Vol XXXI, No. 5 May, 1949

WE THE PEOPLES AND HUMAN RIGHTS Catherine chaefer

SOME SOCIAL ASPECTS OF SOCIAL JUSTICE Rev. John F. ocik, O.S. . .

AN INTERNATIONAL BRIDGE WORKSHOP FOR PRIESTS OLD AGE AND SURVIVORS INSURANCE A BISHOP TELLS THE MEN

Holy Father Speaks In the Interest of the Holy Land

A NATIONAL MONTHLY PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL CATHOLIC WELFARE CONFERENCE

Priee: 30e NATIONAL CATHOLIC WELFARE CONFERENCE

"Over a manifold activitfl of the Zaitfl, carried on in varioua localitiea according TABLE OF CONTENTS lo the need• of the timea, ia placed the National OathoZic Welfare Oonference, an orpanization which aupiJ].iea a readfl and well-adapted inltrument for flour epiacopal muai1trt1."-Pope Pius XII. MAY, 1949 The National Catholic Welfare Conference was organized in Septt-mber, 1919. TheN. C. W. C. is a common agency acting under the authority of the bishops to promote the welfare of the Catholics of the country. PAGE It has for its incorporated purposes "unifying, coordinating and organizing the CathoJic people of the United States in works of education, social welfare, immigrant Our Common Catholic Interests..... 3 aid and other activities." WorkshoP for Priests-In Anticipa­ The Conference is conducted by an administrative board composed of ten arch­ tion. bishops and bishops aided by seven assistant bishops. Each department of the N. C. W. 0. is administered by an episcopal chairman. Through the general seer tary, chief executive officer of the onfet·ence, the re­ ports of the departments and information on the general work of the headquarters We the Peoples and Human Rights. 4 staff are sent regularly to the members of the administrative board. By Catherine Schaefer. The administrative bishops of the Conference report annually upon their work to the Holy See. Annually at the general meeting of the bishops, detailed reports are submitted by N.C.W.C. Speaks on Old Age and the administrative bishops of the Conference and authorization secured for the work Survivors Insurance ...... 6 of the coming year. No official action is taken by any N. C. W. 0. department without authorization of its episcopal chairman. Some Special Aspects of Social No official action is taken in the name of the whole Conference without authoriza- Justice ...... 7 tion and approval of the administrative board. It is not the policy of theN. C. W. C. to create new organizations. By Rev. Jolm F. Tocik, O.S.F.S. It helps, unifies, and leaves to their own fields those that already exist. It aims to defend and advance the welfare both of the Catholic Church and of our beloved Country. It seeks to inform the life of America of right fundamental principles of religion Month by Month with the N.C.W.C.. I 0 and morality. It is a central clearing house of information regarding activities of Catholic men and women. National Council Catholic Women . . 12 N. C. W. C. is comprised of the following departments and bureaus: An lnternaiiottal Bridge-DiocesatJ EXECUTIVE--Bureaus maintained: Immigration, National Oenter Oonfraternit11 of Ohristian Doctrine, Information, Publications, BusineBI and Auditing, and OATH­ Councils Entertaitt National Presi­ OLIO ACTION, monthlv publication, N. C. W. 0. dmt-D.C.C.W. Convmtiom Fea­ YoUTH-Facilitates exchange of information regarding the philosophy, organization, and program-content of Catholic youth organizations; promotes the National ture W' omat~'s Role--On the Inter- Catholic Youth ouncil, the federating agency for all existing, approved Catholic 11ational Front-News Rozmd-up youth groups, contacts and evaluates national governmental and non-govern­ -With Our Nationals. mental youth organizations and youth servicing organizations. EDUCATION-Divisions: Statiatics and Information, Teacher Placement, Re1earoh Oatholic Education, Librartl Service, and Inter-American Oollaboration. National Council Catholic Men . .... 16 PRESs-Serves the Catholic press in the United States and abroad with regular new1, features, editorial and pictorial sertJicea. A Bishop Tells the Men-New Na­ SOOIAL ACTION--Covers the fields of Induatrial Relation~, International A6air1, Oivic tional Affiliates-From the Field­ Bducation, Social Welfare, Familt! Life, and Rural Life. Radio Schedule. LEGAL--Serves as a clearing house of information on federal, state and local legislation. LAY ORGANIZATIONS-Includes the National Council of Catholic Men and the National Council of Catholic Women, which maintain at N. 0. W. C. headquarters perma­ Holy Father Speaks in ihe Interest of nent representations in the interests of the Catholic laity. These councils function through some 8,000 affiliated societies-national, state, diocesan, district, local and the Holy Land ...... 18 parish ; also through units of the councils in many of the dioceses. Text of Encyclical Letter of April The N. C. 0. M. maintains at its national headquarters a Catholic Evidence 15, 1949-R.edemptoris Nostri. Bureau, sponsors three weekly nationwide radio programs-the Catholic Hour over the National BroadcastiJ!g Company's Network, and the Hour of Faith over the American Broadcasting Company's Network, and the Catholic program in the "Faith in Our Time" series on the Mutual Broadcasting System-and con­ Calendar of Scheduled Catholic ducts a Catholic Radio Bureau. The N. C. C. W. through its National Committee System maintains an adult Meetings and Events ...... 19 education service, transmitti11g to its affiliates information and suggestions in all fields covered by the N. C. W. C., and conducting Institutes and Regional Con­ ferences for leadership training; it cooperates with War Relief Services­ N. C. W. C. in a continuing clothing project for children; from 1921 to 1947 it sponsored the National Catholic School of Social Service. CATHOLIC ACTION STUDY-Devoted to re earch and reports as to pronouncements methods, programs and achievements in the work of Catholic Action at home and abroad. The contents of CATHOLIC AcTION arc All that are helped may play their part in promoting the good work and in main­ L.ndexed in the Catholic Periodical Index. taining the common agency, the National Catholic Welfare Conference. CATHOLIC ACTION records monthly the work of the Conference and its affili­ ated organizations. It presents our common needs and opportunities. Its special article are helpful to every Catholic organization and individual.

CATHOLIC ACTION published monthly by the National Catholic Welfare Conference. lbntered as second-class matter at tht> post office at Washington, D. C. under the Act of Mar('h 3, 1 79. All changes of n

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[ 21 CATHOLIC ACTION CATHOLIC ACTION

Vol XXXI, No.5 May, 1949

ORTY-THREE priests, mostly diocesan The gathering also received greetings and con­ Fmoderators for Councils of Catholic Men and gratulations from His Eminence Giuseppe Cardi­ Women, or otherwise interested in lay organi­ nal Pizzardo, president of the Central Office of zation work, from thirty dioceses, gathered Catholic Action in Rome. in Washington, April19 to 22, for a ((Workshop" ((The initiative of organizing the workshop," for priest moderators. Most Rev. said Cardinal Pizzardo, (tis most certainly oppor­ Workshop Robert E. Lucey, episcopal chairman tune and will bring about a real advance in the for of the Department of Lay Organi­ Christian apostolate, already so flourishino- and pro­ Priests zations, N.C.W.C., sponsored the ductive of good in your noble nation. Workshop and addressed the priests ((Catholic Action," Cardinal Pizzardo contin­ at the :final session and later accompanied them ued, ubeing, according to the now historical defi­ to be received by His Excellency, the Apostolic nition, the cooperation of the laity in the hier­ Delegate to the United States. archial apostolate of the Church, while always No ((speeches" were made during the Workshop depending on the Bishops, is an activity especially proper, the sessions being conducted strictly on carried out by the Catholic laity, which works the discussion type of meeting. The program with real and genuine responsibility." (Pius XII was organized under four general heads: Tech­ in a letter to Cardinal Piazza, October, 1947) niques of Spiritual Motivation; Techniques of n ••• The (Spiritual Moderator' is rightly the soul, Assisting in Organizational Work of the Councils which gives life and vitality to the Catholic or­ of Men and Women; Techniques of Assisting in ganization with which he works; ... the forma­ Programming for the Councils; and Techniques tion indispensable for every apostolate is largely of Dealing with other Priests in regard to the his responsibility." Councils. ATHOLIC ACTION regrets that reports on The emphasis was placed entirely on problem­ several of the important meetings now tak­ solving rather than information-giving, and spe­ C ing place at N.C.W.C. headquarters, or at cific topics discussed were problems sent in or least under the sponsorship of various departments brought in by the moderators themselves. Some of the Conference, must be delayed until our June of the questions were: ((What are practical ways issue. Our readers may, therefore, to develop spiritual motivation in lay leaders?"; In expect next month accounts of the ((What has the National Council done (or intend Anticipation Spring Meeting of the N.C.W.C. to do) in furnishing material on the technique of Administrative Board and the ac­ Catholic Action?"; ((How does one find lay companying impressive ceremony of the blessing leaders?"; uwhat are the best plans for obtaining of the statue of Christ the Light of the World funds for operating the diocesan lay activities now adorning the facade of the N.C.W.C. head­ office?"; ((How can the Diocesan Councils place quarters building; the National Conference on more emphasis on civic and community action?"; Catholic Youth Work, sponsored by the N.C.W.C. ((How do you interest the Dean and then the Youth Department; the annual meetings of the Pastor in Catholic Action?" National Council of Catholic Men and the Exec­ At luncheon on the opening day, greetings were utive Board of the National Council of Catholic extended by Archbishop Patrick A. O'Boyle of Women; and the annual convention of the Na­ Washington and Rt. Rev. Msgr. Howard J. Car­ tional Catholic Educational Association in Phila­ roll, general secretary of N.C.W.C. delphia.

May, 1949 [ 3 1 We the Peoples And Human Rights Catherine Schaefer

HE introduction of the case of Cardinal United Nations to achieve international coopera­ Mindszenty and of the trials of other Church tion in promoting and in encouraging respect for leaders in Hungary and Bulgaria into the human rights and fundamental freedoms. Under General Assembly of the United Nations high­ Articles 55 and 56, the United Nations are obliged lights the increasing recognition of human rights to promote through joint and separate actions, as a basic factor in world peace today. It also universal respect for and observance of human emphasizes a growing world conscience which this rights and fundamental freedoms for all. These recognition is forcing on peoples too long accus­ articles are not limited to states members of the tomed to divorcing personal morality from public United Nations. Therefore, even though Hun­ and social life. It is the most dramatic of several gary and Bulgaria are not members, the articles cases involving mass or symptomatic violations of apply to U.N. action in regard to them. The human rights already brought before organs of matter was considered so important that in the the United Nations. Charter of the United Nations, provision was The central issue in the Cold War is ideological; made for the establishment under the Economic it involves the purpose and the nature of man, and Social Council of a Commission of Human his rights and his responsibilities in society. The Rights. Its first task was the writing of a Bill of same issue under much the same guise flared into Rights-to include international recognition (a the holocaust of World War II. Declaration), legal obligations (a Covenant) and At the opening of the General Assembly of the legal sanctions (Implementation) with regard to United Nations in Paris, Secretary Marshall ex­ human rights. pressed this relationship in terms of both a moral After more than two years of work by this judgment and of today's crisis: Commission, and after more committee meetings ((Systematic and deliberate denials of basic of the General Assembly of the United Nations human rights lie at the root of most of our than were ever devoted to any other problem, the troubles and threaten the work of the United General Assembly adopted on midnight Decem­ Nations. It is not only fundamentally wrong that ber 10, in Paris, a Universal Declaration of Human millions of men and women live in daily terror of Rights as cca common standard of achievement secret police, subject to seizure, imprisonment, or for all peoples and all nations." Accepted by forced labor without just cause and without fair peoples from all over the world representing trial, but these wrongs have repercussions in the greatly different cultures, traditions and religions, community of nations. Governments which sys­ it is a formal international acknowledgment that tematically disregard the rights of their own all men, as equal members of the human family, people are not likely to respect the rights of other have ((inalienable" rights, which neither the State nations and other people and are likely to seek nor any individual may grant or take from them. their objectives by coercion and force in the Naturally, the Communist USSR and its com­ international field." munist satellites, which expressed the opposite Due largely to the efforts of United States point of view both verbally and in practice, ab­ non-governmental organizations, including the stained from voting on this Declaration. National Catholic Welfare Conference and the The Declaration covers such important personal Catholic Association for International Peace, the and civil rights as the right to life, liberty and international recognition of the importance of security of person; rights against being held in human rights began simultaneously with the slavery, servitude, torture, and inhuman treat­ formal recognition of the physical unity of the ment and punishment; arbitrary arrest, detention world in the establishment of the United Nations. or exile; the right to a fair and public hearing by Under Article 1, paragraph 3, of the United an independent and impartial tribunal; the right Nations Charter, it is one of the purposes of the to be presumed innocent until proved guilty ac-

14] CATHOLIC ACTION cording to law in the case of penal offenses; the Dr. Charles Malik of Lebanon, who served as right not to be subjected to arbitrary interference rapporteur of the Human Rights Commission and with privacy, family, home or correspondence and as Chairman of the 58-member Social Committee to the protection of the law against such inter­ of the General Assembly which dealt with the ference or attacks; the right to seek and enjoy in Declaration, paid public tribute to the fact that other countries asylum from persecution; the the third paragraph of Article 16, reading ((The right to freedom of religion to believe, practice family is the natural and fundamental group unit and worship-and to freedom of expression and of society and is entitled to protection by society of assembly. and the State," was a non-governmental organi­ Recognition of social and economic rights, zation contribution. (It is in fact the wording without which it is particularly difficult for man of the N.C.W.C. Declaration.) The third para­ in the state of society today to enjoy or realize graph of Article 26, which reads ccParents have other rights or to develop fully his personality, is a prior right to choose the kind of education that also given. Some of these deal with the rights to shall be given to their children," he declared was work, to a free choice of employment, to just another significant non-governmental organiza­ wages, adequate for decent living for self and tion contribution. (It was a Catholic organiza­ family, to form and join trade unions and, the tion initiative and Catholic organization action right to education. which was responsible for its inclusion.) Both The limitation of rights by the rights and free­ articles were bitterly debated and contested. doms of others and by the just requirements of Other important items for which Catholic morality, public order and the general welfare, organizations worked unsuccessfully were for the and duties to the community, are stated in separate recognition of God as the source of man's rights, and for the inclusion of ((requirements of truth" articles. in the general limitations clause, with particular Not only the Governmental Delegates, but the reference to the articles on freedom of religion nwe the Peoples of the United Nations" in the and of speech. However, both of these concepts form of non-governmental organizations, con­ are implicit in the terms of the Declaration. tributed to the careful and arduous writing of Man's dignity is described as ((inherent," he is this Declaration. Because it dealt with the essen­ described as ((endowed" with reason and con­ tial nature of man, child of God, the Catholics of science. Tht! active force behind these attributes the world were in the forefront with recommen­ can be no other than the Creator. The require­ dations for its proper formulation. ments of truth are properly included in nthe A special committee of the National Catholic requirements of morality," stipulated in the limi­ Welfare Conference published a Declaration of tations article. Human Rights at the beginning of the first session Another article to which Catholic organizations of the Human Rights Commission in January, unsuccessfully objected because of its possible 1947. This document, a classic expression of the interpretation according to the intention of some rights and duties of man and society under the of its chief proponents is the last sentence of natural law, was presented to members of the paragraph ( 1 ) of Article 16: ((They (men and Commission, figured prominently in its early dis­ women) are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, cussions, and received wide attention in the public during marriage and at its dissolution." It may press. (A commentary on each of the articles in be pointed out, however, that equal rights do not this Declaration has been issued by the Ethics mean identical rights-e.g., a husband does not Committee of the Catholic Association for Inter­ have the right to bear a child-and that a valid national Peace under the title ((Timeless Rights in dissolution of marriage occurs at the death of one Modern Times.") The N.C.W.C. Family Life or other spouse. Bureau issued an illuminating commentary on the By the interpretation, observance and teaching section dealing with Family Rights. Later, the of the Declaration in the light of fundamental Councils of Catholic Men and Women and Com­ moral principles, Catholics can do much to get mittees of the Catholic Association for Interna­ this interpretation accepted by those who lack the tional Peace submitted recommendations to the luminous guide and help of Religion in getting United States governmental delegations. The ac­ to know the natural law. tivity in this country was matched by that of From a legal viewpoint, the Declaration as a similar organizations in other countries. On the whole is not binding in law on any government. international level, the International Union of However, it seems to have more than ordinary Catholic Women's Leagues made recommenda­ moral force with regard to legal interpretation tions directly to the Human Rights Commission in view of two articles of the United Nations and to the Economic and Social Council of the Charter (55 and 56) obligating the nations to United Nations. (Turn to page 9)

