N Ingles Maquetación 1

DISEÑO GRÁFICO Y PRODUCCIÓN: Calamar Edición & Diseño

FOTOGRAFÍA DE CUBIERTA: © Johnny García

NIPO: 163-08-008-4 ISSN: 1697-3555 DEPÓSITO LEGAL: M-31.518-2004

IMPRESIÓN: Graﬁcas Monterreina, S.A. IMPRESO EN ESPAÑA - PRINTED IN SPAIN CONTENTS

Presentation ...... 4

El Organismo ...... 6

Gabinete Técnico ...... 8

Subdirección General de Programación Técnica y Cientíﬁca ...... 10

Centro de Estudios Hidrográficos ...... 16

Centro de Estudios de Puertos y Costas ...... 26

Centro de Estudios del Transporte ...... 34

Centro de Estudios de Técnicas Aplicadas ...... 44

Laboratorio Central de Estructuras y Materiales ...... 54

Laboratorio de Geotecnia ...... 62

Centro de Estudios Históricos de Obras Públicas y Urbanismo ...... 70

Annex: courses, congress, publications, technical reports and committees . . 78 PRESENTATION

he Centro de Estudios y Experimentación de new List of Civil Servant Posts at CEDEX was approved Obras Públicas (CEDEX) aims to further consol- with the creation of 34 new jobs and the reclassifi- Tidate itself as the benchmark public centre cation of 141 posts that already existed. The Centro where public works and environmental R&D&I is con- continued to accept young graduates either through cerned, in applying it through specialist technical as- research contracts or competitive examination which sistance and transferring it to society in general. This means that university graduates now account for 45% is the ambition that is established in its Statute and of the total number of persons employed. The intro- to achieve this, in an area that is as dynamic as pub- duction of new tools to aid management has enabled lic works and the environment, it is essential to peri- CEDEX to manage an income of 55.7 million Euros plus odically reflect, together with the different Entities an expenditure of 51.8 million Euros, and the R&D&I for whom we work, and develop new initiatives that management unit, established in 2006, was strength- enable us to make the best of the creativity and the ened and consolidated, not only with the manage- efforts of those of us who work at CEDEX. ment of the 2007 announcement of research subsidies, with economic assistance of more than 6 million With this aim in mind, during the course of 2007 CEDEX euros being granted, but also through the implemen- updated its Strategic Plan, going one step further in its tation of a new procedure for monitoring the proj- concretion by defining a series of “strategic initiatives” ects from a technical perspective, in order to make which will help to enhance the Body’s activities and it easier for the different joint research ventures to give them a boost in three directions: applied research, achieve the goals set for each project. opening up to society and an effective and efficient managing of the internal resources. The intention is Once again, most of the CEDEX’s activities revolved that these initiatives will enable CEDEX, for example, around providing the Ministry of Transport (Minis- to develop and put to better use the abilities of those terio de Fomento) and Ministry of Environment (Min- professionals whose careers evolve at the Centro: in- isterio de Medio Ambiente) with specialist technical crease the emphasis placed on applied research at support. During 2007, CEDEX played a major role in CEDEX, creating an administrative framework that the activities that both Ministries were involved in. lends greater support to the initiatives of the different Some of the most outstanding tasks performed for technical teams and concentrate the resources avail- the Ministerio de Fomento were: endorsing the Euro- able for new technical and scientific activities into a pean Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS) sig- limited number of “future lines”, which will permit nalling for the new high-speed rail links and the trains CEDEX to suitably position itself in those areas where that operate on those lines, developing the first sys- support is expected to be required in the coming years. tem of indicators for the transport sector and its environmental impact, studying the deformability of During the course of 2007 major milestones were sur- quarrystone foundations used for maritime structures, passed in the trail blazed by the Strategic Plan. The and the protocol for an inspection system for the trav-

4 PRESENTATION elling formwork that is used to construct bridges on These and many other specialist technical assistance the State Highway Network. CEDEX also collaborated and research activities are a consequence of profes- closely with the Ministerio de Medio Ambiente on sional specialisation and the efforts made by those some of its environmental policies, such as the New who work for the Centro. During 2007, CEDEX cele- Hydrological Planning Regulations, the new legal sys- brated its 50th Anniversary, and the acts that took tem affecting the reuse of treated water, assessment place to commemorate these first 50 years of tech- of the potential effects of climate change on water nical and scientific activities mainly revolved around demand, the Technical Instructions for calculating giving recognition and praise to all those whose work ecological flows in natural riverbeds, the Coast Sus- and commitment have enabled the CEDEX to carry on tainability Strategy and the preparation of certain being a benchmark in the field of civil engineering guidelines concerning actions to be taken on beaches and the environment. and the treatment of the coastal strip, or the study on the disposal and diffusion into the sea of brine from desalination plants.

There was a considerable upsurge in the activities Madrid, 14 April 2008 of the Centro de Estudios Históricos de Obras Públi- Ángel C. Aparicio Mourelo cas y Urbanismo (CEHOPU) (CEDEX) in 2007, and among its most outstanding actions was mount- ing and showing the “Carlos Fernández Casado, En- gineer” Exhibition, which perpetuated a long tradi- tion of making the great figures from the civil engineering world more familiar to the general public. For the second year running, public works research subsidies were granted, a dozen projects being selected, and the positive results yielded by both announcements, made it advisable to create a new collection of publications, entitled the “Cuadernos de Investigación CEHOPU” (CEHOPU Research Note- books), which publish the results of the most outstanding research work undertaken as part of the aforementioned aid programme. A second collection, “Documentos para la Historia de la Ingeniería” (Doc- uments for the History of Engineering) was also started in 2007.

PRESENTATION 5 EL ORGANISMO status directorate and functions and organization

The CEDEX is a Public Agency dependent upon the Ministry DIRECCIÓN GENERAL of Transport (Ministerio de Fomento), and from a functional perspective it is an- swerable either to the Min- SUBDIRECCIÓN GENERAL istry of Transport (Ministerio GABINETE TÉCNICO DE PROGRAMACIÓN TÉCNICA Y CIENTÍFICA de Fomento) or to the Min- istry of Environment (Minis- terio de Medio Ambiente); (Royal Decree 1136/2002, CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS HIDROGRÁFICOS dated 31st October and Royal Decree 591/2005, dated 20th May). CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS DE PUERTOS Y COSTAS Its activities include providing specialist technical assistance to the Ministries of Transport and Environment, CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS DEL TRANSPORTE and being a public R&D&i reference centre in the fields of the public works and the environment, it makes available to society the technological CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS DE TÉCNICAS APLICADAS breakthroughs achieved by dedicating part of its activity to the diffusion and transfer of knowledge. LABORATORIO CENTRAL DE ESTRUCTURAS Y MATERIALES The Agency likewise carries out other activities demanded of it from the rest of LABORATORIO DE GEOTECNIA the public administrations or from the private sector, and collaborates closely with similar institutions in other countries, taking part in joint ap- CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS HISTÓRICOS DE OBRAS PÚBLICAS Y URBANISMO plied research projects. Also is present on the international scene within the framework of Spanish Cooperation for Development Assistance.

6 EL ORGANISMO governing bodies

Consejo

Presidente: Secretario de Estado de Infraestructuras y Planificación Vicepresidente: Secretario General para el Territorio y la Biodiversidad Vocales: Subsecretaria de Fomento Secretaria General de Infraestructuras Secretario General de Transportes Subsecretaria de Medio Ambiente Secretario General para la Prevención de la Contaminación y del Cambio Climático Director General de Carreteras Director General de Ferrocarriles Director General de la Marina Mercante Director General del CEDEX Director General del Agua Director General de Costas Director General para la Biodiversidad Director General de Calidad y Evaluación Ambiental Director General del Instituto Nacional de Meteorología Director General de Arquitectura y Política de Vivienda Presidente del Ente Público Puertos del Estado Presidente de una Confederación Hidrográfica (designado por la Ministra de Medio Ambiente) Representante del Comité de coordinación funcional de OO.AA. de Investigación y Experimentación Secretario: Subdirector General de Programación Técnica y Científica del CEDEX

Comité de Dirección

Presidente: Director General del CEDEX Vocales: Subdirector General de Programación Técnica y Científica del CEDEX Director del Centro de Estudios de Puertos y Costas Director del Centro de Estudios Hidrográficos Director del Centro de Estudios del Transporte Director del Centro de Estudios de Técnicas Aplicadas Director del Laboratorio Central Estructuras y Materiales Director del Laboratorio de Geotecnia Director del Centro de Estudios Históricos de Obras Públicas y Urbanismo Director Gabinete Técnico Secretario: Jefe de Unidad designado por el Director General

EL ORGANISMO 7 GABINETE TÉCNICO

activities of the unit of technical fety, freight transport, logistics, and transport energy analy- management of i+d+i during the sis, in tune with the 7th Framework Programme. year 2007 The Announcement contains details of the conditions and In 2007, the Unidad de Gestión Técnica de I+D+i del CE- terms established in the regulatory criteria published in the DEX (CEDEX R&D&I Technical Management Unit) carried BOE (Official State Gazette) on 18th July 2006. out a variety of tasks concerning R&D identification, co- Certain requirements were dispensed with in order to make ordination, management and diffusion associated with it easier for companies – especially medium-sized and small the technical – scientific requirements of the Strategic companies (PYMES) – and other private bodies (non-profit- Infrastructure and Transport Plan (PEIT). making private R&D centres and technological centres) to gain access to the research network. For example, the pro- 1. announcements of subsidies for r&d&i projects viding of a guarantee can be waived, with certain limitations, and be replaced by a auditing report issued by an official For the second time, CEDEX gave an official announcement auditor registered in the ROAC (Official Auditors Register). concerning subsidies for R&D&I projects in the fields of infrastructures and transport, in accordance with the neces- With a view to giving information about the subsidies offe- sities identified in the PEIT. red to all the agents who were potentially interested from the transport sector, the Announcement was given massive The announcement encouraged companies and other private publicity, especially by electronic means, as from the date entities to take part, stressing the importance of the need of its official publication in the BOE (16th April 2007). for them to collaborate with other R&D&I bodies, thereby strengthening the research network in the fields of infras- 2. assessment of the proposals and making tructures and transport. The participation of major research decisions with respect to the Announcement groups that are composed of different types of beneficiaries is positively rated, and this is to be achieved by for- After the Announcement concerning subsidies was publis- ming groups and submitting coordinated projects. The ma- hed in April, the deadline for applying for such aid was set ximum grant per unit was set at 600.000 €. at 8th June 2007.

With a view to adapting the aims of the Announcement to The total number of applications received was 66, and using the scientific requirements of the PEIT and the Ministerio de the standards established in the 11th Section of the Announ- Fomento, the objectives and contents of 26 research projects cement, each one of the projects presented was studied on were selected in detail, taking as the point of reference the an individual basis. lines and priority projects set out in the Catalogue prepared by the groups of experts in 2005 and 2006. The aim of On completion of the process of examining the administra- the aforementioned approach was for it to be conducive to tive documentation and the subsequent rectifications, the enabling the results of the research to be swiftly incorpora- ANEP, the CDTI and the Selection Committee appointed for ted into the Ministerio de Fomento transport policy and the purpose, undertook the process of assessing 60 complete the needs of the sector in general, as well as to enable it to applications; as a result of this process the number of pro- enhance the possibility of continuing to construct a cohe- jects accepted was narrowed down to 18. rent and progressive knowledge base, which takes as its reference the projects that have already been carried out or are Economic incentives were granted for these 18 projects by in the process of being realised, in order to develop others virtue of the Resolution passed on 22nd November 2007, the that can use their results. amount involved being 6,075,602 € (six million seventy-five The subject matter that was envisaged was as follows: trans- thousand six hundred and two Euros), 76 bodies being the port policy and economics, transporting passengers, road sa- beneficiaries (54 different ones) from both the public and

8 EL ORGANISMO private sectors. In accordance with the terms and conditions project, by means of the 2-monthly, annual and final reports, of the Announcement, the first order of payment - which and through the Liaison Committee Meetings. amounted to 4,860,479.00 Euros, that is to say 80% of the incentives granted -, was made in December 2007. 2.2 Project Diffusion

The average amount granted per project was approximately The diffusion of the research work will begin by publishing 300,000 Euros, with some of the projects receiving more the abstracts for the selected projects on a Website; this than 500,000 Euros. Most of them are being developed by will later be expanded upon with the results obtained and groups of companies or bodies with different characteris- the developments as they occur. tics and shareholdings. The average grant received per beneficiary was 81,000 Euros. The maximum amount granted Importance will also be attached to the task of publicising to a beneficiary within a project was 311,680 Euros. the progress, breakthroughs and results of the projects. A Website (www.cedex.es/idipeit) has been specifically crea- The aim of increasing the extent to which the private sec- ted for the purpose, and any outstanding contents will be tor is incorporated into the area of research - which has tra- published so that a broad range of researchers and techni- ditionally been the domain of public universities - has been cians can find out about the latest developments. Workshops achieved, because a high percentage of the beneficiaries have will also be held so that those involved can exchange infor- come from private bodies (56%). mation about the progress being made and the results obtained while the projects are being carried out. The average duration of the projects that have received grants is 30 months. It is expected that outstanding results will start One of the aspects of the diffusion process that has been con- to emerge as from the end of 2009. sidered important, is to be familiar with the potential and availability of the agents who have received the grants; this 2.1 Monitoring the projects task requires the cooperation of as many R&D&I Manage- ment Units as possible. CEDEX believes that it is essential to carry out a detailed scientific-technical monitoring of the selected projects, so 2.3 Coordination with other R&D&I Management Units one coordinator per project was appointed; these coordinators have come mainly from civil servants at the CEDEX and CEDEX has been suitably coordinating with similar R&D&I the Ministerio de Fomento. Management Units from other Ministries in order to ensure that there is no overlapping of research topics, excessive The projects are being monitored from the Unidad de Ges- dedication of the research workers or to discuss any other tión Técnica de I+D+i del CEDEX. The monitoring activities point of interest associated with the way the work is deve- are based upon the “Performance and Justification Instruc- loped. This coordination is taking place specifically with the tions” that were published together with the final resolu- R&D&I Management Units belonging to the Ministerio de tion. According to the instructions, a Liaison Committee must Fomento, the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia , the Mi- be established that will play the role of coordinator for each nisterio de Industria, and the Ministerio de Medio Am- one of the projects that have received grants. biente.

Each one of the coordinators takes part, as the spokesperson for CEDEX, in the development of the project through the Liaison Committee and will establish an ongoing dialogue with the main researcher involved in the project. The coordinator will thus inform the Unidad de Gestión Técnica de I+D+i del CEDEX about the state and development of each

GABINETE TÉCNICO 9 SUBDIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE PROGRAMACIÓN TÉCNICA Y CIENTÍFICA human resources

The number of staff members on December 31st was One of the most significant achievements of 2007 in consistent with the prior year, coming to 711 emplo- Human Resources was the approval of the new roster yees, plus an additional 26 grant-holders. Employee tur- of employment positions. This roster includes 34 new nover in the normal course of operations resulted in 46 positions and has also improved the conditions of 141 new hires, 35 of which have university degrees. The existing positions. overall percentage of degreed employees has now reached 45%. In 2006 a new grant program targeting researchers pur- suing doctorate degrees was established. In 2007, a call On December 31st, there were a total of 58 project-ba- of 14 positions was issued, 5 of which were filled. sed researchers. During the year, 19 new project-based contracts were issued in accordance with govern- mental scientific regulations (Ley de la Ciencia). All 19 will begin in 2008.

STAFF BY PROFESSIONAL CATEGORIES (2002-2007)

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Post graduate 199 202 210 214 228 235 College degree 77 74 74 80 79 84 Technical staff 319 307 314 290 293 289 Administrative staff 122 119 118 117 107 103 Total 717 702 716 701 707 711 Grant holders 21 28 23 21 8 26 Total 738 730 739 722 715 737

350

300 Post graduate 250 College degree Technical staff 200 Administrative staff 150 Grant holders

100

0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

SUBDIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE PROGRAMACIÓN TÉCNICA Y CIENTÍFICA 11 STAFF BY TYPE OF CONTRACT AT 31-12-2007

Civil servants Labour Research Total % Total Women % Women contract contract Post graduate 179 0 56 235 33 98 41,7 College degree 80 2 2 84 12 24 28,6 Technical staff 84 205 0 289 41 50 17,3 Administrative staff 80 23 0 103 14 83 80,6 Total 423 230 58 711 100 255 35,9

300 DISTRIBUTIÓN BY GENDER 250

200 Women 36% 255 150

100

50 Men 64% 0 456 Civil servants Labour Research Total contract contract Post graduate College degree Technical staff Administrative staff

STAFF. DISTRIBUTION BY CENTERS

Serv. Centrales CEH CEPYC CET CETA LC LG Total y CEHOPU Civil servants 95 84 63 41 45 53 42 423 Labour contract 17 50 24 38 26 39 36 230 Research contract 0 19 9 16 8 3 3 58 Total 112 153 96 95 79 95 81 711

DISTRIBUTION BY CENTERS DISTRIBUTION BY TYPE OF CONTRACT

Research contract CET Serv. Centrales y CEHOPU 13% / 95 16% / 112 58

CETA 11% / 79 CEH Civil servants 22% / 153 Labour contract 423 LC 230 13% / 95

CEPYC LG 14% / 96 11% / 81

12 SUBDIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE PROGRAMACIÓN TÉCNICA Y CIENTÍFICA SELECTIVE PROCESSES IN 2007

Escala de Técnicos Facultativos Superiores de Organismos Autónomos Plazas convocadas para CEDEX: OOAA del Ministerio de Fomento: 4 OOAA del Ministerio de Medio Ambiente: 5

Cuerpo de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos Destinadas al CEDEX: 5 plazas

Personal contratado para Investigación y Proyectos especiales Titulados superiores Convocatoria: 28 de septiembre de 2007 Plazas convocadas para CEDEX: 19

Para la realización de becas de formación de personal investigador en actividades y materia de la competencia del CEDEX Titulados superiores Convocatoria: 14 de marzo de 2007 Plazas convocadas para CEDEX: 16 Cubiertas: 5 plazas

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

The CEDEX’s budget for 2007 came to 53.14 Mill €, which was an increase of 5.63 Mill € with respect to 2006. 1.25 Mill € of this increase was accounted for by the allocation given over to Chapter 7 for the granting of further aid for the R&D transport projects associated with the Strategic Infrastructure and Transport Plan (PEIT), whose second Call, also managed by CEDEX, was issued in 2007.

As can be seen in the enclosed table, 82 % of the budget expenditure was used, which amounted to 43.78 Mill €. As far as Chapter 6 “Investments” was concerned, though the initial allocation increased by 2 Mill €, the final expenditure, 7.54 Mill €, remained at practically the same level as in 2006.

Income from CEDE’s commercial activities amounted to 20.92 Mill €, slightly higher than the 20.09 Mill € in the preceding financial year. Outlay in purchases and salaries for the personnel with research contracts, associated with those commercial activities, came to 8.02 Mill €. Therefore, the final results for the commercial operations came to 12.90 Mill €.

As far as the activity carried out during the course of the year is concerned, 83 projects were completed of a total of 374 that CEDEX was involved in, which also includes internal projects. As a result of these activities, 314 reports were prepared and issued, of which 81 were final reports.

The total amount of income generated by CEDEX’s activities resulted in a self-financing rate of 41.4%, including investments and aid for research purposes.

SUBDIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE PROGRAMACIÓN TÉCNICA Y CIENTÍFICA 13 2007 REVENUE BUDGET (THOUSANDS EUROS)

Concepto Presupuesto Derechos Ejecución inicial reconocidos % 31. Precios públicos 760,00 517,12 68 33. Venta bienes 55,00 77,23 140 38. Reintegros 1,00 2,64 264 39. Otros ingresos 2.400,00 2.932,13 122 Cap. 3. Tasas y otros ingresos 3.216,00 3.529,12 110 40. Transf. corrientes del Estado 15.789,42 15.789,42 100 41. Transf. corrientes OOAA 102,27 Cap. 4. Transferencias corrientes 15.789,42 15.891,69 101 52. Intereses depósitos 30,00 114,61 382 57. Resultado operaciones comerciales 10.500,00 58. Variación fondo maniobra 8.467,57 Cap. 5. Ingresos patrimoniales 18.997,57 114,61 700. Transf. de capital del Estado (MFOM) 15.104,17 15.104,17 100 701. Transf. de capital del Estado (otros minist.) 125,10 Cap. 7. Transferencias de capital 15.104,17 15.229,27 101 Cap. 8. Activos financieros 36,48 28,64 79 TOTAL PRESUPUESTO INGRESOS 53.143,64 34.793,33 65 Operaciones comerciales 19.500,00 20.917,52 107

2007 EXPENSES BUDGET (THOUSANDS EUROS)

Concepto Crédito Obligaciones Ejecución inicial reconocidas % 10. Altos cargos 57,19 57,76 101 12. Funcionarios 14.860,14 13.072,08 88 13. Personal laboral 4.829,32 4.553,42 94 15. Incentivos rendimiento 1.028,28 1.025,13 100 16. Cuotas prestaciones sociales 4.604,49 4.545,68 99 Cap. 1. Gastos de personal 25.379,42 23.254,07 92 20. Arrendamientos 14,78 10,07 68 21. Reparaciones y conservación 1.219,78 980,13 80 22. Material, suministros y otros 6.169,20 5.156,95 84 23. Indemnizaciones por razón del servicio 1.426,17 923,76 65 24. Publicaciones 265,95 319,42 120 Cap. 2. Bienes y servicios 9.095,88 7.390,33 81 48. Transferencia a familias 1.003,01 644,70 64 49. Al exterior 69,41 62,50 90 Cap. 4. Transferencias corrientes 1.072,42 707,20 66 62. Inv. nuevas funcionamiento servicios* 8.082,30 3.360,73 42 63. Inv. de reposición 2.819,10 2.912,98 103 64. Inv. de carácter inmaterial* 408,04 1.271,19 312 Cap. 6. Inversiones 11.309,44 7.544,90 67 Cap. 7. Transferencias de capital 6.250,00 4.852,94 78 Cap. 8. Activos financieros 36,48 27,67 76 TOTAL PRESUPUESTO DE GASTOS 53.143,64 43.777,11 82 Operaciones comerciales 9.550,00 8.020,09 84 * Suma Programa 451 M y 467 B

14 SUBDIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE PROGRAMACIÓN TÉCNICA Y CIENTÍFICA 2007 BUDGET EXECUTION

REVENUES (NOT INCLUDING CAPITAL TRANSFERS) EXPENSES (NOT INCLUDING CAPITAL OPERATIONS)

Tasas y otros ingresos 9% Operaciones comerciales 21% Personal 60% Operaciones comerciales 52%

Bienes y servicios 19% Transferencias corrientes 39%

COMERCIAL ACTIVITIES. REVENUE DISTRIBUTION BY CENTERS AND DESTINATARIES

CEH CEPYC CET CETA LC LG TOTAL % INSTITUCIÓN/TOTAL MINISTERIO DE FOMENTO 100.000 4.997.939 4.789.081 554.162 650.000 1.587.526 12.678.708 54 Mº DE MEDIO AMBIENTE 4.244.104 1.285.150 215.000 2.056.583 1.245.787 458.903 9.505.527 40 RESTO ADM. GERAL. ESTADO 306.213 27.350 333.563 1 ADM. AUTONÓMICA Y LOCAL 40.090 65.000 7.040 5.200 50.000 167.329 1 EMPRESAS 122.426 141.777 417.648 171.692 152.545 31.200 1.037.288 4 TOTAL 4.506.620 6.424.866 5.486.729 3.095.690 2.080.882 2.127.629 23.722.416 100 % CENTRO/TOTAL 19 27 23 13 9 9 100

DISTRIBUTION BY CENTERS DISTRIBUTION BY DESTINATARIES

Adm. Autonómica y Local 1% Resto Adm. General LG 9% LC 9% del Estado 1% Empresas 4%

CETA 13% CEH 19%

Ministerio de Medio Ambiente 40% CET 23% Ministerio de Fomento 54% CEPYC 27%

SUBDIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE PROGRAMACIÓN TÉCNICA Y CIENTÍFICA 15 CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS DE PUERTOS Y COSTAS he last 2007 was a year of great activity Tat the Centro de Estudios de Puertos y Cos- tas (CEPYC), basically at the service of the general directorates dependent upon the Ministry of Transport (Ministerio de Fomento) and Mi- nistry of Environment (Ministerio de Medio Ambiente) with powers in their spheres of activity: engineering and environment associated with Ports, Coasts and Navigation.

The Centro headed the CEDEX activities for Puertos del Estado through the 3-year agreement 2006-2008. The most outstanding work to be undertaken in the year was displaying, as part of this agreement, an R&D&I Plan of interest to the state-owned port system, which The fact that a total of 97 reports were issued Port of Gijón. is given special treatment and is described in- during the course of the year, as well as a great Tests on moored ships in the new dividually as part of this Report. Further work variety of publications, articles and commu- outer basin. was done through the Networks Agreement nications, serves as proof of the magnitude and its annual measurement campaigns; at the of the work done. end of 2007, these activities as a whole were reoriented with a view to making, by mutual A special effort was made for Puertos del Es- agreement, modifications to the distribution tado in the area of maritime structure studies, of tasks for the coming year (2008). and this was consistent with the major upsurge in investment in new port and harbour infra- Further activities that were performed and structures that is currently taking place in practically completed for the Ministerio de Fo- Spain. The actions taken with respect to mar- mento, in this case for the Dirección General itime structures accounted for 43% of the work de la Marina Mercante, included those carried as a whole, 12% of these studies being labora- out as part of the agreement reached covering tory studies and numerical experiments con- the period 2005 – 2007, and collaboration took cerning climate and port and harbour hy- place on defining a joint management package draulics, whereas 12% involved studies for 2008 – 2010, which will go more deeply regarding environmental characterisation and into the spheres of activity already established management of dredging and other environ- in the preceding agreement, which was the mental questions, 11% concerned experimen- first multi-year agreement of its kind between tal studies conducted with a view to design- CEDEX and the Dirección General de la Ma- ing harbour, port and berthing layouts and 16% rina Mercante. involving activities developed by other CEDEX centres in the fields of maritime geotechnics, Where the Ministerio de Medio Ambiente was structural concrete, harbour pavements and concerned, it must first be pointed out that transport and environmental aspects that were a 3-yearly agreement was established for 2007 not of a specifically marine nature. All these – 2009, with the Dirección General de Costas, activities can be broken down in the following which prolongs the duration of earlier agree- way: 64% of the total are specific applications PREVIOUS PAGE ments, configuring a platform for much closer for the state-owned Port Authorities, 30% were Ship manoeuvring simulation on collaboration between CEDEX and the Direc- R&D actions and the remaining 6% involved entering the Port of ción General. ongoing technical assistance activities. Barcelona. centro de estudios de puertos y costas 27 Furthermore, the experimental studies that were conducted on maritime structures have made considerable use of some of CEPYC’s major facilities, especially the large-scale wave flume. Studies were carried out for the ports of Gijón (extension to the lee breakwater), La Coruña (a variety of studies including the construction stage tests on the breakwater at Punta Lan- gosteira), Melilla, Almería, Valencia (enlargements to the Ports of Valencia and Sagunto) and Barcelona (eastern breakwater).

As far as environmental matters were concerned, the study was completed for the inner contingency plan for the Port of Cartagena – Escom- breras and the one that was conducted for the Port of Huelva is being supplemented with an analysis of the resources that are required to com- bat pollution. Several studies to characterise the seabed were carried out in the Ports of La Palma, Los Cristianos and Barcelona, as part of the dredged materials management proposals, and the inventory was drawn up that is prepared on an annual basis in compliance with Spain’s undertakings in the international agreements for protecting the marine environment. Activities were likewise performed within the framework of environmental control over the enlargement to the Port of Ferrol.

The work that the Centro has been carrying out for the Dirección General de la Marina Mercante has been gradually increasing. In 2007 it included new areas that were being dealt with at the same time as new capacities were being developed Salinas Beach. As part of the activities concerning climate involving maritime security and safety, com- Variations in the and port hydraulics, work was undertaken for bating pollution and protecting the marine en- seabeds measured in 2005–2006 and the Bilbao, Ceuta, Algeciras (developing the vironment. First of all, scientific backing was the numerical Port of Tarifa), Motril, Cartagena, Castellón, given to representation on committees and task simulation results. Tarragona and Barcelona Port Authorities. forces of the International Maritime Organiza- Ship movement studies were carried out for tion (OMI), before the London Convention (sci- the ports of Bilbao, Ferrol and Barcelona, entific group and meetings between the con- there being considerable demand in this field tracting parties) and before European Union that it is hoped to cater for in the coming bodies. Progress was made on the work involved year. Furthermore, the ports of Gijón (new in reviewing and updating of the regulations for outer basin), Castellón (enlargements to the standardising techniques and products for com- southern part of the Port) and Barcelona bating the spillage of pollutants in the sea, fur- (basin for the southern harbour mouth and ther analytical work being carried out to iden- wharf for inflammable materials) were all the tify those responsible for the spillage, leakage subject of 3-dimensional physical model stud- or dumping; these activities are expected to con- ies devised for the purpose of analysing the tinue into 2008. A comparative study was also operativity and safety of the berthing and conducted of the numerical models that are avail- mooring points and optimising their design able for predicting the behaviour of hydrocarbons layout. that have been spilt or dumped at sea.

28 centro de estudios de puertos y costas Work was completed in 2007 on studying the 3-D study of the climate conditions on the navigation routes used construction stages for the La Coruña by ferries and on the devices that are used for sep- outer harbour arating shipping on the Spanish Coast, the char- breakwater. acteristic wave and wind conditions being defined in each zone on a monthly and yearly basis, as well as the statistical distributions concerned. The prevailing meteorological conditions during shipping accidents were also analysed for those occasions where such conditions could have been a factor to be taken into consideration.

The Dirección General de la Marina Mercante Port of Melilla. also commissioned the CEPYC to conduct a se- Breakwater section overtopping ries of supplementary studies with respect to studies. the protocols to be followed by ships in need of assistance, by simulating tug manoeuvres in the CEDEX’s Ship Manoeuvring Simulation Unit. Apart from an analysis of waters in the Straits of Gibraltar, a study was also conducted concerning the access of bulk carriers to the Port of La Coruña. The inventory of potential havens and refuge sites for distressed ships along the Spanish Coast was likewise updated, and further progress was made on work involving the designation of the Particularly Sensitive Mar- Tests on the section itime Zone (ZMES) around the Canary Isles. of the new breakwater for the Port of Almería. The work performed for the Dirección General de Costas (Ministry of Environment) was, from a quantitative perspective, the second largest to be dealt with at the Centro de Estudios de Puer- tos y Costas. Throughout the course of 2007, no less than 23 technical reports were issued at the request of the Dirección General de Costas with regard to matters that are the subject of the new agreement for 2007 – 2009 and, in some cases, these were supplementary to the work that had international conventions on the protection of already been carried out beforehand, which is the coastal and marine environment, with par- being continued by virtue of the new agreement. ticipation in a variety of scientific task forces. The Centro also carried on providing technical Firstly, reference must be made to the collabora- support for the process of implementing the Wa- tion with the Dirección General in preparing ter Framework Directive –in matters concerning guidelines concerning actions taken on beaches coastal and transition waters–, the Spanish Ma- and the way the coastal strip is treated, which rine Strategy in compliance with the provisions will serve as a guide to the content of, approach contained in the European Marine Strategy Di- to and aims of the activities of general interest rective and in evaluating coastal zones under the that take place on the coastline. Within this same threat of flooding that are associated with that framework, CEDEX collaborates with the Direc- Directive. This set of actions has prompted the ciones Generales in preparing the Strategy for development of uniform information systems Coastal Sustainability. and databases that are subjected to ongoing updating processes and which are of great use for A second sphere of activity concerned the ac- a variety of territorial studies along the coast and tivities involved in backing up representation at shorelines.

centro de estudios de puertos y costas 29 of waters in a variety of action options. The study involving surfing facilities in the island of Gran Canaria is also at a very advanced stage.

Monitoring specific actions on different beaches also falls within the scope of this agreement, and these include the activities being carried out on the Salinas, Peñíscola and La Zurriola Beaches (San Sebastián). Dur- ing the course of 2008, these will be supplemented with environmental and ecological monitoring at Mamola Beach (Granada). Finally, as part of the activities that involve enabling the Dirección General de Costas to access the CEDEX’s information systems, the Position of the The most important part of the 2007 – 2009 CEPYC developed and commissioned an In- containing wall – agreement includes research activities for plan- ternet system for accessing and searching for Port of Cartagena Contingency Plan. ning actions to be taken by the Dirección Gen- information about the studies conducted, eral de Costas. During the course of 2007, which will enable those concerned to obtain work began on guidelines for designing de- this information and other multimedia con- tached breakwaters for coastal protection tent of relevance to the work. and the systematic study of beach profiles and their adaptation to Spanish coastlines. Throughout 2007, the Centro continued with The many shore dynamics studies carried out its research work and studies for the Direc- along the Spanish coast and a new phase of ción General del Agua, the Dirección General tests on the beaches of the Barcelona de Calidad Ambiental and the company Olympic Village - which included new exper- ACUAMED, applied to the disposal of waste iments in the multidirectional wave tank -, material from desalination plants. These stud- are among the activities conducted as part ies concern the waste disposal devices and of the project and aimed at environmental diffusion in the environment, as well as the assessment; these tests concern the renewal receiving environment’s capacity to with- stand modifications to its salinity levels. It Rubblemound must be pointed out that in the same year breakwater tests for the work began on the experimental study con- Enlargement to the cerning waste through the Port of Denia for Port of Valencia. ACUAMED, as well as the major support required by the Dirección General de Calidad y Evaluación Ambiental with respect to the environmental impact of specific actions.

One singular piece of R&D&I activity worthy of mention, in addition to the ones referred to above, was the CEPYC’s participation in Laboratorio de the EOLIA Project as part of the CENIT Pro- calibración de boyas gramme, aimed at the study of wind-energy de medida plants in the marine environment. The main de oleaje experimental part that CEDEX has been commissioned to perform concerns the effects of wave and wind action on the foundations of the wind generators, and this will be developed throughout 2008. Furthermore, Puertos del Estado asked CEPYC to take part in the SPREEX Project as part of the 6th

30 centro de estudios de puertos y costas Framework Programme, concluded in 2007, and also the HYDRALAB Project. It is hoped that there will be even closer cooperation between Spain and Europe in the joint research activities through the new National Plan and the 7th Framework Programme as from 2008.

CEDEX, together with the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid and the Universidad Politécnica de Vigo, took part in organising the second conference of the SPHERIC Group (SPH European Research Interest Commu- nity) held in May 2007, which brought together the top experts on this subject from all over the world. CEDEX also collaborated in organising the 9th Coastal and Port En- gineering Symposium held in San Sebastián, with more than 400 people taking part. CEDEX likewise organised the 9th Interna- tional Masters in Port and Coastal Engineer- ing with the collaboration of Puertos del Es- tado, the Dirección General de Costas and the Dirección General de Marina Mercante, together with the Agencia Española de Coop- eración Internacional (AECI) (Spanish Inter- national Cooperation Agency).

As far as the CEPYC’s new capacities are concerned, one development of great relevance is the implementation of a piece of highly sophisticated calculation equipment that will be used to develop and implement latest generation parallel codes for port and coastal engineering applications, which can then be transferred to conventional computers. Progress was also made in 2007 on develop- ARRIVES RIGHT ing several new lines, such as the inclusion System for Internet access to studies conducted by of wind in tests on berthed ships and in wave CEDEX. flume tests, the development of a new laboratory to help in combating pollution and DOWN the modernisation of the Centro’s multi-di- Spanish Port dredging inventory. rectional wave tank.

LEFT Dilution tests on desalination-plant brine flowing on the seabed.

RIGHT Water quality tests on Bogatell Beach, Barcelona.

centro de estudios de puertos y costas 31 CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS DE PUERTOS Y COSTAS the r&d&i action plan for puertos del estado

After joint discussions between CEDEX and Puertos del Es- tado, an Agreement was reached that has now come into force. The provisions of this Agreement concern structuring a programme of R&D&I activities of interest to the state-owned port system, accounting for at least 25% of all the activity. Throughout 2006 the lines of activity to be pursued were defined together with the specific tasks to be undertaken, and much of the activity in such matters was carried out in 2007.

The Plan was structured into four spheres of activity:

1. Infrastructures and Physical Medium 2.Maritime Works Geotechnics 3.Environment and Risk 4.Transport Mobile bed test on Bogatell Beach. It must be pointed out that not only fields in which the Cen- tro de Estudios de Puertos y Costas specialises are covered, but there are also contributions, to varying degrees, from different CEDEX centres: Centro de Estudios de Téc- nicas Aplicadas, Centro de Estudios del Transporte, Labora- torio de Geotecnia and Laboratorio Central de Estructuras y Materiales. The latter contributions are not dealt with here, although they are the subject of joint management within the framework of the Plan.

Reference must be made to the fact that the development of the Plan involves one person from CEDEX and another person from the port system being established as jointly responsible for each task, which makes it easier to monitor the progress that is made in each one of the activities. Tests on the southern basin for the Port of Castellón.

The first sphere, Infrastructures and Physical Medium, is Harbour zone, obtaining the transfer conditions for the waves the most important from a quantitative perspective. The fo- as they move from deep waters towards the port and the inner llowing are the most outstanding tasks that are being per- disturbance, comparing these results with those provided by formed by the Centro de Estudios de Puertos y Costas: in situ instrumentation. This information will then be used to conduct a sensitivity study that will reveal the uncertainties associated with numerical tools and the data used, and their - Probabilistic models on the reliability of structures. The aim effects upon the port design and operativity. of these activities is to develop statistical behaviour models including the significant wave height variables – average spec- - Stresses and overtopping on parapets. The purpose of this work tral period and significant height – duration, so that they can is to obtain a state-of-the-art compilation on this subject and be applied to the two-dimensional climatic characterisation to analyse the deficiencies. When this has been achieved, an ex- of the Spanish coasts and to the maritime structure reliability perimental programme will be prepared with a view to evalua- studies. ting the existing formulations and, if need be, new formulations will be proposed. - Advanced numerical modelling in the Langosteira zone. The purpose is to numerically model the waves in the La Coruña Outer

32 centro de estudios de puertos y costas Bathymetry and experimental and synthetic data used for wave studies at Punta Langosteira.

With respect to Environment and Risk, the following activities are particularly noteworthy:

- Biotests conducted in order to characterise the dredged ma- - Adapting the recommendations for the management of dred- terial: owing to the major role that this type of test will even- ged material to the scientific breakthroughs that have been tually play in characterising polluted materials, the aim of this made and ensuring that they are consistent with other stan- work –which is carried out in collaboration with the Univer- dards. The aim is to review and update the recommendations sidad de Cádiz–, is to make progress in setting toxicity thres- taking into account the studies concerning seabed levels holds and applying protocols for their use in this context. around the Spanish coastline and the toxicity of the sediments in the marine organisms. - Analytical inter-comparative study of parameters associated with the environmental characterisation of port sediment. - This section likewise includes other actions worthy of men- The underlying idea is to assess the analytic uncertainty in- tion concerning water quality in ports and harbours –metho- volved in establishing the pollutant content in the sediments dological support for compliance with the Water Framework dredged up in harbours, as well as the suitability of the analy- Directive– and management of risks caused by dumping waste sis procedures for measuring the degree of reproducibility in the sea –CEDEX’s participation in the SPREEX Project–. of these results, by involving the participation of a number of selected laboratories.

centro de estudios de puertos y costas 33 CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS HIDROGRÁFICOS laboratorio de hidráulica Rockfill dam overtopping tests. In the Laboratorio de Hidráulica, in the field of physical modelling, work was completed in 2007 on the spillway studies for the Ardisa, Breña, Cas- trovido and Mª Cristina Dams. The physical models for the Gasset, Amadorio, Peña del Águila, Viñuela and Huesna Dam spillways are under way, and due to be finished in 2008. Where river hydraulics was concerned, the study was completed on the effects of enlarging the Málaga Airport flight field on the River Guadalhorce, and it is hoped that the mobile-bed physical model of the River Andarax will be finished during the first few months of 2008. (in collaboration with the Universidad Politéc- nica de Cataluña and the Universidad Politécnica Work was also done during the year on experi- de La Coruña). In the same sphere of activity, menting with taking data from the prototype of two hydraulic studies using mathematical mod- the Tous Dam, with a view to analysing bottom els were also begun in the River Tiétar (Tajo Basin outlet devices vibrations. River Authority) and the River Narcea (North River Authority). Major breakthroughs were made in river hydraulics mathematical modelling, with the ini- In matters concerning environmental hydraulics, tiation of the development of a model for the further progress was made on the research that computational calculation of flood wave flows the Centro has been conducting for several years

Ardisa Dam.

centro de estudios hidrográficos 17 Fish way constructed in the Laboratorio de Hidráulica.

Mathematical tory and the LNEC in Portugal), and different remodelling in river hydraulics. search, training and technological development activities have been developed within the framework of this Network.

