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The Ascendency of Gibraltar During the Age of Napoleon

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The Ascendency of Gibraltar During the Age of Napoleon Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2005 Becoming Nelson's Refuge and Wellington's Rock: The Ascendancy of Gibraltar during the Age of Napoleon (1793-1815) Jason R. Musteen Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES BECOMING NELSON’S REFUGE AND WELLINGTON’S ROCK: THE ASCENDANCY OF GIBRALTAR DURING THE AGE OF NAPOLEON (1793-1815) By JASON R. MUSTEEN A Dissertation submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2005 Copyright © 2005 Jason R. Musteen All Rights Reserved The members of the Committee approve the dissertation of Jason R. Musteen defended on April 5, 2005. ___________________________ Donald D. Horward Professor Directing Dissertation ___________________________ Eric Walker Outside Committee Member ___________________________ James Pickett Jones, Jr. Committee Member ___________________________ Jonathan Grant Committee Member ___________________________ Edward Wynot, Jr. Committee Member The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation is the culmination of many hours work and I believe the pleasure has been all mine; however, the burden has been shared by many. The forbearance shown by my family has been my greatest asset in concluding this study. Many hours in front of a computer have been compounded by research trips to Europe and side ventures to conferences that all took me away from them. Through it all, they have listened to stories only a historian could enjoy, they have supported me, and they have driven me to completion. Thank you, Marna, Rachel, and Jack. Although the mistakes I have inevitably made are mine alone, most of the credit for direction, accuracy, and relevance goes to my directing professor and academic mentor, Dr. Donald D. Horward, Chevalier de Légion d’Honneur and Commander de L’Ordre de Palmes Académiques. He has not only shown me patience and guidance, but has delivered me into a whole new world. He was willing to take in a soldier/biologist with nothing but a desire to learn, and he has worked diligently to turn me into a historian eager to study the Emperor. It was Dr. Horward who suggested that I examine the role of Gibraltar during the Napoleonic Wars and who made possible all the opportunities I have had to study and visit that wonderful place. I have perhaps required more work than most, but any trace of a scholar that may be found in me is a credit to this outstanding historian and teacher. My studies at Florida State University have also been enhanced by the help of three distinguished professors who have directed my path and who have helped me immensely along the way. Dr. James Pickett Jones, Jr., Dr. Jonathan Grant, and Dr. Edward Wynot have been generous enough to take me under their wing and to take the time out of their busy schedules to help me with my work. I have learned from them all and I thank them. iii I could not have chosen a greater group to share the past several years with than my colleagues at the Institute on Napoleon and the French Revolution in Tallahassee: Rick Black, Jolynda Chenicek, Mary Cooney, Karen Green, Kenny Johnson, Alexander Mikaberidze, Josh Moon, David Raymond, Steve Schwamenfeld, and Jackson Sigler. I also want to thank a few members of the extended family of the Institute: Dr. Don Barry, Dr. John Gallaher, Prince Victor Masséna, J. David Markham, Dr. John Severn, and Dr. Skip Vichness for their support of the Institute and for allowing me into the club to learn from the masters. This dissertation would still be only an idea if not for the generous financial support of several individuals who believe in the Institute and its work. I am deeply indebted to Dr. Ben Weider and Dr. George Knight for their generous support through grants and fellowships that helped fund my research in England, France, Gibraltar, Spain, and North Africa. I also wish to thank Dr. Skip Vichness for the financial support that allowed me to attend the Consortiums on Revolutionary Europe in Lafayette, Louisiana in 2003, High Point, North Carolina in 2004, and Lakeland, Florida in 2005. Sometimes you never fully appreciate the hard work of others until you truly need them. Such must surely be the case for so many librarians and library staff who help students in their research. If there is a staff more helpful than the one found at Florida State, I would be surprised. Dr. Lucia Patrick, Curator of the Special Collections at Robert Manning Strozier Library, and her staff, Deborah Rouse, Patricia Brinkely, and Julie Uhland have been indispensable to me and have provided great