May, 1949 [ 5] N.C.W.C. Speaks on Old A~ ge and Survivors Insurance

"FROM the very inception of the Excerpts from Statement by tional institutions, as employers, were Social Security System, the Na­ Eugene J. Butler, Assistant Di­ permitted, in the proposed legislation, tional Catholic Welfare Confer­ rector, Legal Department, N.C. to determine whether or not to make the contributions to the Old Age and ence has been concerned over the status W.C., Before House Committee Survivors Insurance Fund and thus of employes of religious organizations on Ways and Means, April 21, make it possible for the employes to in relation to Old Age and Survivors 1949. be covered into the system .... Insurance, and on many occasions has «That proposal was embodied in olic Welfare Conference on this Im­ expressed its sincere desire to have the amendments to the Social Security Act lay employes of these organizations portant subject over the years. which the House of Representatives covered under this program. «It has always been the contention approved, but which failed of enact­ ment in the Senate. ((When the legislation was first un­ of the N.C.W.C. that the employes der consideration, and again in 1939 of religious, charitable and educational ((It is our sincere opinion that the organizations should be covered. The proposals contained in the legislation ... a spokesman for the N.C.W.C. presently under consideration (H. R. N.C.W.C. has objected strongly to the appealed for coverage for the lay em­ 2893) are adequate to meet the prob­ ployes of such organizations and, at fact that its employes and the em­ lem which the N.C.W.C. considers the same time, asked for serious con­ ployes of similar organizations were most important. denied the benefits which Old Age and sideration of methods to protect the ((It is a matter of simple justice that traditional exemption from taxes of Survivors Insurance makes available the employes of religious, charitable religious organizations. . . . Later, a to all other employes. However, it and educational institutions be pro­ communication was directed to the contended sincerely, and still insists, tected by the provisions of Old Age and Survivors Insurance. From the Chairman of the Senate Committee on that the traditional tax-exempt status standpoint of economics, it is impera­ of religious organizations is not merely Finance which stated, in part: tive that they enjoy these benefits. It a •catch' phrase, but a symbol of a •The Administrative Board is not good for the continued efficient distinctive American heritage. Far operation of any such institution that (N.C.W.C.) pleads for a formula from being a special privilege, it is a its employes are strongly attracted to of participation of workers in the recognition by the Federal Govern­ other employment offering the Social Old Age benefits of the Act with­ ment of the important contributions Security benefits denied to them in re­ to the general welfare made by re­ out prejudice to the tax-exempt ligious, charitable and educational in­ ligious, charitable and educational or­ stitutions. status of the non-profit religious, ganizations and institutions. charitable and educational institu­ «H. R. 2 8 9 3, in our opinion, in pro­ «Therefore, the N a tiona! Catholic tions.' viding these benefits for this class of Welfare Conference has regarded this employe, is a long step forward in the «In March of 1946, a spokesman problem as one with two facets. On advancement of this great social pro­ the one hand, there was the desire on gram. for the N.C.W.C. appeared before the part of the Administrative Board your Committee, and in presenting his that all of its employes, and the em­ «At the same time, this legislation, testimony stated, in part: ployes of all religious organizations, H. R. 2893, recognizes the importance should enjoy the benefits which this of the American heritage of which I •The exclusion of these employes program makes available. On the other have spoken, and protects it. It makes (of religious organizations), unfair hand, there was this tradition, this completely voluntary, as did the Lynch though it is, is traceable to the fail­ American heritage, that religious or­ Bill of the 79th Congress and the ure of this Committee to develop a ganizations should be exempt from Committee proposals of last year, the formula under which provision direct tax levies. This principle, deeply decision whether or not a religious, rooted in our national history, the charitable or educational institution would be made to extend to these N.C.W.C. believes is worth preserving shall contribute to the fund for Old employes the benefits of Old Age and defending .... Age and Survivors Insurance coverage. and Survivors Insurance but which, «During the 80th Congress, the Ad­ «This measure makes provision for in extending benefits, would give ministrative Board was heartened by regulations covering the manner in sincere and full recognition to the the proposal your Committee made in which such an employer may make its fact that traditionally these church­ this connection. It was proposed at voluntary contributions. The Na­ related activities have been generally that time that employes of religious, tional Catholic Welfare Conference is exempt from taxation.' charitable and educational organiza­ confident that care will be taken to tions should be covered into the pro­ make these regulations just and equi­ ((Very briefly, this has been the con­ gram on a •voluntary' basis. In other table both to the employers and em­ sistent attitude of the National Cath- words, religious, charitable and educa- ployes ... .''

[ 6] CATHOLIC ACTION Some Social Aspects Of Social Justice Rev. John F. Tocik, O.S.F.S.

HERE is a great deal of talk of social justice let us push these negative measures, but remember T today, and much more is written about it. As not to stop there. far as it shows that social justice is stirring Social justice suffers from a twofold deficiency. from a prolonged slumber, this is a healthy sign. It is not known well enough, and, paradoxically, Socially, we are becoming aware of the signif­ it is too well known. By being too well known, icance of social justice. The awareness is a re­ I mean that social justice is used too much like a sultant of a sick economy and faulty distribution. tag, a slogan, a catch-word. It is a sonorous phrase It seems that bitter experience is always a good that will fit readily into any sort of oratory. One task-master. need but to seek for a definition of social justi<;e Because the labor-management question is (The to discover how thoughtlessly the concept is Social Problem" of the age, there is a tendency to bandied about. Catch-words and slogans have a think that social justice is concerned only with way of becoming emaciated. Note what has hap­ such issues as higher wages, better working condi­ pened to the word, ((democracy." Social justice tions, old age insurance, and the like. There is is too important a concept to be tampered with no attempt made here to minimize the importance in this way. of these objectives; and, of course, social justice What is social justice? Philosophically, it has busies itself with the attainment of such goals. been described by St. Thomas as the virtue that But from a theoretical and philosophical point of directs all actions to the common good. It is a view, social justice goes much deeper. Establish­ directive force with the ((common good" as the ing and maintaining rights in the labor-manage­ goal. Because the law and law makers should be ment area is the application of the principles of more conscious of the common good, the virtue social justice in a particular case or cases. It is is sometimes called legal justice. But it is to be not correct to say that this is social justice in its noted that not only the government, capital, and entirety. Moreover, it would be wrong to think management are obliged to respect the common that all will be well when these above-mentioned good, but every member of society, the laborer, objectives are attained. On the labor-manage­ and the working man are likewise bound. The ment front we are attacking outer battlements worker is especially mentioned here, because it is and establishing front line positions. I do not too much taken for granted that management think that we are at the heart of the matter. At and capital alone have failed to consider the com­ the present moment we are using negative proced­ mon good of society by their exploitations. It is ures and not doing too much about positive action. to be feared that many a laborer demanding cer­ It is very much like legislating against divorce tain concessions would be the first to deny them, with the expectation that nationwide family dis­ were the shoe on the other foot. Many a person organization will somehow be corrected thereby. clamoring for social justice is throwing up a smoke Or it is like assuming that legislation against birth screen for selfish objectives of his own. In reality control will correct the small family peril. Such he does not care a ((continental" for the common legislation, although wholesome, would not throw good as long as he gets his portion of whatever is any light on the riddle of why modern society being handed out. We all know that capital has does not want children. For it is evident that if been tainted with rugged individualism, but do children are really desirable and wanted very not forget that rugged individualism has not been much, there is no birth control problem. Perhaps absent from the ranks of labor either. And be­ this is over simplification, but it is a positive ap­ cause capital has long sinned against the common proach to the problem rather than a negative one. good, it is hardly a solution to allow labor to have Negative approaches to these social problems will its innings. The pendulum will be always swing­ perhaps insure the minimum requirements, which ing to either extreme if the concept of the com­ still leaves a lot of work to be done. By all means, mon good is buried by both sides.

May, 1949 [ 7 1 There is need of a consciousness, a feeling for, but they do point to the spirit that is responsible an awareness of, the common good of society by for capital-labor problems. all members of the group. And, anyone who is Education for group thinking and common selfish, grasping, anyone who is a rugged indivi­ good awareness should begin in the home. The dual, anyone who is thinking only of himself and family, although an imperfect society, is a real is not group minded, is violating social justice. society. It is an institution characterized by face­ In a huge, complex society, as we find it today, • to-face relationships and cooperation that sociol­ the common good is generally considered to be ogists like to call a primary group. It is the first too far removed to bother about. Like the indivi­ society that the individual meets in life. Like all dual vote, the individual contribution to the com­ societies it too has a common good, and the indivi­ mon good seems insignificant and is thereby passed dual cannot be too young to begin his training for over. And yet we have learned from experience it. Each individual in the family should be trained what evils can arise when citizens refuse to con­ to a sensitivity of the common good. For in­ tribute their vote, insignificant though it appear stance, it could be pointed out that it would be to be. against the common good of the family for any Even a cursory observation will reveal a univer­ member to come late for dinner. Since such an sal lack of awareness of the common good of the action would result in unfairly holding up the group. During the war, time and time again, I remainder of the family, it would be an imposi­ witnessed members of the armed forces wantonly tion, a violation of the common good of the misusing delicate apparatus costing thousands of family. There should be a determined effort to dollars (and this was not in an emergency) , pre­ foster family spirit and family pride, because this sumably on the theory that it was expendable be­ would insure group consciousness. Selfishness, cause it belonged to the government. Anything inconsideration for other members of the family belonging to the government is mistreated in pre­ group, would be outlawed because such attitudes sent day society on the theory that the govern­ would be against the common good of the familial ment has plenty of money. The thought that society. Of course, there is no guarantee that a tax-payers must eventually underwrite such a good family member will transfer this group at­ debt is ignored. Here is one area where a keener titude to other societies such as, the church, state, awareness of the common good of the group could or civic groups, but one thing is certain-if this stand a great deal of improvement. Many an attitude is missing on this first, primary level, it otherwise respectable citizen is guilty of violating will never appear on the other levels. social justice in this respect. Have you ever no­ Education and training in this in-group feeling ticed how some people misuse and maltreat such for social justice covers quite a bit of territory. public places as parks and monuments? Every But it is a noble virtue, much needed and much public park must employ police to prevent vandals desired in present day society. According to St. from stealing flowers, cutting down expensive Thomas, it is the social virtue; ((outshining all the shrubbery, and from practically running away other virtues in majesty and splendor as the morn­ with the whole area. Why this complete lack of ing star outshines all the other stars in the firma­ conscience on the part of erstwhile law-abiding ment." citizens? Why is it fashionable to disregard the plain fact that the park or property is for the common good of all the citizenry? Such actions READY JUNE 1 are violations of social justice because the common good is ignored. And how explain the shabby THE COMMON GOOD IN INDUSTRY treatment of free library books except that only a few are broad-minded enough to keep other peo­ A New Pamphlet By REv. R. A. McGowAN, Director, and ple in their considerations. On one occasion in REV. JoHN F. CRONIN, S.S., Asst. Director, consulting an encyclopedia, I found that an entire N.C.W.C. Social Action Department section was expertly cut out by some enterprising The Common Good in Industry, which appeared in individual interested only in his own needs. The the April, 1949, issue of CATHOLIC AcTION, discusses destruction of an expensive encyclopedia, or the causes of problems of labor-management relations and shameless abuse of the rights of others-these con­ takes up the industry council plan for cooperative siderations did not deter the despoiler in any way. action in this field. These are examples of rugged individualism and Price: 1 Oc per copy, plus postage. self-centeredness blissfully unaware of the com­ Address: N.C.W.C. PUBLICATIONS OFFICE mon good of the group. These are examples of 1312 MASSACHUSETTS AvENUE, N. W. • violations of social justice, and yet they have WASHINGTON 5, D. C. nothing to do with actual capital-labor problems,

