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Nationalism and Religion in the Textbooks of the Early Republican Period in Turkey

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Nationalism and Religion in the Textbooks of the Early Republican Period in Turkey NATIONALISM AND RELIGION IN THE TEXTBOOKS OF THE EARLY REPUBLICAN PERIOD IN TURKEY A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY ALİ BABAHAN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY FEBRUARY 2014 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Ayşe Saktanber Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ceylan Tokluoğlu Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Simten Coşar (HU, COM) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ceylan Tokluoğlu (METU, SOC) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Şen (METU, SOC) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zana Çitak Aytürk (METU, IR) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayşegül Aydıngün (METU, SOC) ii I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Ali Babahan Signature : iii ABSTRACT NATIONALISM AND RELIGION IN THE TEXTBOOKS OF THE EARLY REPUBLICAN PERIOD IN TURKEY Babahan, Ali Ph.D., Department of Sociology Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ceylan Tokluoğlu January 2014, 347 pages This study focuses on a detailed analysis of the relationship between nationalism and religion (Islam) in textbooks taught in Turkish education system between 1924 and 1950. It can be regarded as a re-assessment of general assumptions in the literature presuming the dominance of an authoritative secular nationalism in the textbooks of the whole early republican period. In this respect, the textbooks used at primary, middle and high school levels as part of the history, citizenship, sociology, and religion courses in this period are analyzed in terms of the relations between nationalist and religious discourses, mostly from a qualitative perspective. Accordingly, the early republican era can be divided into three sub-periods when the continuities and varieties of the discourses in textbooks are specifically considered. The dominant discourse, found in textbooks of the first sub-period between 1924 and 1931, is based on the idea that Islam and Turkishness are the two complementary components forming the basis of national identity and nationalism. Against the common view, a strictly secular nationalism is found in textbooks only in the second period between 1931 and 1939. Thus, in definition of Turkish identity and nationalism in textbooks, they did not in any way make reference to any religious belief. During the third and last sub-period between 1939 and 1950, reference to religion in textbooks has gained power once again. Hence, the strict secularism of the second sub-period is replaced with a Turkish identity in strong association with Islam similar to the first period. Keywords: Nationalism, Religion, Education, Textbooks, Turkey iv ÖZ TÜRKİYE’DE ERKEN CUMHURİYET DÖNEMİ DERS KİTAPLARINDA MİLLİYETÇİLİK VE DİN Babahan, Ali Doktora, Sosyoloji Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Ceylan Tokluoğlu Ocak 2014, 347 sayfa Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de erken Cumhuriyet döneminde okutulan ders kitaplarında milliyetçilik ve din (İslam) arasındaki ilişkileri ayrıntılı biçimde incelemeye yönelmektedir. Dolayısıyla, bu girişim, bu dönemin tüm ders kitaplarına otoriter nitelikli seküler bir milliyetçiliğin hâkim olduğuna dair literatürdeki yaygın varsayımın yeniden bir değerlendirmesi olarak görülebilir. Bu kapsamda, çalışmada, 1924-1950 yılları arasında örgün öğretimin farklı kademelerinde verilen tarih, yurt bilgisi, sosyoloji ve din bilgisi derslerinde okutulmuş ders kitapları, milliyetçilik ve din arasındaki söylemsel ilişkilere odaklanılarak, içerik/söylem analizi tekniğiyle analiz edilmektedir. Buna göre, yirmi altı yıllık bu dönemin ders kitaplarında milliyetçilik ve din arasındaki söylemsel ilişkileri, dönemsel süreklilik ve farklılıklar çerçevesinde, birbirini takip eden üç alt-döneme ayırarak değerlendirebilmek mümkün görünