ya tu frente ha de caer bajo el peso de mi ansia Your forehead will drop below the weight of my Surprisingly – once the truth about certain aspects of the poetic phenomenon is admitted by many of us who are faithfully devoted to the implacable deity, Ya tus ojos han de cerrarse sobre los míos anxiety despite the continuous rebuffs, poetry will never tire or disarm those of us who Y tu dulzura brotarte como cuernos nuevos Your eyes will close over mine worship it and devoutly submit to it. Y tu bondad extenderse como la sombra que And your sweetness will sprout like new antlers Its appeal is so much more appreciated when it is less accessible. A poem – me rodea Your goodness extending like a shadow around me like beauty – is invariably unexpected; something we never suspected existed; a Mi cabeza he dejado rodar I have let my head roll gift granted to someone who made the least effort to receive it. Mi corazón he dejado caer I have let my heart drop The discovery of exceptional cases is even more disturbing and disconcerting. Ya nada me queda para estar más seguro de There is nothing more to do than to be sure I To see Poetry responding to whims and fancies, or listening to certain voices and alcanzarte catch up with you thus becoming convinced of sounds heard on earth which are more typical of Because you are in a hurry and quivering like the Porque llevas prisa y tiemblas como la noche Orpheus, of celestial beings or daring demons. night La otra margen acaso no he de alcanzar Throughout the ages, the euphoric expressions of the Poetry Goddess have I shall not reach the other side Ya no tengo manos que se cojan been sparing. Boldly. chance has determined that this year we commemorate De lo que está acordado para el perecimiento I have no hands to hold onto the anniversaries of two of her most undeniably gracious protégés: the saint of Ni pies que pesen sobre tanto olvido the agreement to perish Yepes and the young rebel who never stepped on this earth without sandals of fire De huesos muertos y flores muertas nor feet that can weigh on so many forgotten and storm. St. John wrote his half a dozen unfading songs more than four centuries La otra margen acaso no he de alcanzar dead bones and dead flowers ago. When Rimbaud died in Marseilles nearly a century ago, it had been almost Si ya hemos leído la última hoja I shall probably not reach the other side twenty years since the clairvoyant poet’s royal mantle had been pulled off. Y la música ha empezado a trenzar la luz en We have already read the last page However, the poetry stated through these intermediaries lives on and is more que has de caer And the music has started to entwine the light in valid now than most of the work produced in this century. That water is still fresh Y los ríos no te cierran el camino which you will fall – it is stirring, invigorating, disturbing. The gold in which they set the spiritual Y las flores te llaman con mi voz The rivers will not block the road precious stones that they gathered and selected has not melted yet. Rosa grande ya es hora de detenerte And the flowers will call out to you with my voice I dare not itemize my tribute to such illustrious representatives of human and El estío suena como un deshielo por los cora- Big Rose, it is time to stop you divine inspiration. There is not much more I could add to heighten the awareness zones Summer sounds like defrosting hearts of those indifferent to literary or other glories, and those for whom the ‘revelation’ Y las alboradas tiemblan como los árboles al And the dawns shudder like awakening trees enclosed every transmittable aspect of inanity and human transcendence». (In- despertarse The exits are guarded augural speech read in the University of Salamanca on the occasion of the Spanish Big Rose, will you not fall? American Poetry Week, 1991).

* E.A. Westphalen (Lima, 1911-2001) is considered one of the most important Spanish American poets. * Emilio Adolfo Westphalen. Poesia completa y Ensayos escogidos. (Complete poetry and He was also a prominent cultural promoter and director of the memorable magazines Las Monadas and chosen essays). Edited by Marco Martos. Publishing 8und of the Pontificate Catholic Amaru. This poem was taken from his book Abolición de la muerte (Abolition of death) (1935). University, Lima, 2004, 719 pages.

CHASQUI 4 JULIO RAMÓN RIBEYRO A DISILLUSIONED ACCUSER Victor Vich*

An approach to the writing of the great Peruvian story-teller (Lima, 1929-1994), on the occasion of a new anthological issue of his works**, for which he received the Juan Rulfo Award the year he died.

onstantly striving to build world and confirming the lack of a C opposition, Peruvian literary significant opinion sustaining a critics have underlined a radical more affirmative view of life. I antagonism between the regionalist believe this is a polemic statement, authors of the early XX century and although a partial one in the end. those who during the fifties began In my opinion, all Ribeyro’s works to tell new stories and represent shift between an indignant claim characters within a supposedly more against unfair social injustices and «universal» and «cosmopolitan» an anxious search for answers to urban environment. That is to say, certain philosophical questions the narrative interest developed by about the possibility of correctly indigenist authors in their attempt interpreting the world. In other to build a national subject – the words, the claim is accompanied by Indian – capable of symbolizing a a number of metaphysical doubts, new and unquestionably defiant not about the subject of the claim, dimension of Peruvian society. The but about other matters that lead writers of the fifties tend to be looked him to what Higgins subtly refers upon as representatives of a rupture to as a «serene scepticism». (albeit aesthetic or ideological) 8rom the point of view of style, which was not only limited to Ribeyro is extremely austere, to the proposing formal innovations – I extent that some critics have refer to new ways of narrating – but qualified him as a «neutral writer»