The “Technical Guide to Urban Drainage and San- itation Networks” (Guía Técnica sobre Redes de Saneamiento y Drenaje Urbano) was published and presented in June 2007 at the CEH as part of the work performed on Regulations. During the year, and as a continuation to the standardisation activities in matters concerning hydraulic into the design of fish ways for dams and weirs. infrastructures that CEDEX is carrying out, work This work has been undertaken jointly with the commenced on the preparation of a Technical Universidad Complutense de Madrid and the Uni- Guide to Regulation Reservoirs “Guía Técnica versidad de La Coruña; a prototype fish way has sobre Depósitos de Regulación”. These activities now been constructed in the Laboratorio de form part of the agreement signed between the Hidráulica. Secretaría de Estado de Aguas y Costas (Ministry of Environment) and CEDEX to provide techni- In the area of research and technological devel- cal assistance and to conduct research and tech- opment, work also went ahead in the field of the nological development in the field of hydraulic performance of earth dams when subjected to structures. floods whose magnitudes are greater than the design flood with overtopping, a Research Proj- Along the same lines, and in collaboration with ect having been obtained from the R&D National the Canal de Isabel II, work was completed on Plan together with the Universidad Politécnica the drawing up of a Standard for water reuse net- de Madrid and the Centro Internacional de Méto- works. dos Numéricos (CIMNE) at the Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña. planning and studies area

During the course of 2007, the Laboratorio de In thePlanning and Studies Area,the Centrotook Hidráulica gave its backing to the setting up of part in preparing three standards to which ap- a Network whose purpose is to bring together proval was given in 2007: Royal Decree 125/2007, the major Hydraulics Laboratories in Spain and whereby the territorial scope is set for the river Portugal, (basically the CEH Hydraulics Labora- basin districts, Royal Decree 126/2007, which

18 centro de estudios hidrográficos regulates the composition, operation and pow- plans for river basins that lie within more than ers of the Comités de Autoridades Competentes one Autonomous Region. The new Instructions (Committees of the Empowered Authorities) for have adapted the latter to the new Hydrologi- the river basin districts which lie within more cal Planning Regulations and regulate, from a than one Autonomous Region and, above all, technical perspective, the procedures to be fol- Royal Decree 907/2007, dated 6th July, whereby lowed when updating the basin plans currently the Hydrological Planning Regulations came into in force. force, which partially supersede the Public Ad- ministration of Water and Hydrological Planning A Technical Guide has also been prepared within Regulations, which had been in force since 1988; the framework of the planning process. It con- the aforementioned Decree regulates in great de- tains a description of the measures to be included tail all matters concerning the planning process. in the river basin district plan programmes. The first stage of this involved reviewing the costs After Royal Decree 125/2007 concerning the river associated with constructing infrastructures for basin districts came into effect, local delimita- regulating, conveying and distributing water. tion studies were conducted for cases that are particularly complex, such as the Nalón River With regard to carrying out the terms of the Basin or some of the watershed stretches be- Albufeira Agreement concerning cooperation for tween the Júcar and Guadiana River Basins. the protection and sustainable use of the waters in the river basins shared by Spain and Portugal, Participation in the preparing of hydrological the CEH has carried on participating in the tasks planning regulations continued with the draw- forces involved in the Water Framework Direc- ing up of the Hydrological Planning Instructions, tive and the flow regime. and this work was almost finished by the end of 2007. It is expected that these Instructions Work also went ahead on creating a geographi- will be dealt with as a Ministerial Order to re- cal database for hydraulic structures, which in- place the Public Works, Transport and Environ- cludes all the latest information from 1:25,000 ment Ministerial Order (Orden del Ministerio digital mapping prepared by the Instituto Ge- de Obras Públicas, Transportes y Medio Ambi- ográfico Nacional (National Geographic Insti- ente) dated 24/09/92, whereby the Instructions tute) with respect to the locations of large wa- and Supplementary Technical Recommendations ter transport systems. came into force for preparing the hydrological Finally, the following have been digitalised and included on the CEH’s website: Anteproyecto gen- Crop simulation model for eral de aprovechamiento conjunto de los recursos evaluating the hidráulicos del Centro y Sureste de España (1967) effects of climate (General Blueprint for the Joint Use of Hydraulic Re- change. Comparing water requirements sources in Central and South-East Spain) which, to- and maize gether with the Plan Nacional de Obras Hidráuli- production in 2007 cas (1933) (National Hydraulic Works Plan), and the and 2072. Libro Blanco del Agua en España(White Paper on Wa- Hypothesis Δ[CO2] = 2 ppm/year and ter in Spain) and the technical documentation for ΔT (min, max) = the Plan Hidrológico Nacional(2000) (National Hy- 0.1ºC/year. drological Plan), completes the range of possibilities for referring to the most important documents in matters concerning hydrological planning prepared by the Centro de Estudios Hidrográficos throughout its history. area of sustainable management, water and territory

In the Area of Sustainable Management, Water and Territory, studies were conducted with a

centro de estudios hidrográficos 19 Gauging Annual developing two information services for the proj- 2005/2006. New ect: Agricultural Water Consumption Services and format. River Gauging Station Water Quality Services. With respect to the former, File. the irrigation-water consumption is estimated using MERIS images together with agrometeo- rological models and, where the latter are concerned, the diffuse agricultural pollution due to a nitrogen excess in irrigation zones is estimated, the same types of image being used for this purpose. Within the Water and City network, further progress was made on pinpointing the key aspects in training for the management of the urban water cycle and on analysing the current training programmes.

The Centro played an active part in setting up the Plataforma Tecnológica Española del Riego (Spanish Technological Irrigation Platform), which is a network composed of Spanish scientific-technological experts with a view to encouraging research, development and innovation in view to evaluating the potential effects of cli- all aspects concerning the technologies that can mate change on water demand. Where supply- be applied to the sustainable management of wa- ing cities and towns was concerned, work was ter resources. The Sustainability Task Force is co- started on analysing how sensitive demand is to ordinated within this platform. climatic variations, taking into account changes in consumption habits and demography. With As far as international cooperation activities are regard to farming demands, crop simulation concerned, there was close collaboration with models are being used to study the effects of dif- the Dirección General del Agua (DGA) and the ferent climatic scenarios (climatic variables and Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional CO2 concentrations) on crop evapotranspiration, para el Desarrollo (Spanish International Coop- yield and the growing period. Adaptation strate- eration for Development Agency) on work involv- gies are also being prepared that focus on ing the preparation of the Estrategia de Sosteni- changes in the types of crops that are grown and bilidad Sectorial de la Cooperación Española changes affecting sowing dates and cycles. (Spanish Cooperation Sectoral Sustainability Strategy). Close collaboration took place with the Planning and Studies Area with a view to preparing the The Centro is likewise involved in jointly work- Hydrological Planning Instructions in matters ing with the DGA and the United Nations En- concerning farming use and measurement pro- vironment Programme on the project concern- gramme activities. ing “Integrated Management of the Lake Titicaca, River Desaguadero and Salar de Coipasa Water There was also collaboration with the Laborato- Resources (TDPS System)”. rio de Hidráulica so that Water Reuse Network Stan- Collaboration also took place with the DGA and dards could be established, and these were jointly the Secretaría Técnica de la Conferencia de Di- Work on Regulations prepared with the Canal de Isabel II, chapters be- rectores Generales Iberoamericanos del Agua with for the Canal de Isabel II. ing drawn up on “Crop Water Requirements” and a view to preparing the meetings held in Antigua “General Network Design Recommendations for (Guatemala) and Lima (Peru). Watering Parks and Gardens”. A Latin American Training Programme on the sub- As reference users in Spain, further progress was ject of Water was also prepared in conjunction made on the Global Monitoring for Environment and with the DGA and the Dirección Nacional de Security Project. The work done revolved around Aguas y Saneamiento (Uruguay) (National Wa-

20 centro de estudios hidrográficos ter and Sanitation Management), in which the ing it with the information prepared periodically training requirements of 18 countries have been by the River Basin Authorities (Confederaciones established and the 10 thematic areas that con- Hidrográficas). This information has been used stitute the programme have been identified. to provide support to the Dirección General del Agua in preparing the quarterly and annual re- hydrology area ports on the hydrological state of the basins. Work also started on preparing a catalogue con- The Hydrology Area, through its Hydrometry cerning historic droughts and their respective Service, worked in 2007 in compiling and impacts. analysing the data provided by the Confedera- ciones Hidrográficas (River Basin Authorities), The activities involved in evaluating the effects taken from gauging stations in rivers, canals and of climate change on water resources began in channels, reservoirs and evaporimetric stations; 2007, starting with an analysis of the meteoro- this enabled those involved to update the in- logical information about the different global cir- formation contained in the HIDRO database at culation models and emission scenarios, as fur- the Centro de Estudios Hidrográficos and to pre- nished by the Instituto Nacional de Meteorología pare the publication of a new gauging annual up- (National Meteorological Institute). dated up to the Hydrological Year 2005/06, using a new and user-friendly reference format. The With respect to the different types of floods, The numerical data, not only for the most recent hy- Centro carried on with its work involving the drological year but also for historical data, can preparation of the natural-flow maximum-dis- be referred to and downloaded using a comput- charge map. The calculation methodology, per- ing application on Access available on a DVD that fected for the Tajo Basin, is now being applied comes with the publication on paper format. to the rest of the river basins, and by the end of 2007 it was virtually completed in the Norte, Further progress was made on the evaluation Duero and Ebro Basins, and was well under way of natural water resources for the White Paper in the Júcar and Segura Basins. Work was also on Water (Libro Blanco del Agua) up until the Hy- completed on the development of a computing drological Year 2005/06, for the purpose of application that displays the results and enables which use was made of the SIMPA Model devel- users to query them. Further progress was also oped by the Centro de Estudios Hidrográficos. made on working in conjunction with the Uni- Preliminary versions were obtained of the time versidad Politécnica de Madrid on developing series updated for the different hydrological vari- and proposing methodologies for calculating de- ables, and these were submitted to the Direc- sign floods and extreme floods with a view to ción General del Agua and the Confederaciones designing dam outflow structures. Hidrográficas (River Basin Authorities) so that they could be used to prepare the river basin dis- In the same sphere of activity, the Centro con- trict plans; certain methodological modifications tinued with its work on matters concerning were made to allow for greater standardisation structuring and managing flood zones, the tasks in time and better spatial representation of the being focused on developing criteria for find- rainfall, as well as to enable the engineers to ing out in which zones there is a potential risk make more accurate estimations of the aquifer of flooding and on collaborating with the Di- discharge coefficients. Furthermore, work got rección General del Agua in an advisory capac- under way on adapting the results to the new ity with regard to the contents and criteria of groundwater masses and making other improve- the future Flood Zone National Mapping System ments to the modelling, such as a more exact (Sistema Nacional de Cartografía de Zonas In- processing of the underground phase by using undables). the ModFlow Model or improving the potential evapotranspiration calculation by taking into water environment area consideration a larger number of meteorological stations and the use of physical-base models. The CEH is working in the Water Environment Area on implementing a quality management In the area of droughts, work continued on keep- system in compliance with Standard ISO 9001- ing a hydrological indicator system and updat- 2000.

centro de estudios hidrográficos 21 Remote control Work began on evaluating the effects of climate automatic system change on the ecological state of rivers, starting to take water samples. with research into the response of aquatic macro- invertebrate communities in the different climate change scenarios.

The CEH also collaborated with the Centro de Es- tudios de Técnicas Aplicadas (CETA) in recognis- ing and evaluating the ecological state of those river reaches selected because they have been declared river reserves in the Guadalquivir Basin.

The Dirección General also started to receive the benefits of advice on Biodiversity in setting out the ecological bases for managing the habitat The Centro has also collaborated with the Uni- types in Spain that are of interest to the Euro- versidad Autónoma de Madrid and the Univer- pean Union, characterising and evaluating the sidad de Salamanca in establishing the toxicity Spanish river ecosystems, using and adapting levels due to cyanobacteria in the following reser- the Water Framework Directive criteria. voirs: Aguilar de Campóo, Las Cogotas and Cuerda The remote sensing of the submerged surface del Pozo, in the Duero Basin, Guajaraz, Rosar- area and the water quality of La Albufera (Valen- ito and Valmayor, in the Tajo Basin, Vega de Ja- cia) was completed in 2007, and similar activi- balón and El Vicario, in the Guadiana Basin, and ties were also finished in the following reservoirs: Arcos and Huesna in the Guadalquivir Basin. Fur- Alcántara, Almendra, Cuerda del Pozo, Iznájar thermore, the laboratory has calibrated the in- and Rosarito and the CEH also collaborated with struments need to conduct the immunoassay us- the European Space Agency Project entitled De- ing the ELISA Method (Enzyme-Linked velopment of MERIS Lake Water Algorithms. Immunoabsorbent Assay) and biochemical toxicity tests on Artemia salina. The personnel in the Water Quality Laboratory completed the analyses of metals and organic The CEH played an active role in the Cyanobac- micropollutants for the tasks involved in charac- teria in Recreational Waters Task Force as part of terising sewage and wastewater plant sludge, the National Programme CTM-TECNO. and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyse the pigments for With respect to the ecological state of surface research and development studies undertaken in waters, the first stage of the inter-calibration order to find a periodical thematic mapping sys- of Mediterranean reservoirs was completed; this tem for reservoirs through remote sensing by involved setting a series of limiting values be- satellite. Analytical work is also currently being tween the classes of ecological states for the phy- done on different R&D Projects that are of rel- toplankton-element indicators. Technical advice evance to the Area and on quality studies con- tasks were also performed with regard to the ducted by means of remote sensing. methodologies that are being devised by the Dirección General del Agua for the phytoplank- The laboratory also carried on collaborating with ton element. control activities through the use of the groundwater monitoring network, analysing majority During the course of 2007 there was also close ions, additional substances, heavy metals and collaboration with the Studies and Planning Area organic micropollutants belonging to a list of pri- in order to draw up the Hydrological Planning ority substances and to the group of preferen- Instructions (Instrucción de Planificación tial substances included in Appendix I of Royal Hidrológica) with respect to the ecological state Decree 995/2000, in the Duero, Júcar, Norte and of the waters and lake typology with a view to Segura River Basins. The suitability and general including the wetlands of international impor- monitoring network proposal studies are reach- tance in compliance with the Ramsar Conven- ing the completion stage for the Júcar and Norte tion. Basins. The laboratory also collaborated with the

22 centro de estudios hidrográficos Centro de Estudios de Puertos y Costas (CEPyC) in analysing dioxines and furanes in sediments taken from the beach zone in Melilla (coloured furcae).

As far as R&D activities were concerned, further progress was made with the research projects into non-marine aquatic ecosystems in polar zones, so that an analysis could be conducted into ecological trends within a climate change framework and in order that geo-indicators could be extracted to establish the extent to which the wetlands in Mediterranean environments have deteriorated, through the remote sensing of multi-sensorial data. tem is being studied to compare the degree of Wastewater water technology area stabilisation and hygienisation and the presence treatment station at Arroyo de la Miel of certain pollutants (heavy metals and organic (Benalmádena, In the Water Technology Area, the operation of compounds). Málaga). Processing the Arroyo de la Miel Wastewater Treatment Plant shed. in Benalmádena (Málaga) was supervised, be- With respect to the reuse of regenerated waste- cause its biological process, using biofilters, was water, collaboration took place in preparing Royal considered worthy of special monitoring, and Decree 1620/2007, which establishes the legal the operation of the treatment plants at Gran system for reusing treated wastewater. Tarajal and Puerto del Rosario, on the island of Fuerteventura were likewise supervised. The op- Further progress was made on developing the erating trials for the La Gavia Treatment Plant database for ways of reusing treated effluent, were also analysed and information was provided with the completion of the data-collection phase, for the construction project for installing waste- and the Centro collaborated with designing, de- water treatment facilities whose water line in- veloping and monitoring the SICADRE website cludes the biofilter treatment process (fixed sup- (Sistema de Información y Consulta de Aguas port biofilm). Depuradas Reutilizadas) (Reused Treated Water Information and Consultation System). The study on treatment technologies that are suitable for small settlements was initiated, with Collaboration took place with the Laboratorio de a view to analysing the current situation of this Hidráulica on the aforementioned Normas para sector in Spain and in other similar countries, redes de reutilización (Reuse Network Standards) that identifying the priority areas for research and are being prepared jointly with the Canal de Is- development and preparing a manual for design- abel II. ing and implementing these types of treatment plants. In the field of desalination, the CEH was responsible for the works management of the desalina- In 2007, there was also close collaboration with tion plants at Alcudia and Andratx, in Mallorca, the Studies and Planning Area in drawing up the Ciudadela, in Menorca, and Santa Eulalia, in Ibiza, Technical Guide for characterising measures in promoted by Ministry of Environment. matters concerning wastewater treatment. More work was done on coordinating the treat- Furthermore, the Centro continued to give ad- ment plant sludge characterisation programme vice and to collaborate with the management of with a view to finding out the heavy metal con- the desalination plants in Alicante II and San tent, agronomic parameters, pathogenic mi- Pedro del Pinatar II, that belong to the Manco- croorganisms and organic micropollutants, so munidad de los Canales de Taibilla, and the plants that the Sludge Directive can be updated. Sludge in Torrevieja, Águilas, Bajo Almanzora, Campo de treated with mesophilic anaerobic digestion, Dalias, Sagunto, Muchamiel, Monfojar, Denia and thermophilic anaerobic digestion and ATAD sys- El Mojón, built by ACUAMED.

centro de estudios hidrográficos 23 CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS HIDROGRÁFICOS developing hydrological planning tue of Article 129 of Ley 62/2003 dated 30th December dealing regulations with tax, administrative and social measures. This modification included a new territorial concept, the river Three Royal Decrees came into force in 2007 in matters concer- basin district, as the main unit for the purpose of basin mana- ning hydrological planning: Royal Decree 125/2007, dated 2nd gement, establishing one single hydrological plan for each one February, which establishes the territorial scope of the river ba- of them. The fact that the river basin district includes both the sin districts, Royal Decree 126/2007, dated 2nd February, which land and maritime zones composed of one or several neighbou- regulates the composition, operation and powers of the Comités ring river basins as well as the associated transition waters, de Autoridades Competentes (Committees of the Empowered Au- groundwater and coastal waters, with different administrative thorities) for the river basin districts which lie within more powers concurrent therein, was dealt with by the Act itself, with than one Autonomous Region and, Royal Decree 907/2007, da- the establishing of a new inter-administrative cooperation body, ted 6th July, whereby the Hydrological Planning Regulations come referred to as the Comité de Autoridades Competentes (Commit- into force. The preparation of the Hydrological Planning Ins- tee of the Empowered Authorities). tructions was also completed, and this document is expected to come into force as a Ministerial Order issued by Ministry of Royal Decree 125/2007 is a response to the need to define these Environment. new territorial areas, whereas Royal Decree 126/2007 regulates the composition, operation and powers of the Comité de Auto- Therefore, it is clear that 2007 was a major milestone in defining ridades Competentes (Committee of the Empowered Authori- the regulatory framework in which hydrological planning will ties). take place. It could be said that throughout the year, and pen- ding the final approval of the Instructions, the process was com- When defining the River Basin District, the Centro de Estudios pleted of applying to the Spanish legislation system, Directive Hidrográficos (CEH) carried out the mapping analyses for a va- 2000/60 EC issued by the European Parliament and the Coun- riety of proposals as well as the support work that eventually cil on 23rd October 2000, which establishes a Community frame- led to the boundary limits contained in Royal Decree 125/2007. work in the area of water policy, generally known as the Water The Centro de Estudios de Puertos y Costas (CEPyC) collaborated Framework Directive. in plotting the straight lines for defining the coastal waters outer limits. This long process of developing the regulations was directed by the Dirección General del Agua (Ministry of Environment), es- Different technical criteria, such as surface area, population or pecially by the Subdirección General de Planificación Hidrológica water resources were also analysed, with a view to establishing y Uso Sostenible del Agua. On the initiative of the latter, CE- the representation to be had by the different administrations DEX, through the Centro de Estudios Hidrográficos (CEH), pla- that are to be incorporated into each Comité de Autoridades Com- yed an active part in the entire process, giving its advice and petentes (Committee of the Empowered Authorities). technical support. The modification to the reworked Ley de Aguas (Water Act) text The need for such a great deal of work involving the prepara- conserves the role of the river basin district plans as key elements tion of the regulations arose from the changes contained in the for achieving the water policy aims. However, it includes some reworked text of the Ley de Aguas (Water Act), modified by vir- new clauses in the articles that govern the objectives, criteria,

Figure 1. Territorial scope of the river basin districts defined in Figure 2. River classification on the basis of the typology Royal Decree 125/2007. indicated in the Hydrological Planning Instructions (Instrucción de Planificación Hidrológica). 24 centro de estudios hidrográficos content, procedures and deadlines for drawing up the plans and updating them.

The changes made to the name of the Act dealing with hydrological planning meant that it was also necessary to modify the Public Administration of Water Regulations and the Hydrologi- cal Planning Regulations, passed by virtue of Royal Decree 927/1988, dated 29th July.

This modification appeared with Royal Decree 907/2007, dated 6th July, whereby the Hydrological Planning Regulations came into force. The new Regulations contain those aspects of the Fra- Laguna del Taray. Water mass in the lake category. mework Directive that concern planning that were not considered in the modification of the reworked text of the Ley de mainly those concerning the availability of new technological to- Aguas (Water Act) in view of the fact that they are very detai- ols and data processing potential. Finally, it includes other ques- led. It also takes into account the experience that has been gai- tions of detail arising from the Framework Directive, with regard ned in preparing the current plans, especially the report issued to such matters as the way the results are presented, the struc- in 1998, prior to its acceptance by the Consejo Nacional del Agua ture of the data inventories or the results of the intercalibra- (National Water Council). tion process.