[ 8 1 CATHOLIC ACTION WE THE PEOPLES AND HUMAN RIGHTS (Continued from page 5) respect and observe the principles of human rights. The pertinent articles of the Declaration have already been invoked in connection with these two articles of the Charter in the case of the Hungarian and Bulgarian trials of religious leaders. The Human Rights Commission has already done some t;reliminary work on the drafting of a Conventi011 of Human Rights which will go beyond recognition and will be legally binding on those nations which ratify it. The Commission meets again on May 9 to complete this task and 0 I L -1950 to work out some kind of enforcement or imple­ J mentation provision. Complete Illustrated It is understood that this Convention cannot be as coraprehensive as the Declaration. How­ Information Booklet ever, the fundamental rights, including those re­ lating to the family, should all be included in this Send lor Your Copy NOW first Convention, and the more complicated rights such as those relating to Statelessness, should be treated by a series of later conventions so that AMERICAN EXPRESS - eventually all governments will feel bound inter­ CATHOLIC TRAVEL LEAGUE nationally and legally, as they are bound morally, to observe human rights in their own country. .National Headquarters: Already opposition to this concept has arisen {Dept. M-18) in the United States on the grounds of interfer­ ; ence with internal sovereignty. This is the argu­ 1841 Broadway. New York 23. N.Y. Inent the Soviet States are using in the Mindszenty and slave labor cases. Hitler no doubt considered The personal conviction of man's dignity and the extermination of the Jews in the concentration the knowledge of his rights and responsibilitie gas chambers a matter of internal sovereignty. towards his fellow men everywhere are in the long The moral law is not obliterated by State bound­ run the only guarantee of human rights. Catholic aries. Certainly those who recognize the moral organizations are especially equipped to educate law should be willing to be bound by positive law in respect for human dignity, rights and obliga­ based on it. As Mr. Ricardo Alfaro of Panama tions, of which the Declaration is an expression. said, all violations of human rights occur within Thousands of copies of the Declaration are the jurisdiction of States. If they were outside available. They should be studied in connection domestic jurisdiction, they would be aggression. with such basic commentaries as the N.C.W.C. The juridical aspect of human rights is a highly Declaration and ((Timeless Rights in Modern important one. But it must be bulwarked by Times." The organizations all have their own political, economic and social action to permit the methods of education but all techniques, round full and free exercise of human rights. This re­ tables, study clubs, discussion groups, forums, quires ( 1) the maintenance or the development of panels, lectures, publications, slides, movies, radios free institutions and self-government for the and the other media of visual and so-called mass peoples of all countries; and ( 2) the free and education should be utilized to this purpose. This equitable access by the peoples of the earth to the is a challenge to Catholic organizations which can goods and resources which were created for all heighten the whole quality of American world the peoples of the earth. The various organs and leadership and help to transform the world. Specialized Agencies, such as the Food and Agri­ The most immediate effect of this education is cultural Organization, the World Health Organi­ on the local and national level, in personal rela­ zation, etc., of the U.N., offer means whereby tions and practice, in the practices of organiza­ these aims may be achieved internationally. The tions and communities, and in work to help bring second aim, particularly, can not be fully achieved the laws of the community and the country into whether in the United States or internationally conformity with the principles of the Declara­ without the conscious recognition of the principle tion, interpreted in the sense of the moral law. and its conscious implementation by the people If we follow Catholic teaching this should not be of the United States. a difficult task.

May, 1949 (9J Bishop Charles H. Helmsing Latest Member of U. S. H;erarchy Month by Month , On March 3 0 announcement was made by the Apostolic Delegation in Washington of the appointment by the Holy See of Very Rev. Msgr. Charles Herman Helmsing of St. Louis to be Titular Bishop of Axomis and Auxiliary to Archbishop Joseph E. Ritter of St. Louis. Bishop-designate Wayne Diocese, and now Columbus diocesan youth director, Helmsing was consecrated in the St. Louis Cathedral, St. has been awarded the Benemerenti medal by His Holiness, Louis, on April 19, and left immediately with Archbishop Pope Pius XII, in recognition of his many years of service Ritter for Rome. to American young people. The announcement was made At the time of His Excellency's designation to the bishop­ by The Most Rev. Michael J. Ready, Bishop of Columbus. ric, he was serving as director of the Society for the Propaga­ tion of the Faith for the Archdiocese of St. Louis and has held other pastoral and diocesan responsibilities. He has N.C.W.C. Pattern been secretary to the Archbishop of St. Louis since February, For Organization in Far East 1946. The National Catholic Welfare Conference has again Our prayerful good wishes and congratulations are with served as a pattern for unifying Catholic thought on a Bishop Helmsing. nation-wide scale-this time in South Korea. The Rev. Hugh Craig, M.M., spent some time last year Monsignor Patrick J. Byrne, M.M., studying the activities of the National Catholic Welfare Named Apostolic Delegate to Korea Conference and has since been working toward a similar organization in Korea. Meeting in Seoul, the Bishops of An American priest-Monsignor Patrick J. Byrne, M.M.­ South Korea decided to establish a Catholic Central Com­ has been appointed the first Apostolic Delegate to Korea mittee, which will act as an agency to provide information and raised to the episcopate as Titular Bishop of Gazera. and services in connection with problems common to the Since August, 1947, Bishop-designate Byrne has served as various ecclesiastical jurisdictions. There are six Ordinaries Apostolic Visitator to Korea. in South Korea: three Koreans, one of the Paris Foreign His Excellency was ordained in Baltimore in 1914 and Mission Society, and two Prefects Apostolic of the St. Co­ has served in both the Korean and Japanese missions of the lumbans Mission Society. Maryknoll Fathers. In 1927 he was appointed Prefect Apostolic of Peng Yang, Korea, and in 1937, Prefect Apos­ DP Students Coming To tolic of Kyoto, Japan. He remained in Japan throughout Catholic Colleges in the United States World War II. Sincere congratulations are extended to Bishop-designate In response to an appeal launched by the National Catholic Byrne. Educational Association, thirty-five Catholic colleges have offered over one hundred scholarships for DP students. War Relief Services-N.C.W.C. is arranging for the over­ N.C.W.C. News Service Director seas registration of candidates, and the records of eligible Honored for Twenty-five Years' Service students will be submitted to the sponsoring college. Once the required guarantees of a home and study opportunity The Apostolic Blessing of His Holiness Pope Pius XII are filed with the diocesan resettlement directors, War was conveyed to Frank A. Hall, director of the N.C.W.C. News Service, on March 31, when he completed 25 years with the Service. Messages of felicitation also were sent to Mr. Hall by Archbishop John T. McNicholas of Cin­ cinnati, chairman of the N.C.W.C. Administrative Board; CATHOLIC ACTION-MoNTHLY PuBLICAnoN op '1'fiJI Bishop Michael J. Ready of Columbus, episcopal chairman "We have grouped together, under the National Cath­ of the N.C.W.C. Press Department; Bishop Thomas K. olic Welfare Conference, the variouJ agencit1 by which Gorman of Reno, assistant episcopal chairman; by former the cause of religion iJ furthered. Each of these, con­ episcopal chairmen and many others. Bishop Ready also tinuing its own special work in itJ chosen field, will now transmitted the Holy Father's blessing, which was com­ derive additional tupport through general cooperation." municated to him in a cablegram from Monsignor Giovanni -From the 1919 Pastoral Letter of the Archbishops and Bishops of the U. S. Battista Montini, substitute papal secretary of State. Mr. Hall joined the N.C.W.C. Ne1vs Service staff in 1924, OFFICERS OF THE already possessed of extensive writing and editing experience N.C.W.C. ADMINISTRATIVE BOARD in the secular newspaper field. He served the News Service Most Rev. John T. McNicholas, O.P., Archbishop of Cincin­ first as a reporter, then as an editor, and has been its director nati, chairman of the Administrative Board and episcopal chair­ since 1932. The News Service was founded by the Bishops man of the Executive Department; Most Rev. Francis P. Keough, of the United States in 1920 as an agency for the world-wide Archbishop of Baltimore, vice chairman of the Administrative collection and dissemination of Catholic news. Mr. Hall Board and ~piscopal chairman of the Department of Education; is the second director to guide its destinies. Most Rev. John Mark Gannon, Bishop of Erie, treasurer of the Administrative Board; Most Rev. John F. Noll, Bishop of Fort Former N.C.W.C. Official Wayne, secretary of the Adminhtrative Board; Most Rev. Robert Honored by Holy Father E. Lucey, Archbishop of San Antonio, episcopal chairman of Department of Lay Organizations; Most Rev. Richard J. Cushin Rev. Edward Vincent Mooney, C.S.C., formerly director Archbishop of Boston, episcopal chairman of the Youth Depart­ of the N.C.W.C. Youth Department, supervisor of youth ment; Most Rev. Joseph E. Ritter, Archbishop of St. Louis, epis- programs for the Knights of Columbus and Boy Scouts, Notre Dame and St. Edward's Universities, and the Fort

[ I 0] CATHOLIC ACTION Since early 1946 WRS relief material has enabled the Aus­ trian "Caritas" to carry out an effective relief program in ith the N.C.W.C. all parts of the country.

Two Confraternity Publications Translated into Spanish The Confraternity series of Parent Educator leaflets on Relief Services-N.C.W.C. will take the necessary steps to religious education by parents of pre-school children, which bring DP students to the United States. has been widely distributed in the United States, has recently This DP student program aims at training for future been translated into Spanish by the Rev. Humberto C. leadership young people among the displaced nationalities. Rodriguez of the Diocese of Puebla, Mexico, for use in South and Central America and in Spanish-speaking parts of this New Education Booklet country. The twenty-four leaflets have been combined Receives High Praise in one volume in the Spanish version. Orders should be placed directly with Dr. Rodriguez, 2 Sur 3 0 5, Puebla, Catholic Secondary Education: A National Survey, by Puebla, Mexico. Sister Mary Janet, S.C., is being received by educators with A Spanish edition of the Report on Latin-American Stu­ words of warmest commendation since its publication on dents in U. S. Colleges and Universities, recently published April 12. "It contains the facts in concise form and is ex­ by the Rev. Alfredo Moreno, SS.CC., of the N.C.W.C. ceedingly well written," is the comment of one national Youth Department, has been mailed to the Bishops of South figure in the secular educational world. He goes on to say, America through the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine "I was interested in the sections on the history of secondary offices. Archbishop Robert E. Lucey of San Antonio, chair­ education and the distribution of Catholic secondary schools, man of the Confraternity's Inter-American Committee, but more particularly in the incisive remarks concerning the has written an introductory letter to the Spanish edition. need for gearing secondary education more closely to the lives of the students." Summer Training Courses in Comprising 146 pages in paper binding and including 22 Confraternity Techniques Scheduled tables and figures, the booklet is priced at $1.5 0 per copy, plus postage, and is being distributed through the N.C.W.C. Three tnining courses in Confraternity techniques will Publications Office. be held at 1949 summer sessions-at the Catholic University of America, at Loras College in Dubuque, and at St. Joseph's College in Emmitsburg, Md. W.R.S.-N.C.W.C. Thanked Through That at the Catholic University will be open to sem­ Austrian Honor to Monsignor Swanstrom inarians, sisters and teaching brothers; at Loras College, to In recognition of the ttlarge debt of gratitude" due War seminarians from the United States and Canada; and the Relief Services-N.C.W.C. in the work of relief in Austria, course at St. Joseph's College, Emmitsburg, Md., will train the Sovereign Military Order of the Knights of Malta, exclusively lay teachers of religion in vacation school and Master Chaplain's Grade, has been been conferred upon school year Confraternity classes. Msgr. Edward E. Swanstrom, executive director of War Relief Services. National Center of Confraternity War Relief Services-N.C.W.C. has supported the Knights Adds Two New Members to Staff of Malta soup kitchens in Vienna for the past three years. An indication of the continued development of the Con­ fraternity of Christian Doctrine program in the United States is evidenced in the recent appointments of two priests to the staff of the National Center of the CCD in Washing­ NAnONAL CATHOLIC WELFARE CONFERENCE ton. The Rev. Thomas L. Hansberry, formerly director of the copal chairman of the Department of Catholic Action Study; Confraternity in the Diocese of Manchester, N. H., has Most Rev. Patrick A. O'Boyle, Archbishop of Washington, epis­ been appointed field representative of the National Center. copal chairman of the Department of Social Action; Most Rev. The Rev. John E. Kelly, former Confraternity director in Emmet M. Walsh, Bishop of Charleston, episcopal chairman of the Diocese of Trenton, has taken up work in the Publica­ the Legal Department; and Most Rev. Michael J. Ready, Bishop tions Department at Washington, D. C. of Columbus, episcopal chairman of the Press Department. N.C.C.S. Receives Excellent Cooperation from RIGHT REv. Msca.. Howun J. CAllB.OLL, S.T.D. Volunteers in Present-day Services General Secretary Volunteer workers in the National Catholic Community VEa.Y REv. MsGa.. PAUL F. TANNEI. Service program are responding in increased numbers to Assistant General Secretary serve the men and women in Uncle Sam's peacetime Armed Forces, patients in Veterans Administration hospitals and VERY REv. MsGa.. PAUL F. TANNER. their families. Editor With the reactivation of USO, volunteers have assisted EDITH H. ]AR.BOE in the successful establishment of new USO-NCCS service Assistant Editor clubs in areas near recently activated Army, Navy and Air expressed in articles published in this magfl%ine ar1 lo Force bases. During one recent month alone more than 10,000 volunteers offered their services on an average of ed tiS those of the respective cantributors. They do twt necessarily carry with them the formal approval of the Admhlls­ 8.1 hours, or a total of more than 80,000 hours. lrat;ve Bot1rd, National Catholic Welfare Conference. Thousands of present-day NCCS volunteers were active in the NCCS program during World War II and have con­ tinued to offer their services for peacetime activities.

May, 1949 [ II ] An International Bridge-National NATIONAL COUNCIL President Entertained-Diocesan CATHOLIC WOMEN Conventions-News: National and International

AN INTERNATIONAL BRIDGE

ALICIA GoENNER

URING the time the ccAdopt-a-Family" had never dreamed that she would experience such D program jointly sponsored by War Relief good fortune in her life as their gifts to her: Services-N.C. W.C. and the National On the fourth of May I will be married 2 0 years, Council of Catholic Women has been in effect, and have never had anything but the weekly pay of 13 hundreds and hundreds of names have been given to 2 0 gulden. You can understand how hard it has been, especially with a family of ten. I was really moved to out to affiliated organizations or individual fami­ receive such a wonderful package from individuals I lies willing to send four parcels of food or clothing have never seen. You should have seen the children a year to those who have taken war's severest when the parcel was opened and the big piece of choco­ blows. Most of the time, after headquarters sends late came to view-it wasn't nice of them, but each out the name the story remains an unfinished child was suddenly up on top of the table. chapter to Washington, for we hear nothing about Often the joy of receiving material help is either the family's reaction to its gifts or about eclipsed by that of finding kindly friends. The the relationship between the recipients overseas same Dutch mother whose children in their ex­ and the donors in America. citement hopped to the tabletop on their knees Occasionally, however, we catch a glimpse of a described the people in her city as ccnot very joyful, sad, or poignant scene as we translate let- friendly. When they hear that you are a Catholic ters forwarded to us so that the sponsors in the they have little use for you. Then you must go United States, having opened their hands, may also your way alone. My dear Madam, it is wonderful open their hearts to those brothers in Christ in a to be able to open our hearts to good friends." far-away land. From Italy the widowed mother of three chil­ It sometimes happens that a woman whose dren tells the family that has befriended her: handwriting and mode of expression show her Your expressions of so deeply felt a human solidarity humble background nevertheless is able to sketch have been a great comfort to me. Truly what we all the joy of her children so graphically that her seek and what is of greatest importance to everyone is a secure world peace. Such a peace may be attained letter breathes the very essence of childhood-and only through solidarity among people, and when people of motherhood-and all the miles are forgotten as as good as you are found to help those in the most squalid one becomes a part of the scene of arrival of the poverty, it gives us hope for a better future. parcel from America. The helplessness of the individual in the face of Last Fall a Hungarian mother wrote the Cath­ conditions abroad speaks out of a number of olic Ladies Social Club at Randolph, Nebr., with letters. One such comes from Trier in the French fervent warmth: Zone of Germany: May God bless your noble and good hearts, may He My little girl is 9, my little boy 7 years old. She has repay you and never allow that you should be in the been complaining for a long time of stomachache. The same position we arc in now. May H e bless you for doctor prescribed drops and worm tablets, but they each piece of clothing separately, all of you who have did not help. In contrast to the old days, she didn't contributed, and may He help you in your future work. want to cat anything, was very pale and finally could My dears, we are extremely happy over every piece of scarcely walk. Then an X-ray was taken, and it was clothing, but the coats especially are very welcome. found that she had a lung condition. She can recover Those beautiful coats! Just imagine-for ten years entirely if she gets milk and butter. But children over we have not bought a coat. Believe me, when the 6 don't get any. She is 14 pounds underweight. The parcels arrived we cried and laughed and were very doctor is of the opinion that the boy has the same trouble. happy. For three days the children kept putting on one dress and taking it off to put on another again. I am A French mother describes to the ((compassion- sorry that everything for me is too short or too narrow ate hearts so far from us that have the kindness or too small, but it doesn't matter. The important to care about us" the situation in which she and thing is that everything is good for the children. her family live: A Dutch mother wrote the Ladies Auxiliary, • We originated in the north of France, but left in 1944 Knights of St. John, at Milhousen, Ind., that she to flee the terrible bombardments. Since then we have

[ 12 1 CATHOLIC ACTION been living here near Paris, but unfortunately the money Now I must tell you of the sorrow that has come to crisis is very cruel and we hav not had the chance u . n January 5, 1949, at 3 a.m., the life of our poor to find ourselves again. A gentleman here rented us a dear Mother came to an end after so many years of room in his apartment, and for almost 5 years all 6 of us terrible illne s. Now we are four poor orphans and have been living in it. I assure you that this is not have to manage for ourselves because we have no one living. here-no uncle or aunt or grandparents, only you, our dear benefactors. I enclose pictures taken during the One of the letterwriters beautifully describes summer of our family, with Mother. the Christian resignation of a French wife and mother, at the same time reflecting his own tender The snapshots were described to us: ((The devotion to her: mother has an unusually sweet face, with a refined My wife has been blind for 7 years, suffering through appearance. The blouse and skirt she was wearing the tragic years with hemorrhages of the retina. We were easily recognizable as gifts from us." tried everything to save her sight. All in vain. The Poor Mrs. Kasztelan! Her one wish, her one care needed for her condition absorbed all our resources. prayer was to be spared a few more years of life That would have been nothing, had my wife recovered for the sake of her children. She died of tuber­ her sight. Fortunately, she is animated by a deep faith: She has undergone this trial with wonderful courage and culosis, the disease that lack of good food, of warm in the peace of God, and a flow of graces has overwhelmed clothing, of decent living quarters has caused to her heart and spilled over into serenity upon her coun­ become epidemic in so many European countries. tenance. Streptomycin might have saved her life, but its One letter makes one very angry with a civiliza­ cost is prohibitive. tion that inflicts heartache and suffering on its God rest her soul, God bless those who brought innocent victims. In correspondence with the something of comfort to her last years. God in­ Kasztelan family in Poland, shared with us by the spire America's Christians to keep on b ing friend Aquinas Club of Houston, we read: and neighbor to those who cannot help themselves.