also trying to build a new vision that Caretas. archives Photo : (Ortega); that is to say, writing that gave testimony to the complex has attempted to erase all personal heterogeneity that was beginning to being «modernized without being racial and class conscious marks of style, based on the take shape in Peruvian society as a democratic» (Ortega), whilst it ex- stratification of the country. construction of simple but accurate result of modernizing changes. plores social changes, with the It is therefore safe to say that language. Hence his preference for However, it is not the intention notable characteristic of doing so Julio Ramon Ribeyro’s objective brief genres and Elmore’s to understand the literary process within resistant practices that were narrative consisted of qualification of him as a «lateral within the «evolutionary» paradigms still biased. In other words, beyond simultaneously observing the writer». Although Ribeyro wrote that, in addition to an ethnocentric the visible transformation collective and individual aspects of three novels, on several occasions bias, finally eluded the fundamental experienced by Peruvian society Peruvian society, based on the entire he stressed that he was not happy substance that makes any cultural during the last fifty years, a large group of stories dedicated to with them and that he always felt creation possible: history. In fact, part of Julio Ramon Ribeyro’s revealing the subjects’ conditions much more comfortable with the both narrative proposals – indigenism narrative project consisted of and, therefore, the restrictions of a less canonical styles of the western and the writing of the fifties – respon- constantly insisting on the real social change. It could almost literary tradition. ded to specific moments in Peruvian representation of «human be said that in Ribeyro’s work, the I think that an author with history and should be understood constants» which were still present collective is individualized and, at Ribeyro’s characteristics is useful under such circumstances. As far as in the social world that was the same time, the individual for two reasons. On the one hand, Efrain Kristal is concerned, for moulding the socialization of appears to be a larger metaphor of he makes us face up to the more example, the opposition between individuals in Peru. very complex social problems. complicated images of ourselves the two currents is relative, since In this respect, Ribeyro’s work Nevertheless, it must be stressed and, in this respect, forces us to take urban stories in Peru depend largely acquires an unusual significance as a that his work is not merely the pure a stand regarding our own and other on the historical outcome of the ru- breaking point to defy the representation of national countries. On the other hand, when ral world – migration to the cities. enthusiasm of certain discussions problems, but also implies a number confronted with the irreparable Therefore, it has numerous about the ideology of «progress» in of questions rooted in more univer- feeling of loneliness we often feel connections with the other modernity. His stories always focus sal problems. Hence the alienation during life, his work reconciles us tradition. on the dynamics of the excluded, of his subject within an increasingly with the world as well as with We could say that the works of thus trying to rebuild the material more impersonal society: the literature, making genuine sense Julio Ramon Ribeyro are a good sides of social modernization which domestication of the individual and providing company and a representation of this historic and are not often told, i.e. inequality and based on social relations in which chance to communicate. literary problem. His stories, novels, violence. Ribeyro confirms that the freedom is illusory and human plays, essays and personal thoughts, modernization process in Peru has beings are gradually caught up in a which «reveal an acute awareness achieved nothing but social routine life that steadily becomes *Pontificate Catholic University of Peru / of the historical changes in Peru» differences and that it has only been more senseless. Institute of Peruvian Studies (IEP) (Higgins) are dedicated to imposed superficially. That is why, Along these lines, Ribeyro’s **Julio Ramón Ribeyro, Stories and essays. masterfully exploring the problem Edited by Victor Vich . PUCP Publishing throughout his works, power is work is said to be essentially 8und. Lima, 2004. 663 pages. of establishing the subject in a constantly represented as an exercise pessimistic, his vision of the world See also: J.R. Ribeyro, Antología Personal. society as stratified as ours. It is the directly related to racial hierarchy underlining the impossibility of any Economic Cultural 8und, Lima 2002, and representation of a society that is and financial inequality. That is, the absolute understanding of the Las palabras del mundo (antología). C. Milla Barres, Lima, 2004. 219 pages.

CHASQUI 5 ENRIQUE POLANCO OR TH

The great retrospective exhibition of the works of Enrique Polanco, born in Lima in 1953 Undeniably, Lima is an essential part of the artist’s vision. This issue con

Eros and Thanatos. 2001. Oil on canvas. 190 x 150 cm. Private collection.

Martín Adán. 2003-2004. Oil on canvas. 180 x 150 cm. Artist’s collection. Sailor on land. 2001. Oil on canvas. 51 x 70.5 cm. Private collection.

THE LIMA I LOVE AND HATE. WHO WILL SING PRAISES TO balustrade – a pretext for a chromatic composition of an exciting, almost musical nature. 8or YOUR VISIBLE UGLINESS, YOUR SECRET BEAUTY! example, Polanco’s impossible red, green or purple skies charged with a moving and Julio Ramón Ribeyro overwhelming intensity. All these urban visions are marked with the seal of a terrible loneliness. You would think at’s eyes, bird’s eyes, poet’s eyes. An infrared glance that not only discovers beauty it was an abandoned city, like certain paintings of De Chirico. Where are its inhabitants? C underneath commonplace reality, but recovers and transforms it. In his paintings of the The only traces of their presence are the lights behind the windows; and the only visible signs old city of Lima – Barrios Altos, Rimac – its corners, houses and above all, its roof tops and flat to remind us of them are a tailor’s manikin and the image of a skull. Symbols of a fantastic roofs, Polanco exposes what routine prevented us from seeing, recapturing images that had city that everyone can interpret in their own way (September 1994). been buried since childhood. He also teaches us that the difference between one and the other is the way volumes are distributed in space. Cat’s eyes, bird’s eyes, flat roofs. Who did not play on a flat roof as a child, or cast a POLANCO’S DAZZLING COLOURS distracted glance over one from a tall building as an adult? Old flat rooftops, a city superimposed Antonio Cisneros on a city, with its streetlamps, windows, banisters, cubicles and lookout spots – a forgotten territory, a border area in which the city negotiated directly with the cosmos. is most well-known painting gives the impression that Enrique Polanco is the painter of A poet’s eyes: it would have been useless for Polanco to see what we had failed to see or H Lima’s City Centre. My own impression, however, is that this prestigious artist ended up saw defectively, except that he not only disclosed it but transformed it. Into what? Into his painting another city altogether. A city that actually looks like Lima, but the real contents of paintings. Something unreal that really does exist. We can recognize each and every aspect which belong to the painter’s soul (and to all our desolate souls). A master of colour, few can of this reality, but converted into wonderfully odd landscapes, thanks to an imaginary handle the palette as freely as he does. And no-one but a major artist could dive head first perspective and invented colours. into such a strident world and get away with it. Slightly lopsided or unusual perspectives that modify the laws of geometry or gravity. The traffic lights turn green. Thousands of bicycles cut through the autumn breeze on Above all, colours that make the smallest component of the landscape – a wall, window or a large avenue in Peking. There rides our cyclist Polanco, wearing his padded cotton shirt

CHASQUI 6 HE COLOUR O8 A GLANCE

, provided the opportunity to appreciate this prestigious artist’s work of the past 25 years. ntains two key texts on Polanco obtained from the exhibition catalogue.*

Self portrait in Callao. Oil on canvas and collage. 150 x 200 cm. Artist’s collection.

and a cap, en route to the School of 8ine Arts, to which he was awarded a scholarship by the No-one would set up camp between those curves or squares. The throne of the modest Chinese government in 1984. He lived in China for three years, celebrating the rhythm of beauty queen, with a platinum foil crown and sceptre, is empty. The half-open locales under the dragon and the enigma of everyday life. the shadows of night are empty. The only characters are a few manikins, a skeleton costume, If there is anything resounding about Polanco’s work it is the silence. A colonial lookout a virgin in cheap show windows by the road or behind the dull window of a museum. The spot, a narrow street in the old City centre, flat roofs, desolate cinemas, half-lit show windows, overwhelming kingdom of mysteries. coast roads by the seashore. All of them silent. No wind or animal, no human being to bear In some way, time has turned to dust all the faces that we frequently call life. Not the witness to sound. The static air is motionless between red or yellow skies. chronological time that engulfs us day after day, but a previous time that has never started and 8urthermore, his paintings include a bar, a discotheque and some sort of fairground. will never end. Nevertheless, the painter restores the city’s existence (the invented city), Subjects which in someway could be inviting chatter. Impossible. The bar is closed (God albeit a metaphysical existence, using silence and pain. knows for how long), so is the discotheque, and the fairground consists only of a solitary Without abandoning this spatial silence and constant desolation, in his last two exhibitions Ghost Train which has stopped forever. Polanco introduced some new characters among his paintings, (albeit in a tangential manner) Above all, Enrique Polanco is a painter of the urban universe. Halfway along the road which I shall dare to refer to as literary. Artists Victor Humareda and Van Gogh, the poet between mordacity and compassion, he also owns a gallery of grotesque portraits of Martin Adan, the novelists Malcom Lowry and Juan Rulfo, in an evident pictoric reference, a charmless beauty queens, transvestites and cheap weddings. The rest are, inevitably, fragment of La Nave de los Locos. However, despite this parade of characters (as I said, canvases and papers based on topics rather than forms, reminiscent of his three years in tangential), there are no sudden leaps or changes in his works. They are all a pretext for a China. perpetual chromatic search. The splendorous kingdom of colour. Polanco’s city could be considered the city of Lima, but at the same time and above all, it is a metaphysical archetype. An archetype of desolation. The subjects appear to be decrepit old Lima neighbourhoods. However, all this architecture was built somewhere * Polanco. Anthological exhibition 1980 – 2004. Peruvian – North American Cultural Institute (ICPNA) inside the soul, impossible to set in time or space. Polenco’s city is empty. In any case, it is a Banco Sudamericano. Lima, 2004. 106 pages. www.icpn.edu.pe The exhibition took place at the end of last terrible but beautiful scenario with unrestrained secrets. year in the German Kruger Espantoso Gallery in ICPNA, Miraflores, Lima.

CHASQUI 7 THE VALUE O8 QUINOA

The nutritional value of this Andean grain has not only aroused the interest of researchers but also the imagination of chefs and the promoters of the so-called «Neo-Andean Cuisine».

CHENOPODIUM QUINOA varieties of quinoa with some success, ?ernando Cabieses but the fact is that quinoa does not contain saponin for the sake of it, but he high nutritional value of this because this bitter substance protects it T Andean grain has not only arou- from insects and birds, who do not like sed the interest of researchers, but also the bitter taste any more than of chefs and promoters of the so-called housewives do. However, a few simple «Neo-Andean cuisine». domestic or industrial procedures will According to botanists, the remove the bitterness and provide an chenopondia family, characterized by excellent edible product. goose-foot shaped leaves, produce a Untreated quinoa should not be number of chef-friendly species, such stored for long periods, because besides as beets, beetroots, Swiss chard, the saponin, the grains contain a spinach, wormseed, and so on. certain quantity of fat with rather Amongst these there are nourishing unstable chemical components that grains with an ancient history in Peru: cause thinning and an unpleasant quinoa (chenopodium quinoa) and smell. It also has a large germination cañihua (pallidicaule). capacity, even in adverse conditions, Quinoa fields. Alongside corn and potatoes, reducing its quality. quinoa formed part of the basic Despite its excellence as a food vegetable diet of pre-Hispanic product for humans and domestic Peruvians. It is an Andean grain called animals, its production declined to give huba in Aymara and there are specific way to rice and wheat during the Quechua names for the different Conquest and even more so during the varieties, which are differentiated by first half of this century. There were a their colour, ripeness and the number of reasons for this, some of geographical area in which they grow. which are worth mentioning: its low According to paleobotanists, prestige as «Indian food»; its presence quinoa originated in Lake Titicaca. in certain persecuted religious rites; the Indeed, archaeologists have identified need to remove the bitterness; and the grain in Peruvian tombs dating back certain superstitions, such as that it more than two thousand years. 8urther could cause parasites in humans and research indicates that the Incas domestic animals. This inaccuracy promoted its cultivation from the north was based on the fact that both of Colombia to the south of Chile, Details of the plant. trichinosis and cysticercosis produce therefore when Pizarro arrived, quinoa lesions that resemble swollen grains of was cultivated throughout the Andes. quinoa. According to Eduardo Estre- Quinoa is a highly nutritious grain THE BANQUET O8 THE GODS lla, peasants in Ecuador refer to with an excellent yield as a farm cysticercosis in pigs as «quinoa». product. Innate to the Andean Hans Horkhelmer After the Conquest, quinoa became civilization, this crop either replaces or the focus of interest amongst botanists studying this crop. Garcilaso refers to the is alternated with corn at altitudes Sometimes referred to metaphorically as «Peruvian rice», quinoa grains first (albeit frustrated) attempts to intro- above 3000 metres above sea level. resemble those of millet and are frequently used as forage. Both before and duce quinoa in Europe. The crop was 8rom the point of view of human after the Conquest, however, quinoa played a significant role as a food crop never heard of again until the time of the nutrition, quinoa contains a significant for the natives of high Andean mountain regions. Quinoa and its relative 8irst World War, when successful quantity of «limiting amino acids». In cañihua are often used as substitutes for crop rotation purposes. Cook plantations were set up in Czechoslovakia addition, quinoa contains much more considered both crops to be primitive weeds. In the high mountain plains of and in the San Gall region of Switzerland. protein than any other cereal, with the southern Andes, they were cultivated instead of corn, which would not Nevertheless, again the interest in this values that frequently exceed 20%. ripen in harsh weather conditions. Quinoa is used to prepare soups, crop petered out. Since quinoa grows easily, is resistant to cold weather and has a high Despite everything, recent studies stews, tamales, bread, biscuits, sauces, nutritional value, it has attracted the attention of both local and foreign noodles, beverages, snacks and so on. and the enthusiasm of great leaders like dieticians. 8AO has been trying to introduce the cultivation of this Andean Putarco Naranjo in Ecuador, who made There are lengthy, well-informed plant in other countries for years and it recommends the use of quinoa flour cookbooks containing recipes and quinoa famous as a food product, as a valuable food for children. predict a brilliant future for this grain. advice on how to use this nourishing Quinoa seeds were found mainly south of the current border between grain effectively and enjoyably. In the United States it is now not only Peru and Chile. This proves that, at least in that area, quinoa was also used found in nature stores but also in In addition to the grain, quinoa on the coast. Other evidence of how far quinoa dates back can be found in provides leaves that, when tender, can supermarkets and restaurants. It is not some chronicler’s reports and depicted on huacos (ancient ceramic vessels). be eaten raw in salads or cooked in unknown in Europe, Australia and Natives used quinoa ashes to make an ingredient (llipta) which made coca stews. Unlike its cousins Swiss chard Japan either. As occurs with yellow more enjoyable. They also used the grains as a basis for their beverage and spinach, it contains very little potato and purple corn, the success of «chicha de quinoa». L. Soria Lenz recalls an Aymara legend in which the fox oxalic acid and nitrates, therefore it is a quinoa plantations depends on hours stole quinoa from the gods at a banquet. safer and healthier food. of sunshine, therefore it is not easy to The coating of the quinoa grain produce it outside the Andes. contains a chemical compound called saponin that makes it bitter, therefore 8ernando Cabieses, Cien siglos de pan (a Hans Horkheimer. Alimentación y obtención de alimentos en el Perú prehispánico (8ood and hundred centuries of bread). Professional it requires post-harvest treatment before the procurement of food crops in Pre-Hispanic Peru). National Cultural Institute. 2nd it is sold as food. Of course, genetics School of Tourism and Hotel Management, edition. Lima, 2004. page 228. San Martin de Porres University, Lima, 1996. experts have tried to obtain non-bitter 2nd edition. 258 pages.

CHASQUI 8 DESCRIPTION AND CULTIVATION O8 QUINOA Ricardo Rivera Romero

Quinoa is an annual herbaceous plant belonging to the same day to ensure germination. Depending on the varieties, chenopodia family. Its size varies from 1 to 3.5 metres up to 4 kilos of seeds per hectare can be planted. depending on the variety and ecotype. It is one of the most The average yield in traditional plantations is from 800 widespread crops in Andean countries like Bolivia, Ecuador to 1,000 kilos/hectare. Selected varieties can yield 2.5 – 3 and Peru and also one on which the most research studies tons/hectare. The most prominent varieties are the «white» have been conducted. Curiously enough, no evidence has variety from Junin and the «yellow» variety from Marangani been found of any other local or regional names other than and Sajama. The plant causes no phytosanitary quinoa. complications. Quinoa is rarely affected by plagues and In valleys between the Andes, the plant has a straight diseases, particularly when cultivated in association with stem and side branches of the same size. In highland plateaus, tarwi, broad beans or corn. on the other hand, it has a tall stem and short side branches. The harvest involves uprooting the plants or digging The leaves also vary in shape, either with slightly serrated or them up with sickles, which is a more recommendable sharp edges. Their colour varies from light to dark green, technique because it avoids pulling up earth which dirties turning yellow, red or purple depending on their state of the grain and spoils its appearance. After the harvest, it is ripeness. The roots have a spread of between 0.5 and more advisable to store the plants in haystacks to preserve the than 2 metres. humidity and ease the threshing process, which takes place The plant’s inflorescence is called panicle, with a compact in stationary threshers. Mechanised threshing yields more, glomerular appearance. It can grow as tall as 0.70 m. Its yield Guamán Poma (1615) up to 500 kilos of threshed grains per hour. depends largely on the size and density of the plant. Its small flowers can be Quinoa needs to be stored in a dry, well-ventilated area, as the grains ripen hermaphrodite and feminine, the sexual variation depending on the different during storage and the dampness can make them turn yellow. ecotypes and varieties. Due to its high nutritional value, there is a good demand for quinoa in both Quinoa is a small achine botanical fruit of various colours. It has a dry rough the domestic and international markets. Nevertheless, the demand depends on outer coating which peels off when placed in hot water or boiled. It contains the the presentation. Washed pearly quinoa or quinoa flakes are more acceptable, bitter substance called saponine, the bitterness varying depending on the type of since they are easier to prepare as food. The prospects for quinoa in the foreign quinoa. There are about 13 varieties of quinoa in Peru. market are good, although a sustained production is required, with selected Quinoa is cultivated under irrigation in inter-Andean valleys – Urubamba in grains and a good presentation. Cuzco – and in rainfed areas in the higher parts of the Mantaro valley and the valleys in Ayacucho and Ancash. In highland plateaus, the rainfed crops withstand severely cold weather and strong winds. Some ecotypes adapt well to such weather conditions. Ricardo Rivera Romero. Cultivos Andinos en el Peru. Investigaciones y perspectivas de su Owing to its very small grains, quinoa requires well prepared flat soil with desarrollo. (Andean crops in Peru. Research and development prospects). CONCYTEC/ adequate humidity. In rainfed areas, the seeds must be sown in furrows dug the 8EAS Project. Lima, 1995. 477 pages.

