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Riqueza Y Distribución Geográfica De La Tribu Tigridieae

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Riqueza Y Distribución Geográfica De La Tribu Tigridieae Disponible en www.sciencedirect.com Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 86 (2015) 80-98 www.ib.unam.mx/revista/ Biogeografía Riqueza y distribución geográfica de la tribu Tigridieae (Iridaceae) en Norteamérica Richness and geographic distribution of the tribe Tigridieae (Iridaceae) in North America Guadalupe Munguía-Linoa,c, Georgina Vargas-Amadoa, Luis Miguel Vázquez-Garcíab y Aarón Rodrígueza,* a Instituto de Botánica, Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Apartado postal 139, 45105 Zapopan, Jalisco, México b Centro Universitario Tenancingo, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Ex Hacienda de Santa Ana, Km 1.5 carretera Tenancingo-Villa Guerrero, 52400 Tenancingo, Estado de México, México c Doctorado en Ciencias en Biosistemática, Ecología y Manejo de Recursos Naturales y Agrícolas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Apartado postal 139, 45105 Zapopan, Jalisco, México Recibido el 28 de enero de 2014; aceptado el 24 de octubre de 2014 Resumen La tribu Tigridieae (Iridoideae: Iridaceae) es un grupo americano y monofilético. Sus centros de diversificación se localizan en México y la parte andina de Sudamérica. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar la riqueza y distribución de Tigridieae en Norteamérica. Para ello, se utilizó una base de datos con 2,769 registros georreferenciados. Mediante sistemas de información geográfica (SIG) se analizó la riqueza deTigridieae por división política, ecorregión y una cuadrícula de 45×45 km. Tigridieae está representada por 66 especies y 7 subespecies. De estas, 54 especies y 7 subespecies son endémicas. Tigridia es el género más diverso con 43 especies y 6 subespecies. La riqueza de taxa se concentra en México en los estados de Oaxaca, México y Jalisco. El análisis por ecorregiones muestra al bosque de pino-encino de la Faja Volcánica Transmexicana como la más diversa con 36 taxa. Por último, la celda más diversa contiene 14 taxa y se localiza en donde convergen el bosque de pino-encino de la Faja Volcánica Transmexicana, el bosque tropical caducifolio del Bajío y el bosque tropical caducifolio de la cuenca del río Balsas. Derechos Reservados © 2015 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Biología. Este es un artículo de acceso abierto distribuido bajo los términos de la Licencia Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Palabras clave: SIG; Ecorregión; Cuadrícula; México; Tigridia Abstract The tribe Tigridieae (Iridoideae: Iridaceae) is an American and a monophyletic group. The centers of diversification are found ni Mexico and the Andean range of South America. Based on 2 769 georeferenced records and using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), we analyzed the richness and distribution of Tigridieae in North America by political region, terrestrial ecoregion, and a 45×45 km cell grid. Tigridieae is represented by 66 species and 7 subspecies. Fifty four species and 7 subspecies are endemic. Tigridia is the most diverse genus including 43 species and 6 subspecies. The Mexican states of Oaxaca, Mexico and Jalisco have the greatest species richness. The Transmexican Volcanic Belt pine-oak forest, the has the highest number of taxa (36 taxa). The most diverse grid cell (14 taxa) is located where the Transmexican Volcanic Belt pine- oak forest, Bajío dry forest and the Balsas dry forest ecoregions intersect. All Rights Reserved © 2015 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Biología. This is an open access item distributed under the Creative Commons CC License BY-NC-ND 4.0. Keywords: GIS; Ecoregion; Grid; Mexico; Tigridia * Autor para correspondencia. Correo electrónico: [email protected] (A. Rodríguez). http://dx.doi.org/10.7550/rmb.44083 1870-3453/Derechos Reservados © 2015 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Biología. Este es un artículo de acceso abierto distribuido bajo los términos de la Licencia Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. G. Munguía-Lino et al / Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 86 (2015) 80-98 81 Introducción Sus centros de diversificación están en la parte Andina de Amé- rica del Sur y México. En Norteamérica han sido objeto de estu- La tribu Tigridieae B. M. Kittel (Iridoideae: Iridaceae) es un dios taxonómicos y florísticos (Cruden, 1971; Espejo-Serna y grupo monofilético que agrupa a 172 especies (Goldblatt et al., López-Ferrari, 1996a, 1996b, 1998; Espejo-Serna, López-Ferrari 2008; Rodríguez y Sytsma, 2006). Sus integrantes se caracteri- y Ceja, 2010; Foster, 1945; Goldblatt, 2002; Henrich y Goldblatt, zan por tener bulbos, hojas plegadas e isobilaterales, inflores- 1994; Molseed, 1970). Sin embargo, su