DIOCESAN COUNCILS ENTERTAIN NATIONAL PRESIDENT

While on the West coast to participate in the sultant to the N.C.C.W. Committee on War convention of the National Catholic Conference Relief, visited Los Angeles and were entertained on Family Life, the N.C.C.W. President, Mrs. at luncheon in the home of Mrs. A. H. Bender, A. S. Lucas, was the guest of the Councils of president of the Archdiocesan Council. The fifty Catholic Women in Sacramento, Los Angeles, guests included the Executive and Advisory Board and Albuquerque. A luncheon and reception members and the heads of many Los Angeles was tendered Mrs. Lucas by the Sacramento D.C. Council affiliates. C.W., with 127 people present. Among the dis­ Following this engagement, Mrs. Lucas visited tinguished guests were Most Rev. Robert J. Albuquerque, where she was graciously received Armstrong, Bishop of Sacramento, and Most Rev. by Most Rev. Edwin V. Byrne, Archbishop of Thomas K. Gorman, Bishop of Reno, Rt. Rev. Santa Fe, and entertained at a luncheon attended Msgr. Gerald O'Driscoll, pastor of the Cathedral by the largest gathering ever seen in Albuquerque. of the Blessed Sacrament, and Miss Emma Von Mrs. Lucas addressed the meeting and answered Hatten, national director, Province of San Fran­ questions at the informal round table discussion cisco. Mrs. Joseph I. Silva, president of the held later. Sacramento D.C.C.W., presented Mrs. Lucas, who urged the women to work toward affiliating Mrs. Lucas' travels took her to Kansas City, Mo., all Catholic women's groups in the diocese with where she was the guest speaker at a luncheon the N.C.C.W. in order to make even stronger the held in her honor by the Kansas City Diocesan power for good which the federation already Council under the leadership of Mrs. Otto Schmid, possesses. president. The occasion was honored by the Mrs. Lucas and Miss Eileen Egan, project sup­ presence of Most Rev. Joseph M. Marling, C.PP.S., ervisor, War Relief Services-N.C.W.C. and con- Auxiliary Bishop of Kansas City.

D.C.C.W. CONVENTIONS FEATURE WOMAN'S ROLE

Portland, Oreg..•• The theme of the biennial land Council celebrated its silver jubilee with this convention of the Portland A.C.C.W., held March convention, drawing an attendance twice that of 23-24, ((Woman's Responsibility in Catholic Ac­ previous meetings. Most Rev. Edward D. Howard, tion," expressed vividly the present awakening of Archbishop of Portland, addressed the convention the Catholic woman to a realization of her role on ((Do Women's Organizations Further Catholic in a world that has forgotten Christ. The Port- Action?" and Mrs. J. Selby Spurck, national chair-

May, 1949 [ 13] man, Committee on War Relief, was also a guest honored guests. The work of the Council was speaker. Inspired by Mrs. Spurck's words, the presented through eight committee institutes. convention pledged continued active support of Mrs. Dennis Phelan succeeds Mrs. George A. Mc­ the ccChildren in Need" project of War Relief Calpin as president. Services-N.C.W.C. and the N.C.C.W., and prom­ ised to assist in the resettlement of displaced per­ Detroit· •. The message of His Eminence, Cardi­ sons. A resolution on federal aid to education was nal Mooney, to the 1,500 women attending the also passed. Mrs. Merton Miller was installed as 11th annual convention of the Detroit A.C.C.W., president, succeeding Mrs. F. E. Danzer. March 3 1, urged a thorough study of federal aid to education legislation and a complete under­ St. Louis •.• Fifteen hundred women, the great­ standing of the supreme right of the family to est number to attend a convention of the St. Louis the education of the children. His Eminence ex­ A.C.C.W., were present at the 26th annual meet­ pressed the wish that discussion clubs be set up ing, held April 3-4. Most Rev. Joseph E. Ritter, in every parish to study the question of federal Archbishop of St. Louis, impressed upon the aid to education. The convention took immediate women their new duties and responsibilities in action by adopting a resolution on federal aid the great work of this crucial hour. The National to education. Other resolutions were passed on President, Mrs. A. S. Lucas, a guest speaker, housing, human rights, civil rights, health, and pointed out that the application of Christian displaced persons. Cardinal Mooney was repre­ principles in community life is the responsibility sented at the convention by Rev. Hubert A. of the individual Catholic woman. Most Rev. Maino. The meeting, which opened with Mass Charles H. Helmsing, newly-named Auxiliary celebrated by Most Rev. Stephen S. Woznicki, Bishop of St. Louis, and Mrs. Patrick T. Gibbons, Auxiliary Bishop of Detroit, was arranged with St. Louis Province national director, were also addresses and panel sessions on committee work.

ON THE INTERNATIONAL FRONT

In the name of the 3 6 million women and if the U.N. fails to exert its full powers in the girls included in the membership of its affiliated condemnation of a flagrant violation of certain organization , the International Union of Catholic principles of the natural law as upheld in the Women's Leagues presented a statement to the Declaration." U.N. Conciliation Commission urging United Nations aid in ending present distress and restor­ ... Miss Catherine Schaefer, assistant to the Gen­ ing peace to the Orient. The Union stated that eral Secretary, N.C.W.C., for U.N. Affairs and the repatriation of refugees should be facilitated consultant for the I.U.C.W.L. at U.N.-who also and that measures should be taken to ensure to serves as consultant for the N.C.C.W. Committee those who do not wish to return home the means on International Relations-addressed the closing of living freely and honorably with their families session of the recent conference of organizations in other lands. These are natural rights which the having consultative status with the United Na­ U.N. have solemnly recognized in the Universal tions Economic and Social Council on what non­ Declaration of Human Rights, the statement said. governmental organizations can do to implement The I.U.C.W.L. also demanded free access to the the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The Holy Places, stating that ccthe internationalization conference was devoted to a consideration of a of the Holy Places in general, and of the whole of proposed study on consultative relationships. Jersualem in particular, constitutes the only satis­ Miss Schaefer urged that all publicity media be factory guarantee of it." used to acquaint the public with the importance of human rights of dignity and freedom, saying ... The I.U.C.W.L. has demanded that the United that the purpose, dignity and freedom of the Nations set up a committee of experts to examine human individual stand at the heart of creation whether the action taken against His Eminence and their formal universal recognition demands Josef Cardinal Mindszenty, Primate of Hungary, education, practice and law based on fundamental violates the prohibition of cruelty and torture reality. pronounced in the Universal Declaration of Hu­ man Rights and has also demanded that all possible . . . Three Catholic women, members of a group measures be taken by the U.N. to obtain a revision of German women brought to this country under of the Cardinal's trial. The Union stated that ccall a Government program to study the role of Amer­ confidence in the effectiveness of the Universal ican women in community and national affairs, Declaration of Human Rights must be abandoned are completing a two-month tour sponsored by the

[ 14] CATHOLIC ACTION League of Women Voters. One of them, Dr. of the Christian Social Union in the Land tag, and Agnes Maxsein, educator and a member of the Dr. Anna Haag, a member of the Social Demo­ Berlin City Assembly, called at N.C.C.W. head­ cratic Party and of the Wuerttemberg-Baden quarters recently. Several N.C.C.W. staff mem­ Landtag, and publisher of a monthly magazine, bers also met the two other Catholics, Dr. Maria The W 01nan Citizen of the World. If time per­ Probst, a member of the Land tag of Bavaria (the mits, Dr. Probst plans to return to Washington to legislative body) and on the executive committee observe the work of N.C.W.C. departments.