RECIPES

QUINOTO* cloves of crushed garlic and one parmesan cheese and ¼ kilo of ground loin and a fried egg, as well as boiled tablespoon of dissolved annatto, then toasted peanuts. Boil all this mixture rice if desired. Wash 350 grams of quinoa add two litres of water. Bring to the together with the quinoa until well thoroughly, changing the water several boil and add the well-washed quinoa. cooked. QUINOA MANA*** times until it is transparent. Boil the Cook for approximately 10 minutes. Serve topped with chopped hard- quinoa for 7 – 10 minutes until cooked Peel and chop 3 potatoes and add them boiled eggs and accompanied by slices Thoroughly wash 1 pound of «al dente». Drain and place in an oven- to the soup. When cooked, add 100 of boiled yellow potatoes. Garnish with quinoa (changing the water several ti- proof dish and let dry. In a large frying grams of fresh cottage cheese and ¼ chopped parsley and chili pepper rings. mes). Drain and then boil in fresh pan, heat 5 tablespoons of annatto oil litre of milk. Remove from the heat, This dish can also be prepared with water. Drain again and strain, adding and fry one large chopped onion and 2 season with salt and sprinkle with dried Chinese shrimps previously milk to help the quinoa go through the cloves of garlic over a low heat until chopped parsley. soaked overnight. strainer. Boil 2 pounds of sugar until a soft. Add 100 grams of bacon and 250 soft ball stage and add the quinoa. grams of mushrooms and cook for 2 or QUINOA TAMALE*** Continue boiling until the mixture has 3 minutes. Add the cooked quinoa to the consistency of baby food, then the pan together with ¼ cup of white Wash 1 kilo of quinoa, rubbing it lower the heat and add four beaten egg wine, ½ cup of shrimp broth and 4 between your hands and changing the yolks. Place back on the fire, whip and tablespoons of thick cream. Stir and water several times to remove the then place in a bowl and sprinkle with cook for another 5 minutes. Before bitterness. powdered sugar. Garnish with serving, season with salt and sprinkle Boil in water or broth with 4 peeled hundreds and thousands or simply with

with grated parmesan cheese. Echepare Miguel Photo : yellow potatoes and continue adding toasted caraway seeds. Make the sauce with two dozen boiled water or broth when necessary, shrimp tails, ¼ cup of shrimp coral, 1 ½ until the quinoa is well cooked and dry. cups of thick cream, butter and salt. QUINOA AND PORK** Heat 4 tablespoons of lard in a pan * El Arte de la Cocina Peruana (The Art of Heat the shrimp coral and cream and stir fry 2 finely chopped onions. 2 Peruvian Cooking)). Tony Custer. Lima, 2003. 270 pages. [email protected] together. At the same time, stir fry the Heat 4 tablespoons of lard in a pan tablespoons of crushed garlic and 2 shrimp tails in a dab of butter and then and fry 3 tablespoons of ground red chili tablespoons of ground red chili pepper ** Cocina Peruana. Recetario Básic (Peruvian Cuisine: Basic Recipes). Collection of add to the sauce. Season and place on (remove seeds and veins) and 2 (remove veins and seeds). Add 1 Recipes: Annik 8ranco Barreau. Intro- top of the quinotto. tablespoons of crushed garlic. Add ½ tablespoon of paprika or annatto for colour. duction by Raúl Vargas. Photos: Mylene kilo of pork, cut in cubes. Add 1 kilo of 8ry all this together and then stir d’Auriol and Leoncio Villanueva, Peruguía, QUINOA CHOWDER** quinoa, well washed and drained. into the previous mixture, adding ¼ kilo Lima, 2004. 62 pages. [email protected] Gradually add boiling water, stirring of fresh cottage cheese and ¼ kilo of *** El Peru y sus manjares Un crisol de cultu- Heat two tablespoons of lard in a constantly until cooked. Add ½ cup ground toasted peanuts. Season to ras. (Peru and its food, crosslet of cultures). Josie Sison Porras de De la Guerra. pan and stir fry one chopped onion, two or 1 cup of fresh cottage cheese or grated taste. Serve with a slice of roasted pork Masterfraf. Lima, 1994. 461 pages.

CHASQUI 9 MÁXIME KUCZYNSKI-GODARD SOCIAL MEDICINE

Physician Máxime Kuczynski-Godard (Berlin, 1890 – Lima, 1967) arrived in Peru in 1936 and since then, carried out valuable work in the Institute of Social Medicine in San Marcos University and in the Ministry of Health. In 1940 he was transferred to the Amazon region, where he reorganized the San Pablo lepers’ hospital and wrote some important studies on public health in the region, which have been republished. He also carried out field work in the Andes, described in another recently published volume. Below are fragments of the introductory studies to both books.

LI8E IN THE PERUVIAN such as malaria, tuberculosis and cholera, yellow fever and malaria. It AMAZON. A PHYSICIAN’S parasitosis is rooted in a deep may be well worth paying attention to OBSERVATIONS. understanding of the social origins of the sound advice given by Dr. Bartholomew Dean* the disease and human morbidity. Maxime Kuczynski-Godard, who Six decades after the first issue of recognized the value of medical nnouncing a socially committed Life in the Peruvian Amazon. A pluralism and the advantages of a s A medical anthropology for the Physician’s Observations, it is worth public health policy sustained by direct XXIst century that makes an effort to highlighting the shortage and lack of and continuous contact with native understand the structural conditions quality of the health services in that and cross-breed communities. that give rise to poverty and region, due to the implications of the empowerment pathologies, Life in the alternatives available to health-care Peruvian Amazon is a masterful providers and also because the current demonstration of the interdependence services are a source of resources for between health, the social pathology the successful implementation of such * Amazon Studies, UNMSM, University of and the political economy. There is alternatives. Usually drawn up in Kansas M. Kuczynski-Godard. La vida en la Amazonía probably no clearer evidence of this Lima, health policies for the Amazon Peruana. Observaciones de un médico (Life in than in Dr. Kucynski-Godard’s clear- region have often been characterized the Peruvian Amazon: A Physician’s cut analysis of leprosy, a disease that he Máxime Kuczynski-Godard as a triage approach to preventive Observations). Prologue by C.E. Paz Sol- looks upon as a metaphor of the health, put into action through basic dan. Introduction by Bartholomew Dean. Likewise, his analysis of UNMSM/CO8IDE 8und. Second edition. collective life of the impoverished immunization and public health Lima, 2004. 237 pages. inhabitants of the Amazon region. malnutrition and infectious diseases campaigns against epidemics such as [email protected]

It is no coincidence that the National ving conditions of the population. University of San Marcos – which was THE PERUVIAN ANDES Although between the XIX wise enough to welcome Professor century and the middle of the XX Kuczynski into the old Institute of Ilave-Ichupampa-Lauramarca Íguaín. Andean research studies century notable studies appeared Social Medicine 68 years ago – is now Jorge O. Alarcón* regarding the relations between health re-publishing an important part of his and society, these only acquired a work containing a medical-social systematic character thanks to the description of the Andean population. guide to the description of the sanitary society was claiming after the terrible development of social sciences, The publication is an expression of the and social life of Andean people, but contradictions that occurred during the particularly anthropology. The latter constant concern of its professors and also the focus of a proposed solution. In Second World War. not only provided innovative theories, students for studying the numerous the latter sense, Professor Kuczynski 8rom this standpoint, Professor but also important instruments for manifestations of the country’s actual went beyond the usual scientist’s task Kuczynski’s social medicine can be studying the processes that characterize circumstances. Professor Kuczynski of revealing reality. When the work of inferred, which now covers many dis- populations and their links with the forms part of a select list of researchers Sebastian Lorente and 8lores Cordova ciplines: epidemiology, demograpghy, pathologies that affect them. Well of the Peruvian medical-social entitled Studies on the medical and sociology, social anthropology and public aware of their scope, Professor circumstances, whose works deserve pathological geography of Peru was health. Kuczynski established that the Kuczynski realized that the extraor- to be carefully analysed. published in 1925, Jose Carlos purpose of social medicine is «healthful- dinary diversity in Peru made it a The volume compiles four related Mariategui remarked: «The health ness», which is understood to be the particularly ideal scenario for observing works: «The Ilave Plain and its hin- problem cannot be considered in an prime state of wellbeing that people can the relationships between health and terland» published in 1944; «Medical- isolated manner. It blends in with other enjoy, which «cannot be imposed on a living conditions. social surveys of the highlands and Peruvian problems within the sphere of reluctant and ill-prepared mass, but 8ifty years after the publication of jungle» published in 1945; «A southern competence of sociologists and must be conquered by it .». That is Professor Kuczynski’s studies, this theory farming estate: a contribution to politicians. The infirmities of the why he said that In Peru, social medi- has acquired effectiveness in the light current information on social pro- highlands and the coast are nourished cine was interested in the social and of the reappearance of many diseases blems» which appeared in 1946; and mainly by misery and ignorance. economic foundation of its people, and the existence of health problems «The bifrontal life of Ayacucho Gradually the problem becomes an characterized by their geographic and that are undoubtedly connected with peasants» which came out in 1947. economic, social and political problem. cultural diversity. social and economic organizations, In each of these, Kuczynski selected However, the distinguished hygienists The theory that health had deficient health policies and human the population for methodological and who wrote the Medical Geography of determining social factors was not fully behaviour. Hence the effectiveness of operational reasons. He seemed to be trying Peru did not analyse such aspects. Their accepted during Professor Kuczynski’s Professor Kuczynski’s works, now that it to identify situations that would serve as a diagnosis was purely medical.» time, not only for ideological but for is increasingly more evident that in order model for describing the relationship Professor Kuczynski went beyond technical reasons. The XIX century to improve people’s health, healthier between health and society. His works this concept. In fact, he penetrated the theories that promoted this idea were societies must be created. reveal methodological unity and roots of the health problem in Peru and, overshadowed by the considerably thematic complementarities, based on as a logical consequence of his successful microbiological explanations of *Main Professor, UNMSM. which it is possible to deduce the author’s observations and explanations, outlined the diseases that most affected the Maxime Kuczynski-Godard. Los Andes Peruanos. theoretical and practical orientation. a health action plan that is worth bearing population. The subsequent development Ilave-Ichupampa-Launamarca-Iguan. Investigacio- in mind to this day. It can therefore be of antibiotics and vaccines led to the nes Andinas. (The Peruvian Andes_ Ilave- The four studies are guided by a Ichupampa-Launamarca-Iguan. Andean Research productive working theory: the health said that besides being an objective conviction that this was the way to work). Introduction by Manuel Burga Dias. problems of human groups depend on scientist, he was an intellectual eliminate the scourge affecting mankind. Prologue by Jorge Alarcón V. Academia Editor: their social conditions. However, this commited to his reality, or perhaps he Convinced of this, the majority of Jacobo Alva Mendo. UNMSM/CO8IDE 8und. theory is not only a methodological was that responsible scientists that scientists cast aside the studies on the li- Lima, 2004. 363 pages. [email protected]

CHASQUI 10 SOUNDS O8 PERU

NOVALIMA – A8RO (Independent, themes, an additional VCD with the The Cure. The Mar de Copas CD, on 2005) most select pieces of his copious video the other hand, was published collection. simultaneously with its first official The rich tradition of Afro-Peruvian DVD, which includes the audiovisual music is undergoing some innovations. CEMENTERIO CLUB - ¿AÚN recording of a complete acoustic Along the lines of the Bajofondo Tan- CREES EN LA MAGIA? (Do you still concert and a documentary with an go Club of Argentina and the Nopal believe in magic?) (Independent, image-based narration of the band’s Beat of Tijuana, Mexico, the Novalima 2005). MAR DE COPAS – DE TIE- fifteen-year track record. Worthwhile. group has combined the panalivio, lan- RRA (MDC, 2005) dó and other typical rhythms of the LESLIE PATTEN & RODOL8O Afro-Peruvian population on the coast, The fashion of «unplugged» MUÑOZ – SANDUNGA, CANTAN with the now unavoidable blend of (acoustic) CDs is still seducing local LOS TAMBORES (Independent, 2005). textures and bases of electronic music. rock stars.. By sheer determination and Novalima (whose members are spread perseverance, Cementerio Club (recent In this innovative and hetero- throughout the world, including Hong winner of a Latin MTV award as «best geneous album, Afro-Peruvian percus- Kong), have achieved a hybrid sound new artist in the central region) and sion blends with Latin jazz, Cuban capable of seducing the followers of Caretas. Archives Photo: Gonzáles. Miki Mar de Copas (the independent band rhythm and other West Indian melo- Afro-Peruvian music as well as those with the highest sales in the history of dies, rounding off one of the most who prefer to abandon themselves to the Peruvian press, many of us prefer Peruvian rock), have ingeniously interesting recording debuts of recent the sticky dynamics of the electronic his memorable past as a fiery rock star, attracted a devoted and wide-ranging years, within the normally conservative music designed for dance floors. Ideal when he produced the most long- group of fans. These two CDs contain context of the traditional music made for adventurous record fans. lasting and successful radio shows of the best of a number of live in Peru. Leslie Patten, author of the eighties and nineties. He could presentations in which they did without practically all the themes on the CD, MIKI GONZÁLEZ – CRÓNICAS85 not go wrong with that anthology, the electric reverberations that exposes a truly adventurous spirit and (Apu Records, 2005) which included such unforgettable characterise their numerous studio graceful style, revealing herself as one classics as «Lola», «Vamos a Tocache» recordings. The CDs are also rather of the most innovating singers of the Last year, the veteran Gonzalez and «Tantas Veces», the first outburst like an anthology of their most well- last generation (she is in her early experienced a radical change of style, of the so-called «Hisparock» in Peru. known songs; although they are twenties). This album, recorded trying his luck in the field of the Since his initial pop rock stage and different, they have the same essential alongside Rodolfo Muñoz, a Peruvian electronic music known as chill out. throughout his incursion in Afro- value that is infrequent in local multi-instrumentalist resident in Paris, Gonzalez combined techno-delirium Peruvian music and the blues, productions: the exceptional quality is a vigorous exercise of rhythmic with his proverbial incursions in the Gonzalez’ career has been so pliable of the recordings. Prominent in the eclecticism which has assured its place ancestral sounds of the Peruvian An- that it is hard to find any coherence in Cementerio Club CD is the new version in the uncertain World Music des. Although Café Inkaterra, the CD an anthology full of such dissimilar of «Barco Viego» and the cover of «In international billboards. Worth paying in question, obtained good reviews in themes as this one. It also includes new Between Days», of the British band attention to. (Raul Cachay).

CHASQUI AGENDA Peruvian Mail Cultural Bulletin

PERU: GUEST O8 HONOUR AT PISCO AND TEQUILA, SISTER Latin America, at which more than 400 MINISTRY O OREIGN AAIRS THE GUADALAJARA BOOK 8AIR TOWNS entrepreneurs meet each year. The Sub-secretariat of 8oreign Cultural Policies Jr. Ucayali 337 - Lima , Perú. objective is to create the right Telephone: (511) 311-2761 8ax: (511) 311-2762 This year, Peru will be the guest of On 8riday the 15th of 8ebruary, Pis- environment for the exchange of E-mail: [email protected] honour at the Guadalajara international co and Tequila, cradle of the experiences and discussions between Web: www.rree.gob.pe book fair, one of the world’s most emblematic beverages of Peru and businessmen and scientific and The articles are the responsibility of their important bibliographic events after the Mexico, agreed to sign a sisterhood technological researchers, so that authors. This bulletin is distributed free of 8rankfurt 8air. The fair in the capital of protocol. The fraternal relationship potential joint ventures can be identified charge by Peruvian Missions abroad. Jalisco will provide the opportunity to between both beverages strengthens the for the development of innovating Translated by: exhibit the most valuable national ancestral links that unite our countries products and/or services. About 60 Doreen 8isher bibliographic production, within the and ratifies the need to respect the Iberoeka projects a year are registered, Printing: framework of a tight literary programme, origin, quality and authenticity of these worth approximately 40 million dollars. with the participation of the main much appreciated national liquors, The topic of the meeting in Lima Peruvian authors. At the same time, which as we know are distilled from will be «Innovations for more Peru will develop a programme of grapes and agave. The sisterhood was competitive agriculture, livestock and representative cultural expressions. In established shortly after the «Pisco Sour food». It is estimated that about 200 BUSINESS DIRECTORY order to guarantee the success of Peru’s Day» celebrated in Peru on the first foreign businessmen and researchers PROMPERÚ presentation at the IB8, the government Saturday in 8ebruary, which precedes will attend, as well as a similar number Peruvian Promotion Commission has created a Multi-sector Commission the Grape 8estival in Ica, with its of their local colleagues. Peruvian Calle Oeste No. 50 - Lima 27 Telephone : (511) 224-3279 chaired by the Ministry of 8oreign colourful celebrations that extend to the residents abroad with formally 8ax: (511) 224-7134 Affairs and comprised of the National town of Pisco and throughout the region incorporated companies in their E-mail: [email protected] Cultural Institute, the National Library, where the legendary spirt is produced. countries of residence, can join the Web: www.peru.org.pe

Promperu and Prompex. The Iberoeka innovation projects and PROINVERSIÓN Commission is negotiating the important VI SPANISH AMERICAN attend the meeting in Lima. 8or further Investment Promotion Agency support of universities, publishing houses, INNOVATION 8ORUM CITED- information, write to the National Paseo de la República No. 3361 piso 9 - Lima 27 the media end private companies, so as IBEROEKA Science and Technology Council in Telephone: (511) 612-1200 to implement an ambitious programme Peru, CONCYTEC, Innovation and 8ax: (511) 221-2941 that will be made public at the end of The sixth version of this important Technological Prospects, for the Web: www.proinversion.gob.pe May. The IB8 will be held from forum is scheduled to take place in Lima attention of Mr. 8ernando Ortega. ADEX November 26th until Sunday, December next October 16th to 18th. This is the Telephone: 225-1150, Extension 150. E- Association of Exporters 4th. most important innovation meeting in mail [email protected] Av. Javier Prado Este No. 2875 - Lima 27, Telephone: (511) 346-2530 8ax : (511) 346-1879 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.adexperu.org.pe

CULTURE CHANGES THE 8UTURE CANATUR EXCLUSIVE DISTRIBUTOR IN PERU National Chamber of Industry and Tourism Jr. Alcanfores No. 1245 - Lima, 18 Telephone: (511) 445-251 8ax: (511) 445-1052 AT THE SERVICE O8 CULTURE E-mail: [email protected]

CHASQUI 11 CROSSBREED CONCERT THE CATHEDRALS O8 PUNO

An impeccable volume by the prestigious expert Antonio San Cristobal – a Spanish priest who settled in our country many years ago – gives a detailed account of one of the treasures of the highland plains of Puno: the unique religious architecture of its major temples during the Viceroyship. Below are fragments of the difficult, painful but splendid encounter between Andean and Western sensitivities.

he full and thorough knowledge comprised of the Gothic-Elizabethan T of the ornate Viceroy facades in style of churches, the arched atrium the extensive Puno region covers all the surrounding the outside area, a tall implications involved. Indeed, it is pyramid-shaped mud tower situated in necessary to analyse their architectural, a corner of the grand atrium and the stylistic and decorative composition. portals raised in a single body crowned However, the information would not be with the inevitable triangular exhaustive if it was limited to frontispiece. describving them without considering During the second period, the hitoriographic interpretations discontinuing the Renaissance style, the proposed by some authors. Lampa-Ayaviri-Asillo churches The analyses set forth in this book coincided with the baroque Latin cross dedicated to the above-mentioned and the long arms crossed on the outside, facades have reduced the validity of the twin bell towers in the tower rising the apriorist historiographic theory that above the sides of the wall surrounding permitted the emergence of the the large carved portal with the baroque architectural school in the viceroy design on the front: twin towers – town, which would spread from there carved portal, covered with half-cannon Lampa Cathedral. to the surrounding rural areas. vaults? and half an orange over the cen- In different churches in the Puno tre of the cross-vault Simultaneously, highland plains, there are three groups various styles of stone towers spread across of valuable frontispieces from the the old renaissance churches next to the viceroy period distributed throughout foot of the wall, accompanying the the region, in keeping with the so- archaic renaissance portals but without called dispersion scheme. The Lampa- forming part of the large baroque façade Ayaviri-Asillo group of facades is as a whole. located in a different area far removed Vividly outstanding is the third, from the other Puno groups, and those chronologically late regional group, other two final groups are super- with plain portals. Together with these, imposed in the same region of Collao, some collavine churches undergoing sometimes coinciding in the same internal renovation decided to add the churches, as occurred in San Juan de Latin cross, based on the archaic Juli, Santa Cruz de July and San Pedro Gothic-Elizabethan style, as occurred de Zepita. in San Pedro de Zepita, San Juan Bau- Details of the Cathedral in Puno. The researchers’ historic vision saw tista and Santa Cruz de Juli. To these groups emerge from Puno accompany the plain portals at the foot frontispieces in three consecutive of the walls, the single bell tower – being periods, with long spells of creative the only one and located a long way inactivity in between. We shall divide from the portals, did not form part of them as follows: the baroque façade. • The initial period of the The population of the Puno renaissance-style facades carved highland plains have a rich and varied during the first decades of the XVII cultural tradition. The religious view century. of life was assimilated by the neighbours • The period of the baroque of the first nearby settlements since the carved portals built in Lampa-Ayaviri- beginning of evangelization, acquiring Asillo during the second intermediate visible consistency in the form of their stage, between 1690-1710. simple urbanism and robust body of • The third final period of the their churches. The conservation of plain frontispieces carved in Juli- their admirable artistic and architec- Pomata-Zepita during the second half tural heritage is essential. of the XVIII century. Giannoni Daniel Photograph: Main door of the Cathedral in Ayaviri. The individual frontispieces of Puno are the most outstanding Puno: esplendor de la arquitectura virreinal. expressions of the ornate architecture architectural complex, each age group 8irst of all, the renaissance Puno: the splendour of Viceroy architecture, Texts by Antonio San Cristobal, photoraphs of these three periods. Nevertheless, presenting different characteristics, as architecture of the initial period took by Daniel Giannoni, Peisa, Lima, 2004. 180 they form part of the most intricate follows: to the Puno region the complex pages, [email protected]

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