Before these regulations were passed, several proposals were put Its content is logically mainly technical, and focuses on develo- forward for analysis by the different task forces. The Centro de ping aspects of the first heading in the Hydrological Planning Re- Estudios Hidrográficos also participated in preparing these pro- gulations, devoted to regulating the content of the plans. The posals and in the task force discussion groups that contain repre- Instructions contain nine chapters, which regulate the questions sentatives from the different administrative sectors involved. that refer to the general description of the river basin district; the uses and pressures, including those involving water demands The Regulations are composed of 91 articles, grouped into one and ecological flows; protected zones; the state of the waters; preliminary heading followed by a further four headings. The pre- the environmental aims; cost recovery; preparing the measure- liminary heading contains territorial scope and the definitions. ment programmes and other contents of varying scope. The first heading concentrates on the content of the plans; the second is devoted to the procedural aspects of their prepara- One matter of particular importance was the participation of the tion and approval; the third one deals with the procedures for Centro de Estudios Hidrográficos in preparing the chapter gi- monitoring and updating them, while the fourth one concerns ven over to describing river basin districts, which provides an ac- itself with the effects of the plans. count of the criteria applied by the Centro in the proposal put forward on a national scale for identifying and characterising wa- The preparation of the Regulations also made it necessary to draw ter masses in the river and lake categories; there was also a up new Instructions that supersede and update the contents of great deal of participation in the chapter devoted to uses and the supplementary Instructions and Technical Recommendation pressures, especially those dealing with guarantee criteria where for the preparation of the hydrological plans currently in force catering for demand is concerned, in the specifications for pre- for basins that lie within more than one Autonomous Region, ap- paring the inventory of pressures and in the methodology for proved by virtue of the Order issued by the Ministerio de Obras allocating and reserving resources and, finally, the CEH’s part in Públicas, Transportes y Medio Ambiente (Ministry of Public Works, the chapter given over to defining the procedure to be follo- transport and Environment) on 24th September 1992. This task, wed when drawing up the measurement programme, defining which got under way after the Regulations received a favourable these procedures and including them in the river basin district report from the Consejo Nacional del Agua (National Water Coun- plans. cil), was practically completed by the end of 2007 and it is planned to deal with it as a Ministerial Order in 2008. By way of conclusion, it could be stated that there were significant hydrological planning regulation developments in 2007, The new Instructions update the Instructions and Recommenda- and that the Centro de Estudios Hidrográficos had an opportu- tions currently in force and incorporate the experience gathe- nity to play an active part, thus adding a small contribution to red from nearly 10 years of the river basin district plans with the outstanding role that the Centro has played in Spanish hydro- respect to those aspects of a practical nature that, because of logical planning since the CEH was first established many deca- their great detail, were not included in the modifications to des ago. the regulations. It also reflects the technological breakthroughs that have taken place in certain areas throughout this period,

centro de estudios hidrográficos 25 CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS DEL TRANSPORTE uring the course of 2007, the Centro de 2007 was the CEDEX’s incorporation into the DEstudios del Transporte (Transport Rese- AFD40 Committee “Full Scale and Accelerated arch Centre) carried on working in its three Pavement Testing” of the American TRB (Trans- basic areas of activity: roads, railways and trans- portation Research Board), as well as the task port planning and management. of preparing the Third International Conference on Accelerated Pavement Testing, which is due roads area to be held in Madrid, from 1st to 3rd October 2008. In the roads area, one of the main spheres of activity involves the accelerated pavement test- Apart from the aforementioned test, the Road ing performed at the Full-Scale Test Track lo- Infrastructure Laboratory carried on develop- cated at the El Goloso Facilities. The test cur- ing a variety of tasks involving road pavements rently being conducted – which is the and bituminous mixes. One of the areas to responsibility of the Road Infrastructure Labo- which priority was given during 2007 involved ratory - is the third one of a series whose aim the test standards for bituminous mixes and, is to study the performance of subgrades for particularly, the improvement –upon the re- road pavements. Once construction work had quest of the Dirección General de Carreteras finished on the six sections to be tested, ap- of Ministerio de Fomento– of the tests that will proximately a number of 200,000 traffic sim- be compulsory in the European Union as from ulation vehicles runs took place up to Decem- March 2008. Precisely, these tests are related ber 2007. It is expected that the test are to Laboratory Track Tests, Water Sensitivity Tests completed by the summer of 2008. and Modulus and Fatigue Determination Tests.

As far as the accelerated pavement tests were Further collaboration was fostered with the concerned, one major event that took place in Ministry of Environment in respect of soil im-

Traffic simulation vehicle at the Full- Scale Accelerated Pavement Test Track belonging to CEDEX at El Goloso.

centro de estudios del transporte 35 provement by incorporating different additives, Another major sphere of activity at the Cen- so that these can be used in the construction tre concerned the auscultation and monitoring of Natural Tracks and Paths. As the original ad- of in-service pavement performance, basically ditive study was completed in the laboratory involving the network that is owned by the in 2007, these materials will now be assessed Spanish Dirección General de Carreteras. on experimental sections during the course of 2008. In relation to the task of evaluating the coefficient of transverse friction or sideway force As far as research conducted for the private sec- coefficient, a series of tests were performed tors in the field of bituminous materials was to compare the strength of the CRT measure- concerned, one of the major activities was the ments obtained with the SCRIM equipment, work done for REPSOL YPF on the laboratory when faced with variations affecting the ver- involving crack propagation in bituminous mix tical load applied to the test wheel, wheel an- layers. gle or auscultation speed. As part of the process of evaluating the macrotexture on the State Apart from research into the use of bitumi- Road Network, a study is nearing completion nous mixes for roads, a new line of research on the relationship between the measurement work was also initiated in 2007 in order to obtained using the sand circle method and the examine the use of bituminous mixes as rail- measurements taken by the laser texturome- way line subballast layers. This “bituminous ters installed in different items of SCRIM equip- subballast” has been used in Italy with highly ment, including the CEDEX’s own equipment. satisfactory results to date and now consti- tutes an option for maintaining the geomet- Further progress was also made on the cam- ric quality of the track and to reduce the paign involving the measurement of pavement maintenance costs, especially where high- layers using georadar techniques, which is ex- speed railway lines are concerned. pected to be completed in summer 2008. It must also be pointed out that several sections A study involving the use of bituminous mixes of railway line have been measured at the re- in port paving was also conducted for Puertos quest of the Administrador de Infraestructuras del Estado. The document deals with designing Ferroviarias, ADIF (Railway Infrastructure Ad- the road surface itself as well as a series of sup- ministrator), with a view to finding out the po- plementary instructions with which the differ- tential for using georadar in the auscultation ent materials must comply for use under the of railway trackbeds. particularly heavy and aggressive loads that can occur in port facilities and adversely affect With respect to evaluating the effect of the type them. of wearing course on the noise level, the Cen- tre carried on with its road measurement cam- The Transport Research Centre continued to paigns in different Spanish provinces, using the carry out a series of studies that focus on mak- proximity method, and assessing the sound lev- ing use of waste and industrial by-products on els indicated by the measurements taken so far. road pavements; this research work is being done for the Ministry of Environment. One of In matters concerning the corrective measures the main studies in this area is undoubtedly the taken to reduce road noise, the Transport Re- one that concerns powder made from life-ex- search Centre increased its research activity pired rubber tyres, but greater in-depth work in 2007 to apply it to the criteria to be adopted is also being performed on the potential for when implementing noise-reduction barriers. using blast-furnace slag and slag from solid ur- In 2007, the first state-of-the-art report was ban waste incinerators. completed with respect to planning, constructing, evaluating and performing maintenance With respect to the use of by-products, a test work on noise-reduction barriers and their im- track was evaluated that used black blast-fur- plementation in Spain. nace slag, with highly satisfactory results; this research work was conducted for the Basque A client from the private sector, ITINERE In- Regional Government. fraestructuras, commissioned the Centre to col-

36 centro de estudios del transporte laborate with this company in carrying out a ing the infrastructure itself (lighting, cross- study on pavement performance development town links, junctions, layout improvements, models, so that these could be taken into con- roundabouts, safety barriers, accesses and in- sideration in road pavement management sys- tersections), preparing statistics for accident tems. black spots and offering technical assistance for conducting the road-safety audits at the high- Most of the activities undertaken by the Trans- way maintenance and operation stages, i.e. the port Research Centre in 2007 in matters con- audits known as “road-safety inspections”. cerning traffic and road safety fall within the scope of the multiannual Agreement signed be- Furthermore, during 2007 a new line of col- tween the Dirección General de Carreteras of laborating in metters of road safety in tun- Ministerio de Fomento and CEDEX. nels was set into operation. Its goal is to try and cope with the new demands that apply As far as traffic and vehicle loads and weigh- to Europe by virtue of the Directive 2004/54 ing studies were concerned, the following stud- EC concerning the minimum safety require- ies were either completed in 2007 or are still ments for tunnels in the Trans-European Road in progress: Network and the Royal Decree 635/2006, - The analysis of the data obtained by the which applies these requirements to the Span- CEDEX, with respect to heavy vehicle traf- ish Law. Inspecting the condition of the tun- fic and their loads, through the undertak- nels, the systematic treatment of incidents ing of successive weigh-in-motion campaigns and developing a risk-analysis methodology, conducted over the past 20 years. are the main fields involved in this collabora- - Advice concerning the best options for im- tion. plementing a network of weigh-in-motion systems with in-pavement sensors at the One of the outstanding activities within the State Road Network. framework of participation in national research - Evaluating the reliability of the traffic data and innovation projects is the participation of produced by the Dirección General de Car- the Centre in the FENIX Project “Research into reteras from its traffic counting network. Safer and More Sustainable Roads”, financed as part of CENIT 2007 launched by the Ministry The work accomplished in the area of road of Industry, Tourism and Trade. CEDEX is taking safety involving the infrastructureincluded an part in two of its areas of research work: those analysis of the effects on road safety of a vari- that concern the use of by-products and long- ety of items of road equipment or of improv- life pavements.

centro de estudios del transporte 37 maintaining the accreditation for the Eurobalise Laboratory quality system.

As part of this same area of work, the Centre cooperated on with both the ADIF and the RENFE-Operadora within the framework of the cooperation agreements signed for the 2006- 2009 period. The main purpose of these agreements as far as the Transport Research Centre is concerned, is to give advice, support and technical assistance to both bodies in implementing the ERTMS on the Spanish high-speed rail links and the trains running on those lines.

Precisely, and limiting itself so far as Level 1 of the ERTMS application system, the Railway Research Laboratory took part in the validation of the following new high-speed lines that were Laboratory during Where international cooperation in road re- commissioned during 2007: Lleida-Tarragona the certification of search was concerned, the Transport Research (Thales), Córdoba-Málaga (Invensys) and the Dimetronic / Invensys Eurocab. Centre carried on its work with ELLPAG, Euro- Madrid-Valladolid (Thales). pean Long-Life Pavement Group. ELLPAG was established in 2002 as a task force within the In this respect, the Centre also played a part FEHRL (Forum of European Highway Research in validating the RENFE-Operadora trains that Laboratories), with a view to bringing together run on these lines, namely: the S-102 Talgo and disseminating the experiences gained in train, hauled by a Bombardier locomotive and matters that concern designing, constructing having ERTMS equipment by Siemens in- and managing long-life pavements and codes stalled on-board, which operates on the of best practices. Madrid-Lleida, Córdoba-Málaga and Madrid- Valladolid High Speed Lines; the S-103 train Also on an international level, the Centre con- by Siemens, provided with ERTMS system tinued to play an active role not only in the equipment loaded by the company operating COST 351 Action on Water Movements in on the Madrid-Lleida-Tarragona, Córdoba- Road Pavements and Embankments (WAT- Málaga and Madrid-Valladolid Lines; the S-104 MOVE), aimed at studying the movement and train by Alstom operating on the Madrid- effects of water on road pavements, but also Lleida Line; and finally, the S-120 train by CAF in the COST 354 Action on European Perform- equipped by Ansaldo operating on the Madrid- ance Indicators and Indexes for Road Pave- Lleida-Tarragona and Madrid-Valladolid Lines. ments. The tool developed by the Laboratory for read- ing the Juridical Registration Units for all the railway area companies was extensively used by all the bodies and companies involved in the en- As far as activities in the railway areawere con- dorsement process. cerned, and thanks to the support granted by the Secretaría General de Infraestructuras(Min- For the first time, it was possible to apply the isterio de Fomento), the Railway Research Lab- specifications of the ERTMS on-board systems oratory at the Transport Research Centre has to the tests to certify the ERTMS constituents, been able to establish itself in recent years as and CEDEX played an active role in preparing a benchmark European laboratory for Eurocab these through participation in several European and Eurobalise tests associated with the ERTMS projects. This application concerns the tests for (European Rail Traffic Management System). certifying the Dimetronic / Invensys Eurocab The support received in 2007 was mainly aimed by the Organismo Notificado Español, CETREN at enlarging the Laboratory for testing Level 2 (Spanish Notified Body for certification pur- ERTMS applications with simulated traffic and poses).

38 centro de estudios del transporte Series 251 locomotive limited radius curve problem: measuring the radius.

With regard to railway safety, the Railway Re- known as SA2VE, Advanced Energy Storage Sys- search Laboratory continued to give advice and tems, the technical management of which is assistance to the Dirección General de Ferrocar- being carried out by the CEDEX. Some of these riles (Ministerio de Fomento) on rail-accident activities are as follows: research matters. - Development and achievement of a proto- Therefore, with the support from a group of ex- type dc/dc converter for connection to the perts, technical reports were produced on the catenary wires on Suburban and Metro trains; problems affecting certain types of rolling stock - Development of a new device for operat- and limited radius curves and on improving ing switched reluctance machines that inval- safety communications for rail movements. idates the use of positioning sensors; - Development of advanced strategies for con- In the specific field of energy management, ref- necting to inverter networks; and erence must be made to the different types of - Designing a 3,000 V emulator for catenary work performed for ADIF for the completion wires. of the ACE2 Project, Kinetic Energy Storage to Reduce Electricity Consumption, financed As in earlier years, close collaboration contin- by the Ministry of Education and Science via ued in 2007 with the Centro de Investigaciones the PROFIT Programme, amongst others: Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, - Manufacturing completion and first tests CIEMAT (Energy, Environment and Technology performed on one of the two prototype ki- Research Centre) in the Superconductivity Lab- netic energy storage facilities with a capac- oratory jointly run by CEDEX and CIEMAT in ity of 200 MJ and 350 kW, the so-called W+ the field of applied superconductivity and par- prototypes. ticle accelerators, where a high level of spe- - The completion and commissioning of an cialisation has been achieved. electronic power converter to operate 350 KW switched reluctance machines. transport planning and management Reference must also be made to the activities performed as part of the Strategic Project spon- The Transport Research Centre’s spheres of ac- sored by the Ministry of Education and Science, tivity in transport planning and management

centro de estudios del transporte 39 Prototype Ω+ of the kinetic energy storage device with its electronic power converter.

essentially involve transport monitoring and sources of information and statistics on the prediction in Spain and improving mobility subject was initiated in 2007. in urban areas. Work was also completed in the first half of Progress was made throughout 2007 in the the year on the first edition of the SISTIA, In- field of transport monitoring and prediction, dicator System for the Transport Sector and with the development of an interurban trans- its Environmental Impact, which offers a first port model for passengers and freight in characterisation of the transport sector in Spain, as part of the work involved in provid- Spain; it is based upon more than thirty in- ing technical assistance and innovation in dicators that offer information about acces- transport planning commissioned to the sibility and connectivity, transport and the CEDEX by the Secretaría de Estado de In- environment, economic aspects affecting fraestructuras y Planificación of the Minis- transport and quality and safety / security, terio de Fomento. This model has been de- among others. In a supplementary capacity vised to provide information about the to the development of the SISTIA, CEDEX or- medium- and long-distance domestic trans- ganised an international workshop in Novem- port system as a whole and to helping to make ber 2007, with a view to exchanging experi- a contribution to the analysis of the main ences with other countries and European interurban transport flows that the national bodies. It is planned to issue a second edition infrastructure network currently supports. of SISTIA for 2008, which will be both up- The initial version of the model is now at dated and improved. the improvement stage, as a preliminary step prior to its final endorsement. In the field of encouraging innovation for urban mobility, the Transport Research Centre The development of this model is benefit- developed a database of good codes of prac- ing from the analysis being conducted by tice in matters concerning sustainable urban the Transport Research Centre, at the re- mobility. This database contains the main ini- quest of Puertos del Estado, concerning the tiatives in this field that have been developed international chains of freight transport in the country. Support was also lent in the that use Spanish ports; it focuses on iden- preparation of the regulatory bases for the tifying the origins, destinations and routes. granting of financial aid from the Ministe- To this end, the Centre has prepared an ini- rio de Fomento to pilot schemes that promote tial report that identifies the main interna- sustainable mobility in urban and metropol- tional trade flows and port traffic flows itan areas. with the rest of the world, all from a sectoral and geographical perspective. A The Centre also collaborated with the Insti- process of searching for supplementary tuto para la Diversificación y Ahorro de En-

40 centro de estudios del transporte ergía, IDAE (Energy Saving and Diversifica- ward with a view to pinpointing these sen- tion Institute) in 2007, by directing five stud- sitive areas from an environmental perspec- ies to improve mobility between outlying bor- tive on a European level, before analysing the oughs and the Metropolitan Area of Madrid. best transport policies and tools to be applied. This experience will be used to deepen in the These tools will be tested through 10 study development and implementation of Sustain- cases to be conducted in the project. In No- able Mobility Plans. Apart from characteris- vember 2007, the second project meeting was ing metropolitan mobility in Madrid and its held at the CEDEX premises. implications, an analysis was also carried out on the specific transport needs of five urban - The aim of the COST TU0603 Action: Buses population centres with respect to the rest with a High Level of Service: Fundamental of the metropolitan region to which they be- characteristics and recommendation for de- long, as well as identifying potential spheres cision-making and research, is to obtain a of activity in accordance with the principles greater in-depth working knowledge about contained in the Guidelines for Preparing Sus- High-Level Service Bus Systems, and encour- tainable Mobility Plans published by the IDAE. age their development and application in Eu- rope. The tasks involved in this COST Action international research began in October 2007 with a survey of the experiences gained so far and plans for devel- In the area of international research, the opment in each of the countries taking part. Transport Research Centre began to take part in the LINK and ASSET Projects within the EU Since the beginning of 2007, CEDEX has also Framework Programme and in the COST been a member of the ERA-NET Transport ini- TU0603 Action: tiative, this being a consortium that brings together the managers of transport research - The aim of the LINK Project - The European programmes in different European countries Forum on Intermodal Passenger Travel is to with a view to promoting transnational re- establish a European intermodal transport fo- search with national funds. rum, which will become the communication hub between the authorities, associations, In 2007, the Centre also participated in sev- operators and groups of users, with a view to eral international platforms and knowledge promoting improved intermodality for pas- networks. There was an upsurge in partici- senger transport as the key factor for pro- pation in the FEHRL, Forum of European viding a more efficient and integrated trans- Highway Research Laboratories, after CEDEX port system, which can make it easier for came to form part of the FEHRL Executive people to move while at the same time reduc- Board. Furthermore, after CEDEX joined EC- ing negative environmental impact to a min- TRI, European Conference of Transport Re- imum. CEDEX is participating as a focal point search Institutes the year before, it followed in Spain, and its task is to develop a network suit in 2007 and became a member of that channels the information flows between EPOMM, European Platform on Mobility Man- the Forum and the agents involved in the agement. EPOMM is a European network country, as well as facilitating the dissemina- whose aim is to obtain greater knowledge tion of the project’s breakthroughs and where Mobility Management is concerned, as achievements. well as to promote and encourage the application of measures in this field. - The aim of the ASSET Project, ASsessing SEn- sitiveness to Transport, is to develop the methodological and scientific ability to implement European policies aimed at the achieving the required compatibility between protecting sensitive environmental areas and providing an efficient transport system. The project is still at the early stages, where criteria, indicators and key values are put for-

centro de estudios del transporte 41 CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS DEL TRANSPORTE ertms functionality tests on the adif’s high-speed rail network set in operation in 2007 with renfe’s trains running

The end of 2007 was a momentous occasion for the high- speed rail network in Spain, since three new sections of such The main characteristics of these three new sections of the network came into operation at approximately the same time, high-speed network set into operation are as follows: namely the Madrid-Valladolid, Córdoba-Málaga and Tarragona- Barcelona Sections. Madrid-Valladolid section (180 km) - Current signalling system: ERTMS Level 1 and ASFA by Tha- The Railway Research Laboratory at the Transport Research les, and eurobalises by Siemens as a track-side system. Centre was fully involved in the functionality tests for the - S-102 TALGO-Bombardier trains equipped with an EVC by Sie- Level-1 ERTMS, the Standard European Signalling System, and mens, and S-120 CAF trains equipped with an EVC by CSEE a prerequisite by the Ministerio de Fomento for the setting Transport. - This section links the Madrid-Chamartín station to the Va- into operation of those lines. Any train that is to run on a new lladolid-Campo Grande station, allowing for a speed of 300 track section must be, therefore, tested so that the train-track km/h on ERTMS Level 1. The most outstanding features of this interoperability is guaranteed. Such tests are demanded by new section are the San Pedro and Guadarrama Tunnels, due the Spanish Dirección General de Ferrocarriles, DGF (Railway to their length. Directorate General) not only of ADIF, prior to the former’s approval for setting the line into operation, but also of Córdoba-Málaga section (155 km) RENFE, before DGF authorises this operator to set the train - Current signalling system: ERTMS Level 1, LZB and ASFA by running on that line. Invensys-Dimetronic, and eurobalises by Siemens as a track- side system. - S-103 Siemens trains and S-102 TALGO-Bombardier trains With a view to this, a series of general and functional ERTMS equipped with an EVC by Siemens. tests cases are defined. Some of these cases are associated - This line joins the Madrid-Sevilla High-Speed link at Almodó- with speed supervision and braking curves, level and mode var del Río, some 14 km from Córdoba Station, by means of shifting, management of speed temporary limits, and reaction a fly-over at La Marota, and calling at Puente Genil-Herrera, to eurobalise non-detection, whereas other concern informa- Antequera-Santa Ana and María Zambrano in Málaga. The tion displayed to the train driver, management of national geographical features of the ground in this area have made functions, etc. Further cases to be verified are designed it necessary to construct a series of fairly singular tunnels and viaducts, the most outstanding of which are the two tun- depending on the specific features of each track and train. nels at Abdalajis (7,300 m long) and the Arroyo Piedras Via- duct, the highest in Spain. All of these cases are linked together to build up real track scenarios, thus ensuring that the track signalling imposes the Tarragona-Barcelona section (102 km) test conditions, and the train, when running along these sec- - Current signalling system: ERTMS Level 1 and ASFA by Tha- tions, correctly performs the required functionality. The sce- les, and eurobalises by Siemens as a track-side system. narios in question are designed by ADIF. - S-103 Siemens trains and S-102 TALGO-Bombardier trains equipped with an EVC by Siemens. - This section is extremely important because it allows for a The analysis of the tests takes place not only on board the high-speed line between the stations of Madrid-Atocha and train in the cab –by observing the system’s response and the Barcelona-Sants. train’s reaction to the information shown on the driver’s com- puter display (it is recorded with a camera for subsequent analysis in the Laboratory, if necessary)–, but also in the Laboratory by analysing the variables and the events that are stored in the Juridical Recording Unit. That is why CEDEX has developed a tool that enables the user to see and analyse all data recorded in this Unit while the test is being executed. The recording and analysis of every incident detected allows the user to know the state of the track signalling and the functionality of the on-board equipment.

The final analysis is then included in two reports, one dealing with incident analysis and the other with the analysis of the TALGO-Bombardier S-102 Train. scenarios in relation to the test cases.

42 centro de estudios del transporte Diagram of the Black Box developed by CEDEX.

Siemens S-103 Train.

centro de estudios del transporte 43 CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS DE TÉCNICAS APLICADAS environmental engineering area pact Assessment procedures and Environmen- previous page: tal Evaluation of Plans and Programmes. Fauna tunnel on the Cuenca – Tarancón In the Environmental Engineering Area (Área - Evaluating the quality of environmental Section of the de Ingeniería Ambiental) (AIA) the Dirección monitoring of civil engineering infrastruc- Madrid to Levante General del CEDEX promoted the implementa- tures, at the construction and operation High-Speed Rail Link tion, in all its centres and laboratories, of an stages. (AVE), currently under construction. environmental management system that is - Monitoring, through the use of radio trans- based upon Spanish Standard EN-UNE-14001. mitters, fixed cameras and marble dust, how A specific environmental management pilot sys- different species of fauna use animal tunnels tem has been applied to the Centro de Estudios to cross roads and railways. de Técnicas Aplicadas (CETA) building, supervised by the CETA Management and assisted Further work was done for the Dirección Gen- technically by the personnel from this Area. eral del Agua (Ministry of Environment) on the riverbank vegetation characterisation pro- The following activities were carried out for the gramme for Southern Spain, Baleares and Ca- Dirección General de Calidad y Evaluación Am- narias. In 2007, efforts were concentrated on biental (Ministry of Environment): the river basins in the southwest of the Iberian - Proposals for technical protocols and guide- Peninsula and Islas Canarias. After 15 years of lines concerning environmental assessment. work, a report was drawn up containing the - Decisions, at the preliminary consultation field inventories of Spanish riverside vegeta- phase, regarding the environmental assess- tion. CETA also carried on developing a method- ment of different land and water transport ology for evaluating the anthropogenic dam- infrastructures. age caused to woodland associated with rivers - Participation, at different phases of public on the mainland. The National River Nature Re- consultation, concerning Environmental Im- serves catalogue containing a characterisation

Radio-monitoring of pine martens (Martes foina), carrying emitters in the Puerto de Cabrejas (Cuenca).

centro de estudios de técnicas aplicadas 45 Image of a wild cat the technical instructions concerning ecologi- (Felis catus), obtained from an cal flows and different methodologies were de- automatically vised and applied for calculating these environ- tripped shot at a mental systems. Finally, work was completed fauna tunnel on the on preparing the technical manual for restor- Cuenca – Tarancón Section of the ing and protecting deteriorated river reaches. Madrid to Levante High-Speed Rail Activities commenced for the Dirección Gen- Link (AVE), currently under eral de Costas (Ministry of Environment) on the construction. work involved in providing an ecological description of the vegetation to be found in the Image of a fox dunes, marshes, saltings, and fens along the (Vulpes vulpes), obtained from an coast in the Autonomous Region of Valencia. automatically tripped shot at a Ente Público Puertos del Estado commissioned fauna tunnel on the Cuenca – Tarancón CETA to conduct a study concerning the way Section of the to manage urban birdlife in the state-owned Madrid to Levante ports system. High-Speed Rail Link (AVE), currently under noise pollution area construction. In the Noise Pollution Area, the Dirección Gen- Image of a badger (Meles meles), eral de Calidad y Evaluación Ambiental (Min- obtained from an istry of Environment), commissioned CETA to automatically put into practice the basic noise pollution sys- tripped shot at a fauna tunnel on the tem (SICA), which enables users to access noise Cuenca – Tarancón pollution information via the Internet. It in- Section of the cludes the first strategic noise maps received Madrid to Levante by the aforementioned Ministry. A series of High-Speed Rail Link (AVE), studies were also conducted followed by pro- currently under posals for technical protocols and guidelines, construction. associated with the application of the Ley del Ruido (Noise Act) and its Regulations. of riverside vegetation was also prepared. The Centro carried on giving advice on matters con- Quality control over all the strategic noise maps cerning the development of the Environmen- for the State Highway network was carried out tal Monitoring Programme, for the construc- for the Dirección General de Carreteras (Min- tion stage, of four seawater desalination plants isterio de Fomento). These activities formed on Islas Baleares and work also began on draw- part of the 1st Stage of the application of Di- ing up a methodological guide for applying rective 2002/49/EC. Furthermore, the EGRA in- Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) to the formation portal was designed and put into op- analysis and management of river environ- eration. It has been used for a variety of ments. Support was also given to developing activities, including providing public information about strategic noise maps. isotopic applications area

In the Isotopic Applications Area (Área de Apli- caciones Isotópicas), the radiological monitoring of Spanish waters continued throughout 2007, the networks for inland waters, coastal Strategic noise waters and supply waters having been designed map. Metropolitan for this purpose; there are now more than 200 area of Tarragona. sampling points. By way of example, it can be

46 centro de estudios de técnicas aplicadas stated that the number of radioactivity deter- minations in environmental matrixes is around five thousand per year. Furthermore, in 2004 the High-Sensitivity Network (Sparse Network) was put into operation for the measurement of Caesium-137 in samples of inland and marine water, as part of a research project subsidised by the Nuclear Security Agency (NSA).

Within the framework of the different lines of research that were developed in 2007, a radiochemical method was perfected to determine strontium-90 levels in inland water samples; the use of this method will shortly become ha- bitual in the different agreements that the CEDEX has signed. A study was also conducted with respect to characterising the radioactive background in gamma spectrometry measurements (both works will be published in the CEDEX Journal, Ingeniería Civil, during the course of 2008).

UP ARRIVES Furthermore, the activities involved in provid- The seawater ing the NSA with support for research and tech- desalination plant at nical support was particularly outstanding: one Andratx (Mallorca). particular case worth mentioning is the par- LEFT ticipation in the monitoring networks currently Device for taking in operation (Spain’s membership of the Euro- samples of solid pean Union requires the country to develop particles at the tank being constructed at monitoring on a national level within the frame- San Martí, as part of work of Articles 35 and 36 of the European the environmental Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) ) and its monitoring process during the contributions to the national groups with reconstruction of the spect to the regulations for environmental ra- seawater dioactivity laboratories. By way of technical ad- desalination plant at vice to the NSA, CETA participated in the Bahía de Alcudia (Mallorca). verification by the European Commission, of fulfilment by Cofrentes Nuclear Power Plant (Valencia), of the environmental radiological surveillance requirements set out in the aforementioned Article 35.

The Centro also took part in an internal coordination exercise concerning the organisation of response in the face of emergencies, applied to the vicinity of the Almaraz Nuclear Power Plant, an activity co-financed by the CSN, which forms part of the Ecorinte 07 Pro- gramme, belonging to the European Union 7th Framework Programme.

Ionic exchange As part of its agreement to advise the Ministry resins in the 90Sr of Environment, and at the request of the Con- radiochemical federación Hidrográfica del Duero (Duero River process.

centro de estudios de técnicas aplicadas 47 The groundwater flows were studied in the vicinity of the Bellús Dam (Valencia), in order to look for possible losses and potential affects on the springs lying downstream from the reservoir.

Samples were measured in the Isotopic Appli- cations Laboratory (Laboratorio de Aplicaciones Isotópicas) with a view to determining stable isotopes (deuterium and oxygen-18), tritium, carbon-13 and carbon-14, not only so that the aforementioned studies could be undertaken but also to cover the radiological monitoring Laguna Lengua, at Basin Authority), a radiological analysis cam- requirements for Spanish waters. low water level, paign was conducted in May and June 2007. A seen from Laguna Redondilla report was issued entitled “Analysis of the sam- As part of the collaboration agreement signed (Lagunas de ples taken from the accidental spillage from a between CEDEX and the Instituto Geológico y Ruidera, at the pool at the installations of Enusa (National Ura- Minero de España (IGME) (Spanish Geological limit between the nium Company) in Saelices El Chico (Salamanca). and Mining Institute), the aforementioned provinces of Ciudad Real and Albacete). analyses were carried out for the following proj- In the field of isotopic hydrology, groundwater ects: Huéscar, Fuente de Piedra, Maestrazgo, mass 04.06 Campo de Montiel was studied. This Edasmar, Burgos, Benissa, Málaga-Humedales, mass discharges its waters into the Lagunas Humedales Ebro1, Sequía-Valencia, Jávea, Sevilla de Ruidera, and the aim of the studies was to and Solana and Jumilla; analyses were also un- establish the hydraulic connection between one dertaken for private companies. of the lakes and two subaquatic springs. Nitrate pollution was also studied, as well as the poten- The Spanish Network of Isotopes in Precipi- tial denitrification processes that take place tation (SNIP) is still operating for the isotopic in the groundwater and the way the lakes func- determination of rainfall on the Iberian Penin- tion from a hydrological perspective. Isotopic sula. This network, designed by CEDEX in 2000 analysis was the basic tool used for all the an- with the collaboration of the Instituto Nacional alytical work. de Meteorología (INM) (National Meteorolog- ical Institute) for sample-taking purposes, com- Several studies were set in motion with a view prises 16 stations, covering a wide range of ge- to finding out about seepage in the non-satu- ographical zones (North-South and East-West) rated zone, so that it would be possible to es- and different climatic zones (stations in wet tablish the recharge rate for the Tertiary De- and dry zones, inland and coastal areas, At- tritic Aquifer in Madrid, in a borehole lantic and Mediterranean Coasts). The data ob- constructed specifically for the purpose in the tained is of great use for studying the way Fuencarral pumping area. the hydrological cycle behaves on the Iberian Peninsula, this data being promoted and Studies were also carried out for the Confed- backed by the World Meteorological Organi- eración Hidrográfica del Ebro (Ebro Basin Wa- zation (WMO) and the International Atomic ter Authority), at Campo de Cariñena and in the Energy Agency (IAEA); both organisations have Ordesa National Park, aimed at characterising a Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation the surface and groundwater from an isotopic (GNIP network). The data for this network in perspective. Spain, is provided by the Isotopic Applications Laboratory (Laboratorio de Aplicaciones A study was also performed for the Universidad Isotópicas) (CETA-CEDEX). Politécnica de Cataluña in order to establish the seepage rate in the first 2 metres of ground, computational engineering area with a tritium dye test, followed by measuring the seepage profiles in the first few me- The following activities took place in the Com- tres of the unsaturated zone. putational Engineering Area:

48 centro de estudios de técnicas aplicadas 1. The development of mathematical models for the by CEDEX, the Geodesic and Topographic En- different CEDEX centres and laboratories. The work gineering College (Universidad Politécnica de done in this field was as follows: Madrid) and the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid itself. The tasks performed associated - Collaborating with the Laboratorio de Geot- with this project were: ecnia in analysing foundation caissons and ma- - Developing constitutive models for volcanic rine structures using advanced finite elements, terrain. as part of a project with the Ente Público Puer- - Developing numerical models for the initia- tos del Estado. tion phase (seismic action and rainfall). - Developing numerical models for the propa- 2. Research projects and international cooperation. gation phase, applying finite elements and The activities undertaken in this field were as fol- Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamic (SPH) tech- lows: niques.

- Joint action with Athens Polytechnic Univer- 3.2 Autonomous Region of Madrid Excellence sity (NTUA). Network (GATARVISA), work coordinated by - The European ALERT-Geomaterials Network. the Universidad Rey Juan Carlos in which - Collaborations with the Universities of Salerno, CEDEX, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid and l’École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées (Paris) the Universidad de Alcalá de Henares are tak- and the Polytechnic Universities of Milan and ing part. The activities performed in this field Bologna. were as follows: - Collaboration with the Tangiers Science and - Algorithms for parallel calculation. Technology Faculty, part of Abdelmalek Essaadi - Displaying techniques. University (Morocco). - Collaboration with Tunis College of Engineer- 4. Technical Assistance, Research and Technological ing (Tunisia). Development work.

3. National research projects. 4.1. Prevention of natural water risks and water risks caused by hydraulic works, an activ- 3.1 Analysis of landslides in volcanic terrain (An- ity financed by the Dirección General del Agua dros Project), financed by the Ministry of Ed- (Ministry of Environment). The activities per- ucation and Science; this project is coordinated formed in this field were as follows:

With Laguna Lengua in the foreground, at low water level, Laguna Redondilla in the background and, beyond, Laguna San Pedro (Lagunas de Ruidera, at the boundary limit between the Provinces of Ciudad Real and Albacete).

centro de estudios de técnicas aplicadas 49 General para el Territorio y la Biodiversidad (Min- istry of Environment):

- Further progress was made on developing and optimising the thematic portal Hispagua on the Internet concerning inland waters in Spain, with the incorporation of new and advanced web content and services, thereby increasing the scope of technological monitoring of different aspects associated with water resource management.

- In 2006, the Gabinete also carried on play- ing an active role in the European cooperation project SEMIDE/EMWIS (Euro-Mediterranean Information System on Know-How in the Wa- Pore water - The use of SPH techniques to analyse the ter Sector), in which Hispagua is the National extraction line. waves generated in reservoirs by landslips on Focal Point for the system and the CEDEX is a the reservoir slopes. member of the coordinating Technical Unit. CEDEX played a role in many of the project ac- 4.2 Rational methodology for studying marine tivities in 2007, presenting a series of papers at structure foundations, financed by the Ente different specialist seminars associated with na- Público Puertos del Estado. The activities per- tional information systems and technology and formed in this field were as follows: standardised definitions of water indicators and - Developing a finite elements numerical model data and their application to a Mediterranean to analyse the performance of a foundation cais- Water Observatory. A meeting was arranged son subjected to wave stress. in Madrid on a Euro-Mediterranean level in or- - Developing a constitutive model for marine der to study this subject and assess its feasi- soils subjected to wave loads. bility. The annual meeting of the SEMIDE Man- agement Committee was also held at CEDEX training and documentation within this framework. department - The Gabinete also continued to take part in As part of the CEDEX Scientific and Technical SIAGUA (Latin American Water Information Sys- Information and Documentation Programme, tem). This system not only has coordination the Training and Documentation Department and planning functions on this virtual network, (Gabinete de Formación y Documentación) car- but it also manages and is responsible for the ried on with its work on developing tools for International Focal Point for the entire network. transferring technology in the field of civil en- In 2007, CEDEX as the Technical Secretariat for gineering and the associated environment, ba- this network, took part in the 7th Latin Amer- sically in three areas: ican Water General Directors Conference held - Participating in international networks and in Antigua (Guatemala), where it presented spe- projects involving information, documenta- cialist papers on the development, scope and tion and databases in different field of civil evaluation of information systems concerning engineering and the associated environment. water in Latin America. - Implementing and developing information system on the Internet with respect to inland In the field of Transport and Highways, activi- waters, roads and transport. ties aimed at technology transfer were carried - Developing and updating terminology tools out as part of the agreements established with (multilingual thesauruses and dictionaries) the Dirección General de Carreteras (Ministerio in the areas of transport and highways. de Fomento), and further breakthroughs were made not only in this area, but also in inter- In the area of inland waters, and in fulfilment national cooperation, information topics, road of the agreements signed with the Dirección documentation and the development of mul- General del Agua belonging to the Secretaría tilingual terminology tools:

50 centro de estudios de técnicas aplicadas - The CETA took part in the OCDE’s IRRD / DIIT (International Road Research Documentation). As the Spanish Language Coordinating Centre for this programme, the Gabineteis not only responsible for the Spanish Language input for this database, but also supervises and coordinates the documentary references contributed by the Latin American countries forming part of the programme. Tasks were performed with respect to the diffusion of the Spanish contribution to this multilingual cooperation database, for the purpose of which a paper was presented at the 23rd World Road Congress, held in Paris.

- The Gabinete also took part in theCommittee on Terminology and Translation Assistance (CTERM) of the World Road Association (AIPCR / PIARC), where one of its functions involved acting as the Spanish-speaking secretariat. The CEDEX, other scientific bodies and private com- Sampling device. entire Spanish part included in the new edition panies in general, all of whom receive the bene- (8th) of the World Road Association (PIARC) fits of our services. Work was done on achiev- dictionary in 5 languages was prepared by this ing greater service quality, for the purpose of department, and it was officially presented at which a budget was granted to provide backing the aforementioned Congress. The new and for management that has opted for investing in completely updated Spanish version contains the library assets, electronic resources and new 1,684 entries, including many new terms and information and scientific documentation tech- definitions, as well as updates and modifica- nology; its database (CATA) now has more than tions to many of the existing terms. 142,500 entries, of which 90,500 are books and booklets, 50,000 are microfiles and graphic doc- - Progress was made on developing, updating uments and 2,000 are specialist journals and and increasing the contents and the services periodical publications. One outstanding event provided on the DIRCAIBEA website run by the of the year was the putting into service of the Consejo de Directores de Carreteras de Iberia CEDEX Technical Report database, containing the e Iberoamérica (Latin-American and Iberian entire texts, an aim that was set the year before. Peninsula Highway Directors Council). The database is now updated on a daily basis and features all the technical reports received in 2007; The CEDEX publishing programme was imple- it can be accessed (with permits) via the Intranet. mented, 18 books being published (including 6 monographic works, 2 manuals and recom- The main aim of the Training Programme for mendations, a research notebook, two NLT stan- 2007 was to improve the quality where all ac- dards and 6 CEHOPU texts), as well as the pub- tivities were concerned, both from a techni- lication of a wide variety of documentation cal and an organisation perspective. The Tech- about courses given, triptychs and booklets on nical Training School ran selective courses for scientific and technical activities and the CEDEX access to the different Civil Engineering Col- Annual Report for the preceding year, plus 4 leges. 4 international Masters courses were or- issues (145 to 148) of the specialist journal In- ganised, as well as 1 international course, 10 geniería Civil, which contain no less than 53 national courses and 11 workshops; details of technical articles (the complete list can be found which are given below. The objectives were at the following address: http://www.cedex.es/ broadened where Ongoing Training for the documentacion/ingcivil.html). CEDEX employees was concerned, with the in- troduction of new more specific and higher The library network continued to fulfil its func- quality courses; these included 51 training action of supporting research and updating civil en- tivities that involved no less than 2,119 hours gineering technicians and professionals from of course work for a total of 529 students.

centro de estudios de técnicas aplicadas 51 CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS DE TÉCNICAS APLICADAS developing methodologies for calculating the environmental discharge regime

The new regulatory framework that it is important to keep river ecosystems in a good state, it is necessary to find out the main advantages and drawbacks An environmental flow regime is one that ensures that the involved in using the different calculation methodologies avail- functionality and structure of river ecosystems is sufficient, able. in a way that is compatible with domestic water supply requirements and agricultural and industrial supplies. Furthermore, the high degree of uncertainty with which many of these techniques are still fraught, means that the ecologi- Establishing an environmental flow regime is currently an alcal effects of the different hydrological disturbance scenar- most essential tool for river basin management. The number ios require monitoring in both time and space. That is why the of hydraulic infrastructures constructed has increased sharply latest legal texts concerning environmental flows, both in Spain in recent decades, in response to the rising demand for wa- and abroad, recommend the combined use of different calcu- ter resources as a result of agricultural, industrial and urban lation methodologies, as well as an analysis of the ecological development. It is estimated that there are now more than effects of their application. 45,000 large dams in the world (Gupta, 1998), of which around 1,200 are in Spain, which means that Spain is one of the five How the work has evolved countries in the world with the greatest water storage capacity (approximately 56,000 hm3). In recent years, CEDEX has been performing a variety of activities in this area. Throughout the 1990s, a large number of the- The recent passing of the Reglamento de Planificación oretical and practical studied were conducted on different Hidrológica (R.D. 907/2007) (Hydrological Planning Regula- Spanish rivers, which led to the creation of the first calculations) and their Technical Instructions, together with require- tion methodologies for river basins on the Iberian Peninsula. ments imposed by the Water Framework Directive The new regulatory framework makes it compulsory to apply (2000/60/EC), has prompted the creation of a new method- two types of methodologies when establishing the minimum ological framework for calculating and establishing environ- water requirements for conserving the structure and function- mental flow regimes. The Ministry of Environment, through ality of river ecosystems: basic hydrological methods and habi- the Dirección General del Agua, has asked CEDEX to collabo- tat simulation methodologies. rate in preparing the aforementioned texts and in developing methodologies for calculating those environmental The fact that very little experience has been gained in Spain regimes, via its Área de Ingeniería Ambiental (Environmental about the results yielded by the different calculation proce- Engineering Area). dures for these two methodological blocks, has made it advisable to carry out practical calculation procedures that will The complexity of river system structures and the way they enable the users to endorse their use and application. operate means that the procedures selected for calculating environmental flows have to be duly justified. Once it has been With a view to this, different models and applications have accepted, from both a technical and scientific perspective, been tested both in Spain and abroad, and real calculations

Gauging (I) and sample taking with a view to devising hydrobiological models (II) for calculating ecological flow regimes, carried out by the Environmental Engineering Area (Área de Ingeniería Ambiental).

52 centro de estudios de técnicas aplicadas have been made using the data collected during sampling campaigns. Before one can define environmental flow regimes one must have a sound working knowledge about the physical- chemical, hydromorphological and biological processes that take place in the river environment.

Work has also been done on calculating and developing environmental change rates, which have only been developed to a slight extent so far. The maximum change rate per unit of time, defined as the maximum difference in flow between two consecutive values in a hydrological series, will be estimated considering the distribution of successive time variations in natural regime. The series of mean daily discharges are used for this purpose, although the time scale for the hydrological series to conduct the study of the rates must be established Analysis of Real Useful Habitat curves (HRU) – Flows for the taking into account the specific characteristics of each wa- limiting physiological states of different species of fish and ter mass, because in certain cases it may be necessary to limit the selection of critical values. the maximum decrease or increase on an hourly basis. where the resulting images and data are concerned. These tech- Furthermore, the possible incorporation of fuzzy logic in the niques, known collectively as LIDAR (Light Detection and Rang- modelling and handling of aquatic ecosystems greatly increases ing) are now being used in many applications associated with the potential for evaluating and analysing these systems. Up civil engineering, the plotting of specialised maps, or the man- to the present time, the simulation of aquatic habitats has agement of the natural environment. The potential advantages been developed using models based upon preference curves for of the use of LIDAR as a technology for sampling and collect- the main hydraulic variables associated with the quality of the ing territorial information so that it can be applied to envi- habitats. Fuzzy logic enables the user to enter a greater num- ronmental flows, are as follows: ber of variables, by significantly increasing the potential for • all the data are recorded numerically; combining them. It also incorporates the knowledge obtained • it is an aerial sampling technology, so the information is by experts and their assessment. The simulation of fish habi- picked up both quickly and accurately, no ground support tats and establishing environmental flow regimes are two of being needed; the basic applications, within water resource management, • the automatic processing makes it possible to increase the where it is possible to apply this tool. rate at which the analysis is conducted; • the high precision of the data collected makes it possi- Results ble, in some cases, to model hydraulically; • as the data are digital, they can be used in many soft- The work carried out by CEDEX in recent months, together ware packages and used to generate very different views; with the activities that are being performed at the present • the post-spacing of the elevation data generated in LI- time, has enabled those involved to make major contributions DAR is much denser than in traditional methods; to the calculation requirements entailed in applying the dif- • it facilitates the obtaining of surface mapping in areas ferent methodologies mentioned. Furthermore, this work has with vegetation or in wooded zones, because one single helped to create new methodologies based upon the hydrolog- pressing is sufficient to penetrate the vegetation and reach ical disturbance index and on the hydrobiological models, the ground; which should bring about a considerable improvement to the • The elevation data obtained with LIDAR is a lot cheaper calculation procedures currently used by the bodies with pow- than the information obtained using traditional methods, ers in the matter. Greater importance is being attached to especially when the automatic post-processing is used to the use of new remote-sensing technologies in this field, be- generate ground surface elevation data models. cause of the great possibilities that they offer when it comes to characterising the river environment, together with the po- One of the main drawbacks and limitations where the use of tential that they have for covering large surface areas of land LIDAR data in applying environmental flow simulations is con- for carrying out high-precision surveying activities, as in the cerned, is the problem of taking bathymetric data, with few case of laser sensors transported from aerial platforms, whose sensors suitable for implementation, but this problem is be- technological innovations have give rise to a great increase ing dealt with rapidly, so it could soon be a vital tool in the in horizontal resolution, and above all vertical resolution, near future.

centro de estudios de técnicas aplicadas 53 LABORATORIO CENTRAL DE ESTRUCTURAS Y MATERIALES n 2007, the Laboratorio Central de Estructu- Kilometre 400 (Almería); the flyover on the Al- Iras y Materiales carried out a series of techni- hedín – Otura Highway over the A-44 in Granada; cal assistance, experimentation, research activi- the bridge over the N-II Highway in Fraga, span- ties as well as preparing standards and regulations ning the River Cinca; and five flyovers crossing concerning construction materials, civil engine- the A-2 Highway on the Zaragoza Ring Road. In ering and building structures; all of these acti- the Autonomous Region of Castilla-La Mancha, vities were conducted within the areas of cons- the bridge spanning the River Tajo was inspected truction, civil engineering or building materials. at Entrepeñas and in the Autonomous Region of Madrid the Laboratorio did likewise with the structures flyovers on the Eisenhower Junction and the flyover at Kilometre 38.950 on the N-IV Highway. In the field of structures, and as part of the tech- Finally, the bridge was inspected at Cadavedo nical assistance that the Laboratorio Central gives crossing the N-634 Highway in the Autonomous to the Dirección General de Carreteras (Ministe- Region of Asturias. rio de Fomento) in matters concerning bridges and structures, further progress was made in dif- Dynamic tests were conducted on the bridge link- ferent work areas, and in the conventional in- ing Spain and Portugal that crosses the River Miño spection of bridges on the national network; at Tuy, on the bridge at Noceda (Lugo) on the these actions took place after a thorough over- Piedrafita Section of the A-6 Highway and on the haul and servicing of the automatic inspection bridge leading up to Villar, in Laguna de Duero platform. The following bridges were auscultated: over the N-601 Highway. Another study was also the structure spanning the River Deza on the CN- carried out, at the express wishes of the Depart- 525 highway, in Orense; the bridge over the San- ment, as part of the aforementioned Roads Agree- tillán Stream and the Lagos Tunnel, both in ment. This task was performed with a view to es- Málaga; the flyover crossing the A-7 Highway at tablishing the inspection schedule for the

Bridges fitted with instruments on Madrid-Barcelona Line.

laboratorio central de estructuras y materiales 55 Bridge at San Boi

travelling formwork to be applied to new works is now going ahead on the process of calibrat- on the national network. Finally, in order to coming the sensors, so that the data can been complete the activities inherent to this Agreement, piled once the railway comes into operation. work commenced on studying a general project for repairing road bridges and structures. As far as the Agreement signed between CEDEX and the Concejalía de las Artes (Madrid City Coun- The activities included in the Agreement signed cil) was concerned, all the inspections were com- with the Ministry of Culture involved inspect- pleted and the respective reports prepared for the ing the structural pathologies that appeared in series of buildings that belong to the former the Museo de Bellas Artes de Sevilla, and prepar- Slaughterhouse Complex in the district of ing the reports concerned. Legazpi.

Work was completed on installing the instrumen- With regard to dam auscultation, which is in- tation on the Sant Boi Bridges over the River Llo- cluded as part of the Agreement with the Direc- bregat on the Madrid–Barcelona High-Speed Rail ción General del Agua (Ministry of Environment), Fatigue test on Link, which was commissioned by the ADIF. The substantial modifications were made to the In- radar equipment. reports on this activity were drawn up, and work tegral Dam Auscultation Management System Pro- gramme (SIGAP) for the automatic generation of annual reports, in order to improve the management of the automatic data and to simplify the handling so as to facilitate providing technical assistance remotely. The new application has been applied to the Bárcena and Vilasouto Dams in the Confederación Hidrográfica del Norte (Northern River Basins Authority). The auscultation data available for the El Grado and Mediano Dams in the Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro (Ebro River Basins Authority). was also compiled and made more concise. We are also collaborating with the Centro de Estudios Hidrográficos on the preparation of a Sediment Manual, drawing up the sections concerning control and measurement (operation) and quality control on reception.

56 laboratorio central de estructuras y materiales LEFT Fatige test.

RIGHT Museo de Bellas Artes de Sevilla.

A new digital control system was perfected for bridge spanning the River Turia, on the road that the vibration and crash tests that are conducted links the Boroughs of Paterna and Manises. It is using the dynamic simulator, and several vibra- the first experience of its kind in Spain where tion and shock tests were carried out on radar an- all the material coming from the demolition of tennae for warships, braking systems for rail- an old bridge has been used to create a completely way motive power and rolling stock, transformers new structure; some of the material was also for use on wind farms, communication control reused to construct the road leading to the systems for high-speed trains and static convert- bridge. The Catalogue of Wastes Reusable in Con- ers for conventional local trains. struction is also currently being revised, so that the document from 2002 can be published in up- The rail infrastructure test building was used to dated form. In the research field, the Laborato- control the railway infrastructure tests that were rio Central is coordinating the RECNHOR Project, conducted in order to establish how fatigue was financed by the Ministry of Environment, which affecting an embankment with instrumentation is focused on the durability of recycled concretes, installed; this involved simulating the passing as well as different aspects of their structural per- of three million axles of a 300 km/h Altaria train. formance. The Laboratorio also took part in a research project financed by the Ministerio de Fo- materials mento, concerning the use of recycled aggregates for non-structural concrete: the NONESCON Proj- In the field of construction materials, the most ect. In a supplementary capacity, and also in the outstanding activity carried out by the Labora- research field, we are collaborating with the torio Central was as follows: DAMA Project, which seeks to identify the reagent components in Spanish aggregates. A new line of research work has been opened up in the area of using recycled aggregates to make By way of a supplement to the aforementioned concrete, this work being split into several dis- studies, CEDEX is currently coordinating the tasks tinct activities. Thus, for the Dirección General involved in the CENIT CLEAM Project, financed de Calidad y Evaluación Ambiental (Ministry of by the Ministerio de Industria, Turismo y Com- Environment), where concrete is concerned the ercio. This project, in which 11 Spanish univer- Laboratorio is taking part in a pilot scheme with sities and research centres are taking part, in- Certificación de recycled concrete that was formerly used in struc- cludes aspects that were not envisaged in ENAC. tures. The aim of the exercise is to use this type previous projects, thereby enabling the partici- of concrete for the deck platform of a cable-stayed pants to obtain a greater in-depth working knowl-

laboratorio central de estructuras y materiales 57 used to construct floating caissons exposed in submerged and tidal zones continued for the Ente Público Puertos del Estado; this work entailed studying two wharfs, one in the Mediterranean Sea and the other in the Atlantic Ocean. Work also got under way on studying the performance of the concrete above the water level used to construct two harbour docks.

Further progress was made on monitoring the quality of the polymeric materials used to staunch reservoir basins, an activity commissioned by the Dirección General del Agua. This work involved inspecting a large number of reservoirs, taking Concretes in marine edge about the use of recycled aggregates for samples and characterising the material, followed environments. both structural and non-structural concrete. by the issuing of periodical reports. The suitability of the materials to be used in new reservoirs Further progress was made on the work done and dams such as La Montaña del Tesoro (island for the Dirección General del Agua (Ministry of of El Hierro) and Acanabre (island of La Gomera) Environment) with respect to studying the de- was also checked. terioration affecting dam concrete. Three more dams were examined and a partial report has been Work was completed on the agreement with the prepared. The aim of the study is to gain further Dirección General de Carreteras (Ministerio de Fo- insight into the deterioration of dam concrete by mento) with respect to designing and verifying studying some such structures affected by differ- a unified test for the durability of road markings. ent pathologies with a view to establishing the A variety of products coming from different coun- criteria and requirements of the material for tries were applied in two experimental zones in newly-constructed dams. Spain (Soria and Toledo), as well as in two durability simulators, one in Germany and the other Deterioration of Finally, where the performance of reinforced con- in Spain. The data obtained will be discussed at dam concrete. crete in marine environments was concerned, the a forthcoming European meeting, where an at- tasks of analysing the behaviour of the concrete tempt will be made to prepare one single standard test to find out the service life of road markings.

Where road signs were concerned, work continued with the conducting of tests to certify signs, signals and retro-reflecting material composed of glass microspheres. Particular importance is attached to the tests involving photometric characterisation. All these tests are basically aimed at being granted the AENOR “N” quality certificate. A photometric and colorimetric performance study was also carried out for API FABRICACIÓN, S.A., using 554 road signs.

One of the activities performed in the field of certifying road equipment products, was the work done on metallic road safety barriers. The tests established by the “Road Sign Equipment” Certification Committee were conducted.

Work carried on for the Dirección General de Calidad y Evaluación Ambiental (Ministry of

58 laboratorio central de estructuras y materiales heat insulation materials, ceramic materials or Pre-stressed polystyrene arches. wire rods. Concentration of the surface With respect to the ISO EN UNE 17025 QUALI- decarburisation TY SYSTEM, the renewal of certifications by the leading to defects and crosscutting. Entidad Nacional de Acreditación (ENAC) (National Accreditation and Approval Institution) took place for all the tests and further tests have been included on metallic materials. At present, the Laboratorio Central is officially accredited to conduct tests on metallic Environment), with research into the reuse of safety barriers for vehicles, steel for reinforce- plastic for road signs and markings. It was nec- ments and metallic construction, materials for essary to conduct a study from the perspective road signs and heat insulation materials. of technologically characterising a cross section of the types of plastic waste on the market; the As part of its contribution to preparing techni- waste was provided by different waste-manage- cal regulations to govern both structural and ment companies. material matters, the Laboratorio Central continued to play an active role on numerous Where metallic materials were concerned, fur- Spanish and European standardisation commit- ther progress was made on conducting tests to tees, and carried on contributing to different homologate steel reinforcements for pre- interministerial committees on construction stressed concrete and extruded wiring for elec- materials. Work was completed on the material tro-welded meshwork, as well as for the certifi- to be included in the updated Structural cation of active and passive reinforcements for Concrete Code (EHE), and the Cement concrete and by-products, such as wire rods for Reception Instruction (RC-03) was reviewed pre-stressing and meshwork. Work was also and updated by the Task Force concerned; these done on certifying structural items made of activities have given rise to the “Preparation of steel, such as tubes, piping, hollow steel sec- the Proposal for the Cement Reception tions, standard lamps and public lighting, as Instruction RC-07”. well as sections, bars and sheeting for structural applications. Throughout 2007, work also Apart from the aforementioned servicing and continued on the experiments conducted on updating of the seismic simulator control, the steel products for pre-stressed concrete, main actions to be carried out affecting the lab- research being carried out into the performance oratory equipment were the purchasing and of active reinforcements under relaxation con- installing of a new Electronic Microscope. Work ditions at unconventional temperatures, also went ahead on the tasks of preparing for backed up by laboratory tests, in accordance the installation of three bedplates, which were with ISO Standard 15630/3. bought for conducting corrosion under stress tests and tests concerning embrittlement Further progress was also made on conducting caused by hydrogen. The updated techniques tests with a view to obtaining the “N” certifi- used for experimenting in this field are also at cate for other materials and products, such as the study and implementation stage.

New electronic microscope.

Reusing plastic for road signs and markings (chippings and traffic lighting devices).

laboratorio central de estructuras y materiales 59 LABORATORIO CENTRAL DE ESTRUCTURAS Y MATERIALES the quality management system to Standards UNE-EN-ISO-9001 and UNE-EN-ISO/IEC-17025 at the laboratorio central currently in force, with a view to giving the bodies, companies and individuals who asked for test results, a level From a Quality perspective, any Body should implement of quality that could be both demonstrated and standar- a Management System that enables it to make ongoing dised. improvements that affect all its activities, taking into account not only the needs of the institution itself, but That is how the commitment to both good professional also the requirements of those who have asked for its ser- codes of practice and work procedures followed at the vices, studies or reports. Laboratorio Central can be kept up and guaranteed, so that the validity of the results obtained from the tests and Much of the work done at the Laboratorio Central revol- the certification of the products to obtain the quality or ves around conducting tests on construction materials and approval mark can be guaranteed. products so that a certifying body (usually AENOR) can issue certificates that grant them a quality or approval The process of implanting the Quality Management System mark. The laboratories that conduct such tests have to have began with the preparation of a new Quality Manual ba- implemented a quality system and they must be accredi- sed upon the one that existed in what was then known ted by the Entidad Nacional de Acreditación (ENAC) (Na- as the Laboratorio de la Dirección General de Arquitec- tional Accreditation and Approval Institution). tura y Vivienda. Those responsible for conducting the tests on the different products at the Laboratorio Central pla- At present, the Quality Management Systems are set out yed an active part in drawing up the document, the sub- in Standard UNE-EN-ISO 9001:2000 (for certifying the ma- sequent updating being carried out by external consultan- nagement of a body’s activities) and Standard UNE-EN- cies. ISO/IEC 17025:2005 (for accrediting the tests and cali- brations that the laboratories conduct). This Quality Manual defines the quality policy, the Ma- nagement’s commitments, the way the organisation is Future trends improve these models and endeavour to find structured, the functions and responsibilities of the per- Total Quality Management Systems and Excellence Models, sonnel, the processes developed in the Laboratorio and the which take in all the aspects of Quality Assurance and en- way they interact, as well as the structure for all the do- large upon them, aiming not only to attain better inter- cumentation that is produced. nal results, but also to show the importance of the human factor and human participation, as a basic and essential The Laboratorio Central test accreditations have taken prerequisite to achieving the aforementioned objective. place gradually and have had to pass the audits carried out by ENAC. The first tests to be accredited were for those conducted on metallic crash barriers in 2001. In 1997, the Laboratorio Central decided to adapt its own quality systems to the quality systems that were esta- In that same year, the incorporation of the aforementio- blished in Standard EN-45001 (1989) and subsequently ned Laboratorio de la Dirección General de Arquitectura

THE BENEFITS OF IMPLEMENTING A QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ARE: 1. Reducing production, because the number of “rejected” pro- 7. Improving resource management. ducts decreases and the resources are put to better use. 8. Increasing the quality of the products or services, which also 2. Rectifying errors so that they are not repeated, because the means that the delivery deadlines and guarantees are improved. underlying causes are sought. 9. Improving the degree of client satisfaction. 3. Preventive measures take precedence over corrective mea- 10. Offering clients guarantees where fulfilling their needs is sures. concerned. 4. Injecting life into the organisation because everybody be- 11. Ensuring that clients are more trusting where work quality comes aware of their activities and the way they have to ma- is concerned. nage them. 12. Ongoing improvement of the management system. 5. Simplifying the way routine tasks are performed. 13. Improving the Organisation’s image. 6. Making the personnel more motivated and willing to parti- cipate. 14. Enhancing market competitiveness.

60 laboratorio central de estructuras y materiales y Vivienda into the Laboratorio Central, led to an incre- Manual de la Calidad y ase in the number of tests accredited for quite a few cons- Procedimientos de la Calidad. truction products: tests on reinforced bars and iron sections, tests on aluminium varnish and tests on heat insulation materials. The incorporation brought with it its own Quality Management System and its specific quality manual.

Not long after, the two quality manuals were simplified, adapted and unified, so that they could comply with the requirements contained in Spanish Standard UNE-EN- ISO/IEC 17025:2000. All the tests on metallic materials from the two laboratories were grouped into tests conducted on pre-stressed reinforced concrete and tests conducted on metallic sections for construction, which were accredited in 2002. - To ensure that the results obtained from the tests are invariably traceable, The experience built up during this period enabled the - To make sure that the work undertaken can be relied Laboratorio to train the technicians and workers, not only upon. in the processes associated with carrying out the tests but also in complying with the new requirements defined in At present, the Laboratorio Central has 45 tests accredi- the Quality Management System, which enabled the La- ted for 4 different types of product: metallic materials, sa- boratorio to simplify and prepare a new Quality Manual fety barriers, heat insulators and road sign materials. A that unified the earlier ones and can be applied in any structure is also maintained that defines the functions and CEDEX laboratory, as well as to make the modifications re- responsibilities of each one of the posts occupied by the quired to adapt it to Spanish Standard UNE-EN-ISO/IEC 36 people who constitute the Quality Management System. 17025 issued in 2005. In the case of the Laboratorio Central it is a dynamic system The Laboratorio Central also set up a new internal Cali- that is committed to ongoing improvement, whose aims bration Unit, with four dimensional calibration tests and are to progressively achieve a greater degree of maturity one mass test, which have also passed the audits carried and to increase client satisfaction. out by ENAC, thus entitling the Laboratorio to prepare internal calibration certificates for all the CEDEX laborato- With a view to the above, in recent years several offers for ries. courses have been included in the CEDEX ongoing training programme, The specific aim of these courses is to en- As part of the programme for increasing the number of courage the implementation of Quality Systems, both un- tests accredited at the Laboratorio Central, 5 road sign der Standard ISO 9001 and Standard ISO 17025. The Qua- tests were accredited in 2003 and, in 2007, the scope of lity Department at the Laboratorio Central has been accreditation for metallic materials was increased with a responsible for coordinating, organising and giving these further 5 tests. courses, and the number of persons attending and taking part is growing all the time. The programmes for these The implementation and upkeep of the Quality Manage- courses have been adapted, in order to make up for the de- ment System at the Laboratorio Central has meant an ficiencies detected both with respect to the personnel who ongoing commitment from all the personnel, which invol- form part of the Quality Management System or those who ves the following undertakings: might come to form part of it in the future.

- To permanently update all the internal and external do- Thanks to this, all the personnel are fully competent and, cumentation, together with the technical resources that they are equip- - To invariably be provided with suitable facilities, ins- ped with and the rigour imposed by the Quality Manage- tallations and equipment, with adequate control and ment System adopted, it is possible to guarantee that all maintenance and calibration carried out by official and the tests conducted at the Laboratorio Central comply with accredited bodies., the very highest levels that are set by the standards. - To implement test procedures, with internal and external controls performed by making comparisons with other laboratories,

laboratorio central de estructuras y materiales 61 LABORATORIO DE GEOTECNIA research, technological was drawn up on the research into the way PREVIOUS PAGE development and innovation, clay behaves when exposed to leaching from Embankment the laboratorio de geotecnia construction work waste disposal sites, as well as an extensive between Kilometre study involving the geotechnical characteri- 0.750 and 1.390 of In the field of research, technological devel- sation of Canary Isles pyroclasts. the Encinas Reales opment and innovation, the Laboratorio de Norte - Encinas Reales Sur Section. Geotecnia (L. G. ) continued to make major ef- Mention must be made of the R&D activities Málaga Dual forts carrying on the activities of the previous carried out with the Ente Público Puertos del Carriageway A-45. year, not only with respect to soil and rock Estado, work being started on the 4 areas that characterisation using in situ techniques but have been allocated to the Laboratorio de Ge- also in the area of developing mathematical otecnia: analysis of the deformability of the models to account for the behaviour of the rockfill used for harbour caisson foundation different geotechnical structures. benches; techniques and methodologies for evaluating, characterising and improving har- Further progress was made in the use of geo- bour fills; rational methodology for studying physical techniques for analysing dam leak- marine structure foundations; and ways of age, and a series of tasks were initiated with measuring the permeability of constructed concrete dams. Furthermore, L.G. perfected breakwaters. a technique that is based upon vertical elec- tric logging with a view to establishing the In the field of European thematic R&D&I net- thicknesses of zones that have received jet- works, the Laboratorio de Geotecnia took part, grouting treatment. in conjunction with the Administrador de In- fraestructuras Ferroviarias, in two task forces Work was developed on modelling the rheo- for the INNOTRACK Project as part of the 6th logical behaviour of rock masses and a report European Union Framework Programme: one

Drilling boreholes to install inclinometers for a viaduct on the La Gorgoracha – Puntalón Subsection of the A-7, on the Mediterranean Dual Carriageway and New Access to the Port of Motril.

LABORATORIO DE GEOTECNIA 63 Fomento) with respect to the sliding of the embankment between Kilometre 0.750 and 1.390 on the Encinas Reales (Norte) - Enci- nas Reales (Sur) Section, and the Málaga Dual Carriageway A-45, N-331 from Córdoba to Málaga. A major role was also played in providing advice during the construction work, on the modifications proposed to the methodology for boring the Rabo de la Sartén Tunnel. Stabilisation methods were studied for the slope lying on the left-hand side at Kilometre 302 of the N-340 main road, in Nerja (Málaga); the pathology observed was analysed and the stabilisation work was designed for the tunnel at Kilometre 111 on the N-630 main road at La Pola de Gordón (León); an analysis was also made of the landslide affecting the slope at Kilometre 20+200 on the N -627 main road in San Martín de Ubierna (Burgos); instrumentation work was performed and a report issued on the foundation conditions of the viaducts on the La Gor- goracha - Puntalón subsection of the new access to the Port of Motril (Granada); the activities that are required to improve safety along the section of the N-332 main road near to Kilometre 163+500 were defined, Altea (Alicante); the instability of the embankment was studied at Kilometre 27.000 of the former CN-232 main road linking Logroño and Vitoria via Laguardia and inclinometry was used to monitor the instability of a cutting Failure of a rock of them was associated with establishing the on the N-357 for the Northern Access route wedge on an track strength variations in transition zones to the Port of Algeciras (Cádiz). Assessment embankment slope between viaducts and embankments on high- was also given with respect to the actions to on the A-66, La Plata Dual speed rail links and the other one concerned be taken to correct the pathologies affecting Carriageway, El ground improvement techniques between en- the Torrox Tunnel, at Kilometre 288 on the Ronquillo Norte - gineering structures and embankments on Mediterranean Dual Carriageway, detected Rivera de Huelva Section (Sevilla). conventional railway lines. Participation also by CEDEX in 2006. A series of Technical Re- continued with the European Large Geotech- ports were also issued concerning other ge- nical Institutes Platform (ELGIP). otechnical problems that were affecting a number of road sections. In field of technical assistance, the Laboratorio de Geotécnia carried on collaborating with the As part of the agreement with ADIF (State Rail- Direcciones Generales dependent upon the Min- way Infrastructure Administrator) to “Conduct isterio de Fomento, as well as the Ministries Research and Technological Development Work of Environment, Culture, Education and Sci- of Interest to ADIF and CEDEX in the 4-year ence, Regional Governments, County Councils, period 2006 to 2009”, the Laboratorio is car- Local Councils, Public Bodies, Ente Público Ad- rying out applied research work for ADIF, as ministrador de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias well as technical assistance and technological (ADIF), Associations and Companies. development activities of interest to the state- owned Spanish railway system, the work de- Two technical reports were issued to the Di- scribed below was done in 2007. It is grouped rección General de Carreteras (Ministerio de into the following projects:

64 LABORATORIO DE GEOTECNIA project num. 1 Study of bituminous sub-ballast and certain aspects of the ballast by conducting full-scale accelerated tests at the CEDEX facilities: so far, the simulation of trains passing at 300 Km/h (up to 2 million axles) has been completed for a full-scale section of the Madrid – Zaragoza - Lérida high-speed rail link with full-track sleepers and 100 kN/mm settlement plates; the tests were repeated in the central zone of the test cell using diversion sleepers and 17.5 kN/mm settlement plates and a study began with a view to comparing the results of the two tests. A report was drawn up on the first fatigue test conducted at the CEDEX’s facilities and the Fi- nite Elements technique was used to study the best way of strengthening the cell reaction frame to raise its inherent frequency and improve control over the tests. A section of the High-Speed Rail Link from Madrid to Valladolid in Valdestillas forms part of this project. The aim of the instrumentation was to obtain information about a section where bituminous sub- ballast has been laid so that a comparison can be obtained with the results yielded in the full- scale accelerated tests that are going to be conducted at the CEDEX’s facilities. project num. 2 Monitoring the behaviour of high-speed track sections through instrumentation techniques: work was carried out on 3 high-speed sections: a) instrumentation of a zone on the Fuencar- ral - Canto Blanco section of the High-Speed Link; and the other on the caisson driven into IT ARRIVES State of the N-332 Madrid - Segovia - Valladolid Rail Link; b) mon- the embankment at Kilometre between Highway near itoring the “El Arenero” embankment between 173.300 and Kilometre 173.950 of the conven- Kilometre 163,500. Kilometre 106.28 and 106.5 of the Madrid - tional railway line linking Zaragoza and Lérida View from the highway of the gully Segovia - Valladolid Rail Link, to establish where it runs through Montagut. A sliding mi- lying closest to whether or not it is necessary to put stabil- crometer was installed at the aforementioned Calpe. ity treatment into practice; c) taking data location and a construction solution was from 3 instrumented sections that were used analysed designed by ADIF so that the current DOWN within the framework of the SUPERTRACK speed limit can be lifted. Railway Project, as from Kilometre 69.5 on the Madrid infrastructure test - Zaragoza High-Speed Line. project num. 4 facilities belonging to CEDEX. Endorsing an ongoing method for checking Conducting fatigue project num. 3 the degree of sub-ballast compaction and de- tests on a railway Construction solutions in transition zones to formation: a descriptive document was pre- ballast platform instrumented with optimise the changes in track-bed resistance: pared including all the different sub-ballast geophones, two track resistance measurement campaigns control techniques and zones have been pre- potentiometers and were carried out: one of these was on the selected where the fieldwork will be done. laser systems for technical block for abutment 1 on the Borges measuring absolute movements. Blanques Viaduct, Kilometre 463.169, on the project num. 7. subproject 1 Lérida – Martorell section of the Madrid – Geotechnical monitoring and evaluation for Barcelona – French Frontier High-Speed Rail the purpose of selecting construction meth-

LABORATORIO DE GEOTECNIA 65 ods for the “El Regajal Tunnel” on the New Within the framework of the General Agree- High-Speed Rail Access to Levante: the ment entered into between the Ente Público planned tests are being conducted (many of Puertos del Estado and the CEDEX, technical which are tests conducted over considerable assistance was given to the Huelva Port Au- periods of time). Meetings were held with thority with respect to the work involved those responsible at ADIF so that informa- in strengthening and consolidating the In- tion could be given about the progress of the geniero Juan Gonzalo Quay. The most out- works. A hydrological study was performed standing activities to be performed were ap- in boreholes drilled in the El Regajal Estate. plying the vertical electrical logging A report was issued about the effects that technique to control the diameters of the jet- the test results available so far will have on grouting and superjet-grouting columns con- the design criteria for the “El Regajal Tunnel”, structed. The Huelva Port Authority also com- and these are contained in the document: missioned the Laboratorio de Geotécnia to Cylindrical test “Design Criteria for the El Regajal Tunnel. carry out geotechnical advice work for the specimen for the geotechnical Mine Section”, dated November 2006. A study planned promenade, this activity now being characterisation is being conducted of the layout for the in- under way, and a report was issued contain- study of low- strumentation whose purpose it is to detect ing the laboratory tests conducted on the density Canary Isles the way the dissolving processes might bench and backfill material for the mineral- pyroclasts. evolve, so that sufficiently safe margins can loading wharf caissons. The Villagarcía de be left to ensure that there are no risks inside Arosa Port Authority was given technical ad- the tunnel. vice about the fill to be used for the es- planade and the extension to the Ferrazo project num. 7. subproject 2 Wharf. Further progress was made on the task Procedure for sounding rail platforms with of giving advice on the enlargement to the Georadar. The following reports were prepared Marqués de Comillas Wharf in the Port of for this file: putting the Georadar equipment Cádiz. A report on piles for the northern into service; a bibliographical study of the Geo- berthing zone was carried out for the Málaga radar application for sounding rail platforms; Port Authority. first Georadar tests conducted at Montagut (Lérida). As far as the R&D activities with Puertos del Estado were concerned, work commenced on The Laboratory also headed a task force formed the four files (Num. 8, 9 10 and 12) that were within the UIC to update the 719-R file con- allocated to the Laboratorio de Geotecnia, cerning earthworks and railway line subgrades. a report having been issued on Num. 12 about

Marques de Comillas Quay works in Cádiz.

66 LABORATORIO DE GEOTECNIA the tests conducted on the Ferrol Outer Port. Inspection the A study was also conducted to find out how ballast thickness using georadar on a the harbour caisson base and the foundation road section near bench interact, by means of scale-model Lérida. tests.

The Dirección General del Agua dependent upon Ministry of Environment was given advice on geotechnical matters and geotechnical studies, and surveying work was undertaken within the Framework of the Agreement for managing the public water domain and operating the works. This in- volvement led to the following: studying and analysing potential leaks and filtrations coming from the Cortes II, Torrejón-Tietar and Ur- runaga Dams, the Esparragal Diversion Dam and the Molinar Dam. A report was also is- ment and application concerning polluted sued on the results of the laboratory test con- soils”. The Laboratory also collaborated on re- ducted on samples taken from the slopes of viewing and updating the catalogue of in- the Yesa Reservoir. Further progress was also dustrial waste materials that can be used in made on the task of drawing up a design, construction. Work was done on the geotech- construction, operation and maintenance nical characterisation of life-expired tyres manual for reservoirs and pools. The settle- (NFU). ments recorded when the biological reactors were being operated at the Galindo Treat- A technical report that identifies the causes ment Plant were likewise monitored. and proposes solutions for the damp that appeared in the enlarged zone of the Museo del A preliminary report was issued for the Di- Prado, was issued for the Gerencia de In- rección General de Calidad y Evaluación Am- fraestructuras y Equipamiento (Infrastruc- biental (Ministry of Environment), as part of tures and Equipment Management) (Ministry the agreement signed with respect to assis- of Culture). tance in matters concerning quality and environmental assessment, regarding the work As part of an assistance agreement with the carried out in File 14: “Support for develop- Autonomous Region of Andalucía, the Lab-

Stockpile of materials used to construct the Aguas Teñidas Retaining Wall, in Almonaster La Real (Huelva).

LABORATORIO DE GEOTECNIA 67 nical opinion on the project for constructing the Aguas Teñidas Tailings Pool at Almonaster (Huelva); Assessment of its stability in the face of design seismic movements for the Aguas Teñidas Tailings Pool at Almonaster (Huelva) and Evaluation of the documents relevant to the Expert Opinion on the Aguas Teñidas Tailings Pool at Almonaster (Huelva).

An extensive study was completed for the Re- gional Government of Canarias on the geotechnical characteristics of low–density local pyroclasts, which brought to an end the agreement signed with the Regional Govern- ment, which had been in force for 4 years (2003 to 2006).

With a view to carrying on with the research work that the Laboratorio de Geotecnia had been performing for the study on the behaviour of clays subjected to leaching in urban waste tips, a collaboration agreement was signed with the company GEOCISA to conduct a study concerning the diffusion of pollutants in the urban waste-disposal sites and how this evolves in time.

The Laboratorio de Geotecnia continued to collaborate with AENOR, and held the Chair- manship and the Secretaryship of the Span- IT ARRIVES oratorio de Geotecnia conducted a study and ish Group of the SC-7 Subcommittee (CEN TC- Inauguration of the gave its expert opinion on the project to ex- 250), responsible for drawing up Eurocode “Underground Works under special pand the activities at the Aguas Teñidas Mine 7 Geotechnical Project. The activities basi- conditions” with the construction of a mineral treatment cally involved Part 2 (which supersedes the International plant and a tailings pool. In this respect, the earlier Parts 2 and 3) concerning the geot- Workshop, CEDEX, following 3 reports were prepared during the echnical project based upon laboratory and 6th July 2007. course of 2007: study and expert geotech- field tests, as well as preparing the final de- DOWN tails for Part 1 - already accepted as a Euro- Tunnel pathology pean Standard -, in its translation into Span- treatment. ish, and preparing the National Appendix concerned. The Laboratorio de Geotécnia also held the Chairmanship of the CTN146 Com- mittee, “Aggregates”.

A document on “Concrete for Special Foun- dations” is being prepared by a special task force composed of experts from CEDEX and AETESS, for the Association of Companies Specialising in Soil and Subsoil Special Tech- niques (AETESS); this is being coordinated by the Laboratorio de Geotecnia. Measuring the self potential on the face of the Cortes II Dam.

68 LABORATORIO DE GEOTECNIA LABORATORIO DE GEOTECNIA chemical analyses in the laboratorio • Analysis and classification of potentially polluted water and de geotecnia contaminated soil by finding out the heavy metal content and organic pollutant content (VOC, PHA and PCB). The chemical analysis laboratory at the Laboratorio de Geotec- nia has always conducted whatever tests of a chemical nature These activities also enable the users of these instruments to have been necessary to provide a geotechnical description of characterise water and soil, to conduct studies concerning ge- ground and rocks, as well as preparing the regulations that apply otechnical problems that are associated with groundwater hydro- to those tests; such tests generally used to be relatively sim- logy, to classify waste for disposal sites, analyse the potential ple, only a limited amount of technology being involved. for making use of waste as fill or embankment material, to study contaminated soil, to analyse the diffusion of pollutants in the However, increasing demands and requirements in environmen- ground and to conduct research into waste-disposal site barriers. tal matters that involve identifying and characterising potentially polluting soils, such as the requirements contained in RD Within the framework of these activities, the chemical analy- 9/2005, dated 14th January, which establishes the list of acti- sis laboratory took part in different tasks carried out by the La- vities that could potentially pollute the soil and the criteria boratorio de Geotecnia, a non-exhaustive list of which is given and standards for declaring soils to be contaminated”, toge- below: studying the leaks and seepage in the basements of the ther with the major breakthroughs made where developing analy- Palacio del Infantado (Guadalajara); evaluating the behaviour of sis instrumentation is concerned, have made it necessary for the clay barriers when exposed to leaching in urban-waste land- Laboratorio de Geotecnia to enhance the chemical analysis sec- fills; geotechnical study for the purpose of remodelling and en- tion. larging the Museo del Prado; regenerating and monitoring the mining areas in El Bierzo; analysing slag from the plant belon- The ionic chromatograph, whose purpose is to analyse majo- ging to Atlantic Copper; analysis of heavy metals in the Flix Re- rity anions, is just one of the items of equipment that the la- servoir; and the chemical characterisation of slag from urban- boratory now has for chemical analysis. The chemical analysis la- waste incinerators. boratory is also equipped with the simultaneous optical inductively-coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometer, which is used Mention must also be made of the chemical analysis laborator- for analysing heavy metals, and the mass-mass gas chromato- y’s participation since 2007, in the Ministry of Environment’s graph for examining organic compounds, for the analysis of VOCs, R&D&I project “Estudio de la difusión de contaminantes en las PHAs and PCBs. barreras de vertederos urbanos y su evolución en el tiempo” (Pollutant diffusion study in waste-disposal site barriers and how With all this new equipment available, the chemical analysis this evolves in time). laboratory can now analyse samples in the following fields: The new and sophisticated resources that the chemical analy- • Analysis of water in the area of geotechnics sis department of the Laboratorio de Geotecnia has been equip- - Measuring the pH, the alkalinity and the redox potential. ped with, enable it to cope with sample analysis with a view - Establishing the content of soluble salts, majority anions to conducting not only standard tests but also any tests that and cations and trace elements. involve a research element needed to solve new problems that • Soil analysis arise in our society, either those of an environmental geotech- - Measuring the pH, the redox potential and the ionic ex- nical nature or those that involve knowledge of chemical aspects change capacity of clays. concerning soil and rock behaviour. - Establishing the content of carbonate, sulphate, majority

Mass-massanion and gas cationchromatograph. and trace elements. Ionic chromatograph.

LABORATORIO DE GEOTECNIA 69 CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS HISTÓRICOS DE OBRAS PÚBLICAS Y URBANISMO n 2007, the Centro de Estudios Históricos de las Artes de San Fernando, where it could be seen PREVIOUS PAGE Obras Públicas y Urbanismo carried on with its by the public until 12th August. The exhibition in- Current view of the I Albolafia de activities aimed at expanding its tasks of research- cludes a biographical account of this engineer’s Córdoba. I In the ing, studying and publicising the history of pub- life and works (1905-1988). He was a lecturer and Research Subsidy lic works engineering, techniques and construc- constructor of bridges and other structures, apart 2007 The tion. from being a public works historian and Fine Arts Waterwheels of the Guadalquivir in the Academician. Fernández Casado is now recognised City of Cordoba. A exhibitions as one of the major figures on the recent Span- Historic and ish engineering scene of the 20th Century. The ex- Architectural Study. As far as its Exhibitions programme was con- hibition, which is due to become itinerant in cerned, several new creations were presented to 2008, is based upon two major thematic sections, the general public throughout the year. First of devoted respectively to the biography and the all, mention must be made of España en el Mediter- works of Carlos Fernández Casado. ráneo. La Construcción del Espacio (Spain in the Mediterranean. The Construction of Space), inaugu- Further groundwork was also covered in 2007 on the rated on 14th December 2006 in the Sala Jorge Juan preliminary and preparatory work necessary before de la Biblioteca Nacional, which remained open the opening of the exhibition Ars Mechanicae. Inge- to the public until 12th March 2007. It was visited niería Medieval en España (Ars Mechanicae. Medieval Tech- by more than 30,000 persons. During course of nology in Spain), based on the original project of the the year, it was converted into “itinerant” for- Professor of Aesthetics and engineer Ignacio mat and this new version is likely to be on show González Tascón that, at the moment of his unex- in autumn 2008. pected and untimely death, was already at an advanced stage of preparation. It was decided that Pe- Another new exhibition was Carlos Fernández dro Navascués Palacio, who is also a Professor and Casado. Ingeniero (Carlos Fernández Casado. Engineer), Academician, would be the ideal person to take up which forms part of the initiatives aimed at mak- the project where the former left off. The inaugu- ing known the most outstanding figures in the ration is planned in the Pabellón Villanueva of the history of Spanish engineering. It was opened on Real Jardín Botánico (Madrid) towards the final 3 6th June in Madrid, in the Real Academia de Bel- months of 2008.

General view of the exhibition Carlos Fernández Casado. Engineer, in the Sala de la Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando. June 2007.

centro de estudios históricos de obras públicas y urbanismo 71 Carlos Fernández Another activity that was by no means less sig- CEHOPU also took part in exhibitions held by Casado, next to the nificant, concerns the CEHOPU’s itinerant exhi- other bodies by contributing with models com- El Pardo bridge reinforcements, in a bition programme. The exhibition entitled Artifex. ing from the Public Works Historical Collection. picture blown up Ingeniería romana en España (Artifex. Roman Engineer- Along these lines, The Centro collaborated with for the exhibition ing in Spain) was opened in the Museo Arque- the exhibition El jardín andalusí, almunias, vergeles about him, at the Real Academia de ológico de Cataluña at its headquarters in y patios (The Andalus Garden, Orchards and Patios) San Fernando Barcelona and Gerona. It was later moved dur- that, organised by the Fundación de Cultura Is- (Madrid). ing the summer to the Museo Nacional de Arte lámica, was on show at the Moroccan cities of Romano (Mérida). Meknes (19th – 24th April), Fez (3rd May – 5th June), Tetuan (15th June – 8th July), Essaquira (19th July Puertos Españoles en la Historia (Spanish Ports through- – 7th August) and El Jadida (16th August – 2nd Sep- out History) was presented to the citizens of Bil- tember). This exhibition, in which other Span- bao from 17th July until 29th November, in the re- ish bodies participated, is scheduled to carry on cently opened Museo Marítimo (Ría de Bilbao). with its sojourn through Morocco in 2008, when it is due to be open to the public in Rabat, Mar- Another exhibition which continued its national rakech, Casablanca and Tangier. and international sojourn in 2007 is Iribarren In- geniería y Mar (Iribarren Engineering and the Sea). First Along the same lines, another major contribution it was shown in the Museo Rezola (San Sebastián) was the collaboration with the exhibition Paisaje and during the summer it could be seen in the y tecnología del agua en el río Ebro (River Ebro Land- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos, scape and Water Technology), which visited the Span- Canales y Puertos (Madrid). The version in English ish cities of Reinosa and Logroño. of the exhibition was inaugurated on 22nd Septem- ber in the Nationaal Bagger Museum in Sliedrecht, research Holland, where it remained open to the public until 10th January 2008. In the field of Research, specifically with respect to the Research Subsidy Programme, the first announcement initiated the previous year (2006) Invitation to the exhibition Carlos was brought to an end when the documentation Fernández Casado. was handed over for each one of the 8 projects Engineer, in the that had been selected. Furthermore, the 2007 Sala de la Real Subsidy Programme was open to proposals, no less Academia de Bellas Artes than 54 research groups responding; these groups de San Fernando. were established both within universities and out- June 2007. side. In this case, a total of 12 projects were selected, as will be explained in the monographic work at the end of this Report.

As far as workshops and conferences were concerned, the CEHOPU organised several meetings with analysis and debate in mind, in which specialists in our sphere of activity took part.

72 centro de estudios históricos de obras públicas y urbanismo publications Drawing of the Drainage Channel in the City of Elche, for One sphere of activity in which the CEHOPU had a the exhibition Ars particularly high profile where the Publications sec- Mechanicae. tion was concerned, was to carry out the initiatives Ingeniería Medieval en España (Ars that are mentioned below. Mechanicae. Medieval Technology in Spain). With regard to the V Congreso Nacional de Histo- Cantigas de Santa ria de la Construcción referred to above, the rich- María de Alfonso X El Sabio, Biblioteca del ness and variety of the papers submitted was Real Monasterio de brought together in two volumes of Minutes edited San Lorenzo de El by CEHOPU, in collaboration with the Instituto Juan Escorial, Cod. T.I.1. de Herrera of the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. This edition, together with the active participation of personnel in the Scientific and Organising Com- mittees, was the CEHOPU’s contribution to this On the occasion of the closure of the exhibition event. España en el Mediterráneo. La construcción del espacio (Spain in the Mediterranean. The Construction of The holding of the exhibition on Carlos Fernández Space), arrangements were made for a series of lec- Casado led to a catalogue being published about him. tures to be given in the boardroom at the Bib- It came in two volumes, the first of which is a com- lioteca Nacional, under the auspices of the person pilation of his entire work, catalogued and accom- responsible for the exhibits, Miguel Aguiló Alonso, panied by a selection of articles, signed by Leonardo Professor of Aesthetics and the History of Art at Fernández Troyano and Javier Manterola, son and the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid and Cesare collaborator respectively; texts that run through his de Seta, architect and professor at the Federico private life and professional activity. The second vol- II University in Naples. ume contains a careful selection of writings from the pen of Fernández Casado himself, the contents On the occasion of the presentation of the exhibi- ranging from purely engineering matters to such tion on Carlos Fernández Casado at the Real Acade- subjects as archaeology and philosophy, giving a mia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, a series of lec- comprehensive perspective of his professional and tures were given that were organised into thematic private interests. groups under the headings “Life and Thoughts”, “The- ory and Works” and “History and Archaeology”. Because of their originality, we would like to make mention here of two new collections, Cuadernos de The I Simposio sobre estética del entorno. Obra pública investigación de CEHOPU (CEHOPU Research Notebooks) y paisaje (1st Symposium on Environmental Aesthetics. and Documentos para la historia de la ingeniería (Docu- Public Works and Landscape) was held in the Palacio ments for the history of engineering),both of which are de Zurbano on 1st June. In view of the good recep- available in book form and digitally. The aim of these tion it was given, it is planned to hold a second such works is to provide a way to channel diffusion and meeting in 2008. to publicise the activities done that concern the public works heritage, thereby encouraging scientific Following in the spirit of participating in any events debate. that are of interest to the Centro, the CEHOPU played an active part in the V Congreso Nacional The collection of Cuadernos de la Investigación de CE- de Historia de la Construcción (5th National Confer- HOPU, was fruit of the announcement concerning ence on the History of Construction), which was Research Subsidies promoted by CEHOPU. The idea held at the Universidad de Burgos between 7th and is to publish either the results of the most original 9th June. As was the case with previous events, a studies and research or those that are best suited to specific subject was proposed, namely engineering the format chosen for this edition. The first two Cover of Issue works construction, with the aim of attracting schol- titles already appeared during the course of 2007, Num. 2 of the ars and specialists in engineering, so that they could namely El salto hidroeléctrico del Chorro. Estudio para la collection of CEHOPU Research make known their knowledge and relate their ex- restauración del caminito del Rey (El Chorro Hydroelectric Notebooks. periences in research practice. Jump. Caminito del Rey Restoration Study) and Análisis

centro de estudios históricos de obras públicas y urbanismo 73 y Valoración del patrimonio histórico de las carreteras purchases, donations or exchanging items with other españolas (Analysis and Assessment of Spanish Road Her- bodies and institutions that specialise in the history itage) (1748-1936). and heritage of construction and techniques. One such activity worth mentioning is the exchange of As far as the collection of Documents was concerned, publications with the Fundación COAM Library. some of the albums made to represent our country at the Paris World Fair held in 1878 were pub- As in other years, CEHOPU carried on training fu- lished. Four of them contain the original plans that ture documentalists and archivists. In May, students Cover of Issue show the major old public works in our country, at the Documentation Faculty of the Universidad Num. 1 of the either in completed form or under construction, Carlos III (Madrid) were given a period of practical Collection of documents for whereas the fifth one is devoted to iron bridges and training in which they performed a series of tasks History (CEHOPU). contains photographs taken by Jean Laurent and aimed at gaining experience and acquiring knowl- José Martínez Sánchez. edge in the way a specialized library is run.

The classic work by Eduardo Torroja, Razón y Ser de los Another area of activity that we have already men- tipos estructurales (Why and Wherefore of Structural tioned in passing, concerns the tasks aimed at Types), was also republished as it has been on many locating the documentation, in other reference occasions before, because it has been a classic ref- centres, associated with the professional activi- erence work in the training of several generations of ties of the engineer Eduardo Torroja y Miret. In engineers and architects. Finally, in view of the in- 2007, this work began by referring to the docu- terest recently aroused in concern for topics associ- mentation at the Instituto de Ciencias de la Con- ated with the landscape, the Minutes of the 4th Eu- strucción Eduardo Torroja, which belongs to the ropean Symposium on Research in Architecture and Urban Spanish National Research Council (CSIC). The Design EURAU ’08 Cultural Landscape were published, starting point for these tasks was to establish stan- also in book and digital format. dard criteria for classifying the original documents, with a view to having available a complete documentation area inventory of his projects. This was done by setting up a database that was compatible with the Let’s take a look now at the activities undertaken by one at the Torroja Archives kept at the CEHOPU. the Documentation Area, which includes the Library, By way of example, one of the first visible results the Graphic Archives or the original documenta- of these activities was the recovery of documen- tion concerning certain well-known engineers, such tation of great interest, together with photo- as the archives of the engineer Eduardo Torroja. graphs and plans, signed by Torroja himself, concerning the construction of the Madrid The CEHOPU Library made further progress on in- headquarters of the Instituto, at a site known as creasing its collection through different channels: Costillares.

View of the itinerant CEHOPU exhibition Artifex. Ingeniería romana en España (Artifex. Roman Engineering in Spain) in Gerona.

74 centro de estudios históricos de obras públicas y urbanismo One of the tasks undertaken in the area of documen- Model of the wheels tation involved updating the Digital Library on the of the Carpio, Córdoba, in the CEHOPU website (www.cehopu.cedex.es). Docu- exhibition El jardín ments were added that form part of the public works andalusí, almunias, bibliographical and documental heritage as well as vergeles y patios (The Andalus some of the Centro’s publications that were out of Garden, Orchards stock. and Patios), organised by the Fundación de Along these lines, work was initiated aimed at set- Cultura Islámica and ting up a database specialising in the Canary Isles inaugurated in El engineer Agustín de Betancourt y Molina, on the oc- Jadida, Morocco. casion of the 250th Anniversary of his birth. It is an initiative carried out in collaboration with the Fun- View of the site dación Canaria Orotava de Historia de la Ciencia planned to house with a view to opening up a free-access website. the future Transport and So far, at this initial stage, the tasks involve digi- Public Works talising the collections of documents kept at the Museum in Málaga. Spanish and foreign centres and institutions. This new digitalised documentation, together with the Plan of the award- winning project for documents that have been reproduced in the CE- the International HOPU Graphic Archives, will constitute the initial Invitation to Tender core of information available at the Betancourt Web- for the Transport Museum, directed site. by Carme Pinós.

We would like to bring this first general part of the CEHOPU Report on activities in 2007 to a conclusion by showing, in a separate chapter, just some of the activities that will be taking place in the coming years, in view of their singularity.

The first of these involves organising and creating the Transport and Public Works Museum, which is planned to be located on the outskirts of the City of Málaga. Throughout 2007, actions have been taken leading to establishing the facilities and installations for the future Museum on land on the former Cam- pamento Benítez Estate. We would like to mention at this point the announcement and decision concerning the International Invitation to Tender for Ideas with respect to installing and commissioning the museum complex. The tribunal eventually decided to award the first prize to the team led by the architect Carme Pinós.

Work is also being done on Restructuring the zones at the Cerrillo de San Blas,adjacent to the Parque del Re- tiro and located just in front of the Real Jardín Botánico, where several of the CEDEX facilities and installations are. The gradual deterioration of the environment in this zone has made it necessary to restore to its former glory the old garden that is named after its landscaper Winthuysen, as it is held to be of great historical and natural value.

centro de estudios históricos de obras públicas y urbanismo 75 CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS HISTÓRICOS DE OBRAS PÚBLICAS Y URBANISMO subsidies for cehopu research projects research work is serving as unpublished material that can, amongst other things, enhance the content of the collections that CEHOPU is In 2006, the first announcement offering subsidies for research pro- publishing. Such is the case with the projects from the first announ- jects was made, with a view to encouraging, promoting and enhan- cement of 2006, completed in 2007, that their work has been included cing research activities associated with CEHOPU objectives. These pro- in the contents of Issues 1 and 2 of the CEHOPU Research Notebook jects focused on two thematic areas: the history of water infrastructures Collection, and we feel confident that the same will happen again in and their relationship with land structuring; and the landscape and de- the coming years with subsequent projects, so that they can be publis- velopment of transport networks and their relationship with towns, hed in a similar way. cities and other settlements in Spain. However, the fact that these the- The following tasks were carried out in the field of hydraulic works matic areas were established did not mean that there were any res- in 2007. El Canal del Esla (1857-2007) (The Esla Canal), which has ser- trictions placed on the possibility of proposing new subjects within ved to give reappraisal to a very interesting piece of engineering work the general context of the history of public works and urban plan- with an analysis of the environmental impact in its sphere of influence. ning. This research work coincided with the 150th Anniversary of the start of the canal’s construction. Another singular subject was the study con- The aim of this first announcement, as is the case with the one made cerning Obras de ingeniería hidráulica y lucha antipalúdica en España in 2007, is to make a contribution towards promoting and publici- (1920-1964) (Hydraulic Engineering Works and the Fight against Ma- sing research work in the matters concerned, by financing qualified re- laria in Spain), which is a work that assessed the effects of certain searchers, individually, as part of a team, or associated with universi- hydraulic works on controlling the spread of malaria from the begin- ties, as long as the projects in question are of a hitherto unpublished ning of the 20th Century until its eradication in 1964. Along more nature or have never been tackled before. The applications are asses- general lines, another project to be submitted was the Edición crítica sed by a Selection Tribunal that prepares the proposals for granting the y anotada de los informes técnicos de época moderna y contemporá- subsidies. The deadline for presenting the work is five months. nea de rehabilitación del acueducto romano de Gades y reconstruc- ción virtual 3DS de sus elementos (Critical and annotated edition of As far as the work done is concerned, it must be pointed out that the modern-day and contemporary technical reports on the Gades Roman results obtained have been very promising and there is a rich variety Aqueduct and the virtual (3DS) reconstruction of its elements), which of content within the context of the proposals made in the reference makes use of new technologies to create a virtual reconstruction of the announcements, not only with respect to the history of hydraulic en- former works, on the basis of archaeological remnants discovered and gineering but also with regard to transport and its relationship with by studying the historical technical reports. With respect to the pro- the landscape. We would also like to emphasise that these projects ject entitled Infraestructuras y aprovechamientos hidráulicos antiguos are of great interest to the CEHOPU as a place that promotes and pu- en la cuenca alta del río Ebro (Cantabria) (Former Infrastructures and blicises studying the history of public works in such a way that this Hydraulic Developments in the River Ebro Upper Basin (Cantabria) )

Plan of the holder tank into which the entire discharge flows before being distributed in the City of Pamplona. Ventura Rodríguez. 1782. Archivo Municipal de Pamplona.

76 centro de estudios históricos de obras públicas y urbanismo the ultimate aim was to create a classified and structured information database for this regional zone that would make it possible to publicise and preserve the water culture. Another very interesting project of a historical nature is the study of Las agues de Subiza. Un viaje de agua a Pamplona (The Subiza Waters. A Water Journey to Pam- plona), which includes the well-known Noaín Aqueduct, amongst other works: the study of the aqueduct, planned towards the end of the 18th Century, endeavours to bring to light important hitherto unpublished archive material, and establish the bases for protecting this piece of hydraulic heritage. Sistemas hidráulicos y asentamientos andalu- sies en el sureste de Mallorca (Ándalus Hydraulic Systems and Settle- ments in South-East Mallorca) focuses on an analysis of some of the hydraulic systems and associated systems on the eastern part of the is- Plan of the Madrid to Valencia Road Layout. Project from land of Mallorca. The aim of Los molinos hidráulicos del Guadalquivir Saelices to Requena. By Lucio del Valle, 1845. Stretch of the en la ciudad de Córdoba .Estudio histórico y arquitectónico (The wa- road between Villagordo and the River Cabriel. In Research terwheels of the Guadalquivir in the City of Córdoba. A Historic and Ar- Subsidies 2007. chitectural Study), was to study the historical development and the current architectural features of these mills on the River Guadalquivir in the City of Córdoba. It is a project that commences in the Middle Ages and runs up to the present time. This vision of hydraulic engineering, in this case port engineering, is completed with a project entitled Los pequeños puertos asturianos durante los siglos XIX y XX y su influencia en la consolidación de las villas costeras y sus sistemas in- dustrials locales (The Small Asturian Ports in the 19th and 20th Cen- turies and their Impact on the Consolidation of the Coastal Villas and their Local Industrial Systems). It analyses the small port enclaves as small industrial systems with an effect on their immediate hinter- land, with a view to obtaining an overall relationship with the land.

With respect to transport and its relationship with the landscape, the project Evolución y caracterización de los nudos ferroviarios en las ciudades pequeñas (Evolution and Characterisation of the Railway Junc- tions in Small Cities) reminds one of the importance that conventional railways once had and still have in the era of the High-Speed Rail Current view of the central section of the Esla Canal. Link. The work analyses this mode of transport with reference to the small settlements and population centres, generally known as railway these routes has enabled the researchers to create an inventory of junctions, which have a special connection within the network. The the heritage elements and to prepare a feasibility proposal aimed at re- variety of transport networks was also the subject of study. Las vias covering these old roads. de comunicación en la cartografia histórica de la cuenca del Duero: cons- trucción del territorio y paisaje (Communications Networks in the His- Finally, the research project entitled El paisaje de San Andrés y Sauces torical Mapping of the Duero Basin: Construction of the Terrain and (La Palma). Las obras públicas como clave de interpretación del pai- Landscape) is an attempt to provide scholars with information about saje (The Landscape of San Andrés and Sauces (La Palma). Public Works the interest and quality of the mapping documents and the informa- as the Key to Interpreting the Landscape), sets out the criteria for tion they hold. The main aim of this research work is to locate all the studies and for describing a specific landscape, on the basis of a his- surviving documents in the different archives referred to, as well as toric approach that begins with the Pre-Hispanic communities and ends to study their physical qualities and contents, in order to set up a map- with the present time. The starting point for this work is the physical ping database that will be easy for other researchers to access and medium and its determinants, after which the landscape is studied use. Another very interesting study on the subject of transport is El ca- in different historical periods. With colonisation from Spain as from mino de Valencia en Alcorcón y Contreras 1845- 1998. Análisis de via- the 16th Century, a largely successful attempt is made to plot an ex bilidad para su recuperación como carretera histórica (The Road to novo cultural landscape as a result of exploiting the natural resour- Valencia in Alcorcón and Contreras, 1845-1998. Analysis of the Feasi- ces. The project also analyses the enormous transforming effect of bility of Recovering it as a Historical Road). This work is a continuation the technological revolution in irrigation midway through the 20th of a line of research that was already undertaken with the aid of the Century, and the work ends with a few observations on potential trends 2006 subsidies granted by the CEHOPU. It completes the historical where the current landscape is concerned. analysis of the Madrid to Valencia Road that followed the corridor of the current A-3, along the section between Saelices (Cuenca) and Re- The next announcement regarding these subsidies will be for 2008. It quena (Valencia) and it also tackles an analysis of the Portuguese E2, is currently at the procedural stage, and it is hoped that it will be at between Almodóvar and S. Brás de Alportel. The detailed analysis of least as worthwhile as the results obtained from the earlier ones.

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