NEWS ROUND-UP

. The United States National Commission on good. Current legislation in the Ohio Senate and UNESCO, meeting in Cleveland, March 31 to in Congress was reviewed by qualified speakers in April 2, invited national organizations to send the program arranged by Mrs. William J. Pit­ representatives. Miss Ruth Craven, N .C.C.W. tinger, Jr., mother of five children, the youngest executive secretary, was among the delegates from only nine weeks old. A former diocesan council the National Catholic Welfare Conference and chairman of legislation, now first woman to be­ the N.C.C.W. was represented by three members come President pro tern of the Ohio Senate, Sen­ of the Cleveland D.C.C.W., Mrs. A. J. Bender, ator Margaret A. Mahoney of Cleveland, was the president, Miss Bess Meaney, chairman of the In­ principal speaker. She said that ((Mrs. Pittinger ternational Relations Committee, and Mrs. Mi­ gives the lie to those women who will use the ex­ chael C. Geraci, past president. cuse of their children and their domestic duties, for their lack of interest in legislation and in ... Mrs. Aynaud Hebert, of the New Orleans government.... Her children are precisely the A.C.C.W., has been nominated for membership reason that a woman should be interested in on the new USO Board of Directors. Mrs. Hebert legislation and government." Similar institutes was active in NCCS-USO work in New Orleans are being considered by the deanery councils and during the war. by presidents of neighboring diocesan councils who were guests at the Institute. . . . The Committee on International Relations of the Maine D.C.C.W. presented a panel discussion, . . . The second survey of pocket-size books and with questions, on four phases of work in which comics for sale in the Chicago area has been the United Nations is involved: Religion, Educa­ completed by the members of the Chicago A.C. tion, Displaced Persons, and Labor. This was the C.W. in the Decency Crusade launched under the second venture of the International Relations mandate of His Eminence, Cardinal Stritch. Committee under the leadership of Miss Colette L. Through the cooperation of the three major dis­ Knight, chairman. Earlier, the Committee had tributors, the A.C.C.W. procured for review by sponsored a debate by four outstanding high its comic committees 280 comic books distributed school students on the subject, ((Resolved that the monthly or bi-monthly in the Chicago area. United Nations should now be resolved into a Fourteen committees, composed of five mothers World Court Federation." each, were used to screen these books. The mem­ hers of the comic reviewing board are all mothers ... The Cleveland D.C.C.W. initiated an educa­ of children within the comic-reading age brackets, tional program on legislation by conducting a one­ and in addition, are engaged in some phase of day Institute on Legislation to alert members to Council activity, as study club, literature, or their responsibility as citizens and to help formu­ Girl Scout chairmen, or presidents or officers of late public policy for legislation for the common parish or club organizations.

WITH OuR NATIONALS

Women's Overseas Division •.• At the annual reunion National Council of Catholic Nurses . • . The fir t joint of the Women's Overseas Division, held in New meeting of the four councils of Catholic nurses York March 18, the members elected Dr. Lucie A. in the Archdiocese of Indianapoli, and the Dio­ Petrie, Brooklyn, president; Mrs. Ruth Israel Mc­ ceses of Fort Wayne, Evansville and Lafayette Intyre, Chevy Chase, Md., vice president; Miss was held in Indianapolis, March 29, on the oc­ Mary Frances Hall, New York, secretary; and casion of the Indiana State Nurses Association Mrs. Margaret Stumpf Golden, New Haven, convention. Over 12 5 nurses attended and laid Conn., treasurer. plans to make the meeting an annual affair.

May, 1949 [ 15] NATIONAL COUNCIL A Bishop Tells the Men-National Affiliates-From the Field­ CATHOLIC MEN Radio Schedule

A BISHOP TELLS THE MEN

ATHOLIC lay people are ((ordained" by <

NEW NATIONAL AFFILIATES

HE Order of the Alhambra became the latest to Knights of Columbus in good standing. T nationwide organization of Catholic men to The Supreme Anchor Club of America effected affiliate with N.C.C.M. when, on April 9, its affiliation with N.C.C.M. on February 18. Luz C. Robalin, supreme commander, wrote Subordinate Anchor Clubs are located in the Emmet A. Blaes, president of N.C.C.M., that the States of New York, Connecticut, Pennsylvania Supreme Board of the Order had accepted the and Ohio. Anchor Clubs are composed of men invitation of the National Council to affiliate. engaged in the same profession or type of work Joseph M. McKenna, Washington, D. C., su­ and who are Knights of Columbus in good stand­ preme chamberlain, and G. Alfred Peters, Balti­ ing. The objectives are to stimulate Catholic more, Md., supreme scribe, were named to Action and to undertake works of charity and represent the Order in N.C.C.M. fraternity. John F. Nolan, Stamford, Connecti­ The work of the Alhambra is largely confined cut, is national president, with Father John B. to social activities and its membership is limited Aflleck, O.P., New York, supreme chaplain.

FROM THE FIELD

Georgia. Organized in 1916, when anti-Catho­ to the editor of every weekly and daily newspaper lic prejudice was rampant in Georgia, the Catholic in Georgia. Laymen's Association has been engaged ever since Detroit. The Detroit Archdiocesan Council of in an effort to promote better feeling among Catholic Men is sponsoring two major items on Georgians, regardless of creed, by making the its program for May. Catholic Church better known and understood. On May 2 the Council will feature for the The principal means used is the publication of third year a demonstration on Washington Boule­ The Bulletin, a weekly newspaper sent regularly vard in downtown Detroit, on the theme of <

[ 16 1 CATHOLIC ACTION Keep May Day Mary's Day." Prayers will be Socialist publication The rr National" Republic, offered for the conversion of Russia and for all the editorial policy of which is the direct opposite people in Soviet-dominated lands. Last year a of The New Republic. We regret the error of crowd of 12,000 jammed Washington Boulevard confusing the names of the two publications. at the demonstration. Because of its success last October, the Council will again sponsor a ((Rosary Crusade" over radio ANNUAL MEETING station WJLB. Each evening during the month the Rosary will be said over the air. Families are AS we go to press the twenty-ninth Annual being urged to join the Crusade by reciting the Meeting of the National Council of Cath­ olic Men is getting under way. Outstanding Rosary in their homes. Catholic laymen from various sections of the At the Annual Meeting, April 7, the following United States will represent nation-wide, officers were elected: Garnet M. Griffin, Jr., state-wide and diocesan organizations. A president; Charles J. Harrington, vice president; more complete account will be given in a sub­ Leo Leddy, secretary; and Edsall L. Couplin, sequent issue of CATHOLIC ACTION. treasurer. The Most Rev. Allen J. Babcock, Auxiliary Bishop of the Archdiocese of Detroit, was the principal speaker at the meeting. RADIO SCHEDULE-May, 1949 Petroleum Sunday. The eighth annual observance THE CATHOLIC HOUR of Petroleum Sunday was held April 24 at New­ NBC Network, 6:00-6:30 P. M., EDST ark, N. ]., under the sponsorship of a group of Catholic men of the petroleum industry through­ SUNDAYS out the New York and New Jersey area. Mass REv. FRANCIS]. CoNNELL, C.Ss.R. Washington, D. C. was celebrated at 9 a. m. in St. John's Church, General Subject: ((Morality and Government" followed by a Communion Breakfast in the Ter­ May 1-The Limits of Civil Authority race Room of the Mosque Theatre Building. Men May 8-The Duties of Public Officials and women of the industry attended. May 15-The Choosing of Public Officials After the breakfast the group went to the ball May 22-The Need of Honest Officials game between the New York Giants and the Bos­ May 29-The Loyal Citizen ton Braves at the Polo Grounds. George Ehrhart, Music on the Catholic Hour is presented by out.. process foreman at the Bayonne Refinery of the standing church and seminary choirs. Tide Water Associated Oil Company, is president THE HOUR OF FAITH of the 1949 Petroleum Sunday Committee. ABC Network, 11:30 A. M.-12:00 Noon, EDST San Antonio. Four retreats for laymen at St. SUNDAYS John's Archdiocesan Seminary will be held during RT. REv. MsGR. ARTHUR SAwKINS the summer of 1949 under the sponsorship of the Toledo, Ohio Laymen's Retreat League, associated with the San General Subject: "Crises in Church History" Antonio Archdiocesan Catholic Action Council May 1-The Romans and the Barbarians of Men. Last year 277 men made the retreat. May 8-The Mohammedans May 15-The Greek Schism International Federation, Catholic Action Men. Twelve May 22-The Great Western Schism countries, including the United States, were rep­ May 29-The Modern Schism resented in Rome, March 19 and 20, at a meeting Music on the Hour of Faith is provided by a Male to establish the International Federation of Men Quartet ttnder the direction of Paul Creston. of Catholic Action. Carlos A. Mena represented FAITH IN OUR TIME the N.C.C.M. at the meeting. MBS Network, 10:15-10:30 A. M., EDST CORRECTION THURSDAYS In the April issue of CATHOLic AcTION, on REv. DR. EDGAR ScHMIEDELER, O.S.B. page 13 in the article entitled ((Informed Action Director, Family Life Bureau, N.C.W.C. Against Communism," reference was made to a General Subject: ttYour Wedding Ring" May 5-Nosegays for Mother letter by Walter S. Steele in the April issue of May 12-Fuel for the Fire Catholic Men, the monthly publication of May 19-Unless the Lord Builds N.C.C.M., in which Mr. Steele was identified as May 26-Untarnished Ever managing editor of The rrNew" Republic. As Music on the program, is provided by baritone soloist a matter of fact Mr. Steele is the very capable and organist managing editor of the anti-Communist and anti-