distribución no ha sido cencia en forma de ripidio, 2 series de 3 tépalos muy variables analizada utilizando sistemas de información geográfica (SIG). en forma, color y tamaño, fruto en forma de cápsula, semillas Un SIG procesa la información de eventos o entidades geoes- piriformes y número base de cromosomas igual a 7 (x= 7) paciales. Genera información nueva mediante operaciones de (figs. 1a-u’). Una característica peculiar de algunos miembros manipulación y análisis. Permite la introducción, almacenamien- del grupo es la presencia de máculas en los tépalos, parecidas a to, superposición, análisis y exploración de información referen- las de un jaguar, motivo por el cual se les nombra “flor de tigre ciada geográficamente (Lira, 2008). Los SIG son herramientas o flor de jaguar” (fig. 1a) (Goldblatt y Manning, 2008; Goldblatt de gran importancia en el campo de la biología. Por ejemplo, la et al., 2008; Rodríguez y Ortiz-Catedral, 2001; Vázquez, Nor- diversidad biológica de un territorio se ha podido valorar con la man-Mondragón y Corona-Rodríguez, 2001). Las plantas de información obtenida de las colecciones biológicas y analizada Tigridieae son potencialmente útiles. El tamaño, forma, estruc- con SIG (Paterson, Boxshall, Thompson y Hussey, 2000). Asi- tura y color de sus flores es adecuado para su uso como plantas mismo, los SIG se han utilizado para analizar la distribución y ornamentales. Solo Tigridia pavonia (L.f.) DC. y Eleutherine riqueza de Solanum sección Petota Dumort. (Hijmans y Spooner, bulbosa (Mill.) Urb. son utilizadas con este propósito (Rodrí- 2001), Asteraceae Bercht. y J. Presl (Suárez-Mota y Villaseñor, guez y Ortiz-Catedral, 2001; Vázquez, 2011). Otras representan 2011), Cosmos Cav. (Vargas-Amado et al., 2013), Jatropha L. una fuente de alimento para algunas comunidades de los esta- (Fresnedo-Ramírez y Orozco-Ramírez, 2013) y Vasconcellea A. dos de México, Oaxaca y Puebla, donde los bulbos de Tigiridia St.-Hil. (Scheldeman et al., 2007). También, han sido empleados ehrenbergii (Schltdl.) Molseed ssp. ehrenbergii, T. augusta en analizar las características morfológicas en un contexto geo- Drapiez, T. mexicana Molseed ssp. mexicana y T. pavonia se gráfico de Jatropha curcas L. (Sunil et al., 2009) y Cosmos (Var- consumen (Rodríguez y Ortiz-Catedral, 2001). gas-Amado et al., 2013). Finalmente, han sido herramientas útiles Goldblatt (1982) dividió Tigridieae en las subtribus Cipuri- para determinar las categorías de riesgo en los géneros Plec- nae y Tigridiinae. La subtribu Cipurinae se caracteriza por pre- tranthus L’Hér. (Willis, Moat y Paton, 2003) y Polianthes L. sentar polen monosulcado, ramas del estilo simples y (Feria-Arroyo, Olson, García-Mendoza y Solano, 2009; Feria- engrosadas, estambres libres, número base de cromosomas Arroyo, Solano y García-Mendoza, 2010). igual a 7 (x= 7) y está ampliamente distribuida en América. En El entendimiento y conocimiento de la distribución de las es- Tigridiinae, por el contrario, los granos de polen son bisulca- pecies es necesario para proponer estrategias de manejo y con- dos, las ramas del estilo bífidas, los filamentos de los estambres servación. Por ejemplo, Ainea conzattii (R.C. Foster) Ravenna, están fusionados, el número base de cromosomas es 14 (x= 14) Alophia veracruzana Goldblatt y T.M. Howard, Fosteria oaxa- y se localizan, principalmente, en México y Guatemala en don- cana Molseed, Sessilanthera citrina Cruden, S. heliantha (Ra- de han diversificado (Rudall y Wheeler, 1988). Sin embargo, los venna) Cruden, Tigridia bicolor Molseed, T. estelae análisis filogenéticos de Tigridieae con base en secuencias de López-Ferrari y Espejo, T. hallbergii ssp. lloydii Cruden, T. hua- ADN no apoyan esta propuesta (Goldblatt et al., 2008; Rodrí- juapanensis Molseed ex Cruden, T. inusitata (Cruden) Ravenna, guez y Sytsma, 2006). La variación floral y su pobre preserva- T. matudae Molseed, T. potosina López-Ferrari y Espejo y ción en ejemplares de herbario han conducido al T. venusta Cruden tienen una distribución geográfica restringi- establecimiento de 44 géneros, muchos de ellos monotípicos. da. De igual forma, Colima convoluta (Ravenna) Aarón Rodr. y Goldblatt y Manning (2008) y Goldblatt et al. (2008) reconocie- L. Ortiz-Catedral, C. tuitensis Aarón Rodr. y L. Ortiz-Catedral, ron 15 y 14 géneros de Tigridieae, respectivamente. Para Nor- T. amatlanensis Aarón Rodr. y A. García-Mendoza, T. catari- teamérica, mencionaron la presencia de Alophia Herb., Cipura nensis Cruden, T. chiapensis Molseed ex Cruden, T. flammea Aubl., Larentia Klatt, Eleutherine Herb., Herbertia Sweet, Ne- (Lindl.) Ravenna, T. hintonii Molseed, T. mariaetrinitatis Espe- mastylis Nutt., Salpingostylis Small y Tigridia Juss. Por su par- jo y López-Ferrari, T. martinezii Calderón, T. mortonii Molseed, te, el análisis filogenético de Goldblatt et al. (2008) mostró a los T.
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