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ED262585.Pdf DOCUMENT RESUME ED 262 585 FL 015 249 AUTHOR Fisiak, Jacek, Ed. TITLE Papers and Studies in Contrastive Linguistics, Volume Eight. INSTITUTION Adam Mickiewicz Univ. in Poznan (Poland).; Center for Applied Linguistics, Arlington, Va. PUB DATE 78 NOTE 144p.; For other issues of this journal, see FL 015 248-256. PUB TYPE Reports - Research/Technical (143) -- Collected Works - Serials (022) JOURNAL CIT Papers and Studies in Contrastive Linguistics; v8 1978 EDRS PRICE MF01/PC06 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Contrastive Linguistics; Determiners (Languages); English; French; *Grammar; Hungarian; Language Research; *Language Variation; Polish; Rumanian; Russian; Second Language Learning; *Semantics; *Sentence Structure; *Structural Analysis (Linguistics); Swedish; Verbs ABSTRACT This issue of the journal includes these papers on contrastive linguistics: "The Impersonal Sentence in Russian and Romanian" (Suzanne Whalen); "Differential Identity Between Languages--A Study of Assertion and Interrogation in French and English" (William A. Bennett); "The Use of the Article in English and Hungarian: A Contrastive Analysis" (Eva A. Stephanides); "A Semantic Analysis of WHO, WHAT, WHOSE, and WHICH and their Counterparts in Polish" (Wieslaw Oleksy); "Some Remarks on the Verbs of Perception in English and Polish" (Barbara Kryk); and "What Differences Are There Between Finns and Swedish-Speaking Finns Learning English?" (Hakan Ringbom). (MSE) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** THE POLISH-ENGLISH CONTRASTIVE PROJECT Ln . co v. i' .co"' PAPERS AND STUDIES cm" IN CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS I 114.1 VOLUME EIGHT Editor: Jacok Fisiak Assistant to tho editor: Maria Ingham Advisory Board Chairman: Nils Erik Enkvist (Abo) Vice-Chairman: A. Hood Roborts (Arlington) 'Members W-D. Bald (Aachen) Wolfgang Kiihlwoin (Trier) Rolf Berndt (Rostock) Gerhard Niokel (Stuttgart) Brodor Carstonson (Padorborn) Ivan Poldauf (Praha) S. Pit Corder (Edinburgh) Kari Sajavaara (Jyviiskylii) Dimitru Chit'oran (Bucharest) Michael Sharwood Smith (Utrecht) Lasz16 Dozsti (Budapest) Edward Stankiowicz (New Havon) Robort di Piotro (Washington) Roland Sussex (Melbourne) L. K. Engols (Leuvon) Jan Svartvik (Lund) Rudolf Filipovi6 (Zagreb) Wornor Winter (Kiel) U.S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY CENTER IERICI 1KThis document has been reproduced as rectinied from the person or onattnization olts.,.ake6____ onginating it. U Minor clumps hal.* been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of ywny or opinions stated in this docu TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES ment do not nocessanly represent official NIE INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." Position Or policy. POZNA1Cr1978 0 ADAM MICKIEWICZ UNIVERSITY, POZNA.g CENTER FOR APPLIED LINGUISTICS, ARLINGTON,VIRGINIA LL BEST COPY AVAILABLE Proof Reading: Andrzej Piotrzak Technical Layout: Michal Lyssowski WYDAWNICTWO NAIIKONVZ tINIWIDI8YTETII IM. ADAMA MICRIENVICZA W POZNANIII Wydanto I. NIA lad 1300+ 100 egz. Ark. wyd. 11.5. Ark. druk. 10.376. Papier int. kl. III. 80 Q. 70 x 100. Oddano do aMadants 30 IX 1977 r. Podpluno do druku w Hstopadzio 1978 r. Dnik ukodczono w llstopsdeo 1078 r. Zorn. nr 184185. II.101400 Cons 11 00. DRUKARN1A UNIWERSYTETII 131. ADAMA itroxnwiczA W POWAN11:1 i8A OAVA 1903 1*Z:1a 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAPERS AND STUDIES Suzanne Whalen (Toronto): The impersonal sentence in Russian and Romanian 5 William A. Bennett (London): Differential identity between languages a study of assertion and interrogation in French and English 69 Awl A. Stephanides (Budapest): The use of the article in English and Hungarian: a contrastive analysis 79 Wieslaw Oloksy (Bydgoszcz): A semantic analysis of 1VHO, WHAT, WHOSE, and WHICH and their counterparts in Polish 95 13arbara Kryk (Poznan): Some remarks on the verbs of perception in English and Polish 113 Hakan Ringbom (Abo): 1Vhat differences are there between Finns and Swedishspeak- ing Finns learning English? 133 4 THE IMPERSONAL SENTENCE IN RUSSIAN AND ROMANIAN* SUZANNE WEALEN UnirersiVofToronto I. OUTLINE OF THEORETIC' FRAMEWORK 1.0. In "Some Problems for Case Grammar", Fillmore (1971c : 246) review- ing his work of the preceding five years, pointed out the shortcomings of his model adding: "I believe to this day that the basic ideas were not all wrong". These 'basic ideas' were first expounded in "A Proposal concerning English Prepositions" and an expanded version of it, "Towards a Modern Theory of Case" (1966; reprinted 1969), at which time Fillmore began to question the va- lidity of the notions subject object on the level of deep structure as proposed by Chomsky. 1.1. In former theories on the 'meaning' and 'classification' of the super- ficial (surface structure) cases, while all other cases were shown to express many different meanings and relations, the nominative, as the cese of the subject was called 'the case of pure reference, without case meaning' (de Groot 1956 : : 189) or the unmarked member of a correlation' which "in itself does not state either the presence or the absence of a relation to an action" (Jakobson 1906 : : 58). 1.1.1. Filmore showed in such examples as "my foot hurt", "the knife hurt" (1966b : 21) or "John opened the door", "The key opened the door", "The door opened", "John believed", "It was apparent to John" (1968a : 25); "The boy fell down", "The boy has blue oyes" (1970b : 34); that "tho relation * No a.Lempt has been made by the author to give an analysis of the imperson- al sentence ,.t English. English examples are used for explanatory purposes only. The Gaginal reads: "der N an sich wedor das Vorhandsein nook das Nichtvorhand- sein tines Bozugs zu tuner Handlung angibt". "den N als des morkmalluse Glied einor Bezugkorrolation zu botrachten". 6 S. Whalen of a subject to its clause can vary from one predicator to another and alsovary in different sentences with the same predicator" (1971c : 249). Moreover these relations are independent of the surface form. In theexam- pits "Chicago is windy", "It is windy in Chicago", the relation between thepre- dicator and the noun phrase is the same in either sentence. Fillmore maintained that the nominative, as the surface subject case, is a neutralization of case relations and that one must look for these relations on another, deeper level. To posit as subject in deep structure would mean to lose sight of these relations. The deep structure of a case grammar would have a different and simpler form than the one proposed by Chomsky, as "the deep structure reason for making the first division between noun-phrase and verb phrase was mainly to havea separate immediate denominator for the nuun-phrases that were to be defined as 'subject' and 'object (1966b : 28).2 1.1.2. In a case grammar, the deep structure would containa predicator (verb, adjective, or noun) and one er more noun phrases associated with the verb (adjective or noun) in particular case relationship or rules. "These roles comprise as set of universal concepts which identify certain types of judgements human 'oeings are capable of making about the events that are goingon around them, judgements about such matters as v 1w did it, who it happened to, what got changed, etc. (Fillmore 1968a : 24). In the course of his writings, Fillmore has kept on changing and re-adjust- ing the number of eases, their definitions, 11201103, and scope. Ile started with agentive, instrumental, dative, fitctive, locative, objective, benefactive, time (1968a : 24 - 25, 32) and comitative (1968a. 81). Later ho notes (1971c : 248): "ThP whol, thing makes sense only if there are goodreasons to believe that there is an irreducible number of role types by which grammatical theory makes its contribution to semantic interpretation, if it turns out that this number is small if there are reasonable prine:ples according to which these role types can be identified..." The new, still tentative list preceded by abbreviations which will be used hereafter, is as follows: A. Agent, instigator of an action, animate. EExptriencer of a psychological event, or of a mental statev orb, animate. I.Instrument, something used to obtain as result, inunediatocause or event, stimulus with a psychological predicator. 0.Object, entity which moves or which undergoes change of state. So. Source, starting point, earlier state, location or time period. G.Goal, destination, later state, location or time period, end result ofa thing which comes into eAistenee as cL result of the action identified by the = Subject defined as the relatiuti but%ven noun phrase and immediately dentaialag sentmee, and object the relation beNeyn main phrase and immediately dominating verb phrase. rmpersonal sentence in Russian and Romanian 7 predicator; receiver as destination in trmsfer or movement of something to a person. P. Place T. Timethese must be kept separate from both So and G. S.Babcock has made a good argument for separating causo C. from instru- ment: "Instruments are at the service of agents, whether or not the sentence contains ono, but causo phrases aro independent sources of activity" (1972:31). I have reasons to believe that this separation could be shown to be valid for Russian. Huddleston's suggestion (1970.505) for a separate case, Force, distinguished from Fil Imore's I, which might be a complementary variant with A
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