companionship during the many hours of wading through thousands of pages of priceless books. The same is true of the staff at the sub-basement, particularly Marianne Donnell. At West Point, Heather Bischoff and Debbie DiSalvo at the Cadet Library have been particularly helpful. I also wish to thank Sarah Tyacke, CB, Keeper of the Public Records of Great Britain and Lord Eatwell, Chairman of the Board of the British Library, as well as all their staff in Kew and London for their help in my research. I will not forget the kindness showered on me while at Gibraltar and I must extend my gratitude to the people of the Rock, without whom none of this would have been possible. I have never met a population more genuinely helpful or one that desired more to see others succeed. I cannot thank all those who helped me in my research at iv Gibraltar, but some deserve special recognition for their support in my work. There is a thriving group of local historians at Gibraltar and in the Spanish towns around Gibraltar who were particularly gracious and helpful. Ms. Brenda Soiza, Dr. Sam Benady, M.D., Tito Benady, MBE, and John Murphy, all of the Gibraltar Heritage Trust, were all particularly helpful. Miss Lorna Swift, the Librarian of the Gibraltar Garrison Library was a great source of information and her help was invaluable. Tom Finlayson, MBE, and Dennis Beiso, archivists of the Gibraltar Government Archives and Owen and Allison at the Archives were as open with their documents and as helpful as anyone could have been. Thank you all for making my experience the best it could have been. The most surprising find at Gibraltar was Commander Jim Moore, United States Navy, American Liaison to the British Forces (and the de facto U.S. Consul) in Gibraltar, who was gracious enough to take this wide-eyed wanderer into his house at historic Ince’s Farm and provide for my every need. He represents everything that is good about serving our country and he went far beyond his duty when he provided for this unexpected guest. Without the support of several officers in the U.S. Army, I would never have even been given the opportunity to attend Florida State. For believing in me and for counseling me towards a better future, I want to thank Major General Peter Chiarelli, Brigadier General Paul Revis, Lieutenant Colonel R. Scott Hickenbottom, Colonel H. R. McMaster, and Lieutenant Colonel Ty Siedule. While at West Point, my professional growth, both military and academic, has benefited greatly from the support of Colonels Robert Doughty, Lance Betros, Gary Tocchet, and Matthew Moten as well as Lieutenant Colonels Steve Arata, Gian Gentile, Dana Mangham, Maria del Pilar Ryan, and Ty Siedule. One of the great things about teaching at West Point is the mixture of junior and senior military faculty as well as some of the best civilian instructors available. Professors Eugenia Kiesling, Clifford Rogers, Steve Waddell, and Charles Steele have taught me more than I have ever taught the cadets. I would be remiss if I did not also acknowledge the help of my fellow gibrones, Majors John Hall, Clay Mountcastle, Josh Moon, and John Walmsley as well as Majors Rick Black, Brian Gibby, and Tom Rider in the Military History Division at West Point. v TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ·················································································································viii List of Figures ··················································································································ix Abstract ·····················································································································xi Introduction: The Rock of Ages···························································································1 Chapter 1. Revolution! Toulon to Cape St. Vincent, 1793-1797 ································· 13 Chapter 2. From the Pillars to the Pyramids: The Nile and Egypt, 1798-1801··········· 32 Chapter 3. The Battles of Algeciras and the Gut of Gibraltar: French Victory and Saumarez’s Revenge, 1801········································································· 53 Chapter 4. A Royal Mess: The Duke of Kent at Gibraltar, 1802-03····························· 87 Chapter 5. Gibraltar Fever: The Perennial Killer ····················································· 110 Chapter 6. A Hero Returns: The Battle of Trafalgar·················································· 130 Chapter 7. Sir Hew Dalrymple at Gibraltar: The Origins of the Spanish War, 1806-1808································································································· 147 Chapter 8. Defending the Rock and Projecting Power:
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