May, 1949 [ 17 1 HE Passion of Our Redeemer, rendered present, as it were to Tus during these days of Holy Week, makes the minds of Christians turn dlolq_ }alluvt, ~ with deepest reverence to that land which Divine Providence willed to be the cherished home-country of the In the Interest of the Holy Land Word Incarnate, and in which Christ Jesus lived His earthly life, shed His Text of the Encyclical Letter REDEMPTORIS NOSTRI blood and died. of His Holiness Pope Pius XII, given at Rome, St. Yet at the present time, as We re­ Peter's, on Good Friday, April 15, 1949 call the memory of those Holy Places with more ardent devotion, Our heart is full to overflowing with keenest homeless people in their sorrow and veneration to the whole world and an anxiety because of the difficulty and destitution, We make an earnest appeal incentive and support to Christian uncertainty of the situation which to those responsible that justice may piety-these places should also be suit­ there prevails. be rendered to all who have been driven ably protected by definite statute guar­ During this past year, We have far from their homes by the turmoil anteed by an .. international" agree­ urged you insistently, Venerable of war and whose most ardent desire ment. Brethren, in successive letters, that all now is to lead peaceful lives once more. We are well aware of the intense should join in public prayer to im­ During these holy days this is Our desire of Our children, following the plore the cessation of hostilities which fondest hope, and likewise that of all ancient tradition, to go on pilgrimage have brought destruction and death Christian peoples: that peace may once more to these places from which in that land, and settlement of the finally shed its light over the land they were barred by the general dis­ dispute on principles of justice, which where He, Who is called by the Sacred turbed conditions. The Year of Atone­ would fully safeguard the freedom of Prophets .. the Prince of Peace" [Is. ment which is at hand increases all Catholics and at the same time pro­ 9; 6] and by the Apostle of the Gen­ the more these desires; it is only natural vide guarantees for the safety of those tiles Peace Itself [Eph. 2; 14], lived that during this period the faithful most Holy Places. His life and shed His blood. should be more eager than ever to visit And now that hostilities have ended, We have never ceased to pray re­ that land which was the scene of our or at least have been suspended after peatedly for this enduring and genuine Divine Redemption. God grant that the reccn t truce, We offer Our most peace. And to the end that it might these longings be satisfied as soon as sincere and heartfelt thanks to God be brought to fruition and permanence possible. and voice Our emphatic approval of at the earliest possible moment, We To bring about this happy result, the labor of those whose noble efforts have already insisted in Our Ency­ it will be necessary, of course, to make have contributed towards the reestab­ clical letter ttin Multiplicibus," that such arrangements as will allow pil­ lishment of peace. the time has come when Jerusalem grims to approach freely those sacred But although the actual fighting is and its vicinity, where the precious edifices; enabling each to profess his over, tranquility or order in Palestine memorials of the Life and Death of devotion openly and without hinder­ is still very far from having been the Divine Redeemer are preserved, ance, and to remain there free from restored. For We are still receiving should be accorded and legally guar­ fear and danger. It must also be con­ complaints from those who have every anteed an .. international" status, which sidered objectionable that pilgrims right to deplore the profanation of in the present circumstances seems to should see these places profaned by sacred buildings, images, charitable in­ offer the best and most satisfactory sinful and worldly entertainments, stitutions, as well as the destruction protection for these sacred monuments. which are assuredly an offense to the of peaceful homes of religious com­ We cannot help repeating here the Divine Redeemer and to the Christian munities. Piteous appeals still reach same declaration, encouraged by the conscience. Us from numerous refugees, of every thought that it may also serve as an Moreover We very much desire age and condition, who have been inspiration to Our children. Let them, that the many Catholic institutions forced by the disastrous war to emi­ wherever they are living, use every which have been erected in Palestine grate and even live in exile in con­ legitimate means to persuade the rulers to help the poor, to educate youth centration camps, the prey to destitu­ of nations, and those whose duty it is and give hospitality to visitors, may tion, contagious disease and perils of to settle this important question, to be enabled, as is fitting, to carry on every sort. accord to Jerusalem and its surround­ unimpeded the work they did so laud­ We are not unmindful of the con­ ings a juridical status whose stability ably in the past. siderable aid contributed by public under the present circumstances can Nor can We omit to point out that and private agencies for relief of these only be adequately assured by a united all rights to the Holy Places which suffering thousands; and We, Our­ effort of nations that love peace and Catholics during many centuries have selves, continuing the work of charity, respect the right of others. acquired and time and again defended organized from the beginning of Our Besides, it is of the utmost im­ valiantly, and which Our predeces­ Pontificate, have left nothing undone, portance that due immunity and pro­ sors have solemnly and effectively within Our means, to meet the more tection be guaranteed to all the Holy vindicated, should be preserved in­ urgent needs of this same unhappy Places of Palestine not only in Jeru­ violate. These, Venerable Brethren, multitude. salem but also in the other cities and are the considerations We wished to But the conditions of these exiles villages as well. put before you. is so critical and unstable that it Not a few of these places have Encourage the faithful committed cannot longer be permitted to con­ suffered serious loss and damage owing to your charge to be ever more con­ tinue. While, therefore, We encour­ to the unheaval and devastation of cerned about the conditions in Pales­ age all generous and noble souls to the war. Since they are religious mem­ tine and have them make their lawful put forth their best effort to aid these orials of such moment--objects of requests known, positively and un-

[ 18 1 CATHOLIC ACTION equivocally, to the rulers of nations. of the Incarnate Word, so that the your flock, be a pledge of heavenly But let them especially implore un­ charity of Jesus Christ, which alone gifts and a token of our affection. ceasingly the help of Him, Who is the can bring tranquility and peace, may Given at Rome, St. Peter's, the Ruler of Men and Nations. May God conquer all hatred and strife. fifteenth day of the month of April, look down with mercy on the whole Meantime, may the Apostolic Bless­ Good Friday, in the year 1949, the world, but particularly on that land ing, which We lovingly impart to eleventh Our Pontificate. which was bedewed with the Blood you, Venerable Brethren, and to all Pius PP XII.

CALENDAR OF SCHEDULED CATHOLIC MEETINGS AND EVENTS

May, 1949

1-N.F.C.C.S. WISCONSIN REGIONAL CouNCIL-Holy Hour, Marquette University Stadium, Milwaukee, Wis. 1-N.F.C.C.S. Los ANGELES REGIONAL CouNcn.-Mary's Hour, The Coliseum, Los Angeles, Calif. 5-7--CoNFRATERNITY OF CHRISTIAN DocTRINE-regional congress, Denver, Colo. 10-12--CATHOLic CoMMITTEE OF THE SouTH-annual convention, Lexington, Ky. 16-17-CATHOLIC CONFERENCE ON INDUSTRIAL PROBLEMS-regional meeting, Chicago, Ill. 22-NATIONAL CATHOLIC TRIBUTE To THE WAR DEAD-Eleventh annual, Arlington National Cemetery, Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Arlington, Va. 24-25-SLOVAK CATHOLIC FEDERATION OF AMERICA-23rd national convention, Bethlehem, Pa.

June, 1949

9-Sept. 1-GRAILVILLE ScHOOL OF APoSTOLATE-series of courses on various subjects-Loveland, Ohio. 11-18-INSTITUTES ON INDUSTRY AND SociAL AcTioN-Washington, D. C. 13-Sept. 3-SuMMER ScHOOLS OF CATHOLIC AcTION-series of lectures in St. Louis, Denver, Spokane, San Antonio, Detroit, New York, Washington, Chicago. 15-17--CATHOLic PREss AssociATION-39th annual convention, Denver, Colo. 27-29-FRANCISCAN EDUCATIONAL CONFERENCE-30th annual meeting, St. Bonaventure, N. Y.

August, 1949

9-10-CATHOLIC ToTAL ABSTINENCE UNION OF AMERICA-77th annual convention, Philadelphia, Pa. 22-26-LITURGICAL WEEK-annual meeting, St. Louis, Mo.

September, 1949

17 -18-CoNFRATERNITY OF CHRISTIAN DocTRINE-regional congress, Madison, Wis. 26-27-CATHOLIC CoNFERENCE ON INDUSTRIAL PROBLEMs-regional meeting, Portland, Oreg.

October, 1949

1-4-CoNFRATF.RNITY OF CHRISTIAN DocTRINE-regional congress, Spokane, Wash. 2-4-NATIONAL CouNciL OF CATHOLIC WoMEN-Southwest regional conference, San Antonio, Tex. 8-10-CoNFRATERNITY oF CHRISTIAN DocTRINE-regional congress, Providence, R.I. 18-20--CoNFRATERNITY OF CHRISTIAN DocTRINE-regional congress, Houston, Tex. 21-23-CoNFRATERNITY OF CHRISTIAN DocTRINE-regional congress, Alexandria, La.

November, 1949

4-9-CATHOLIC RuRAL LIFE CoNFERENCE-annual convention, Columbus, Ohio (Revised date). 8-10-CONFRATERNITY OF CHRISTIAN DocTRINE-regional congress, Erie, Pa.

May, 1949 [ 19] The only publication of its kind . .. Both boon and challenge

CATHOLIC SECONDARY EDUCATION

by Sister Mary Janet, S.C.

CATHOLIC SECONDARY EDUCA­ TION: A NATIONAL SURVEY, by Sister Mary Janet of the Sisters of Charity of Cincinnati, comes on the educational scene as one of the most important books in its field.

A joint product of the Commission on American Citizenship and the Department of Education of the National Catholic Welfare Conference, the urvey gives a graphic picture of the present situation in Catholic secondary schools.

JUST The book gives educators in this field a tool PUBLISHED not hitherto available, particularly in its presentation of standards of admission, pro-. grams of studies, and general administra­ Foreword by tive procedures in their relation to the ulti­ Msgr. Frederick G. Hochwalt mate objective of preparation of life. 146 p. • 22 figures and tables Indexed • Paper-bound As the only publication of its kind, this well­ organized, well-written book should be PRICE $1.50 plus postage both boon and challenge to secondary school Kindly fill in the Order Form be­ educators in this vitally important division low and mail to N.C.W.C. of Catholic education. Publications Office

Publications Office, N.C.W.C. 1312 Massachusetts Avenue, N. W. Washington 5, D. C.

Please send me ...... copies of Catholic Secondary Education: A National Survey at $1.50 per copy. Check one : D Attached is remittance to cover price and postage. D Bill me.

Signed ...... ··· ...... ······· ......

· · · · · · · · · · · · .. · ...... St~e·e~ ...... Ci~; ...... ·s:a·t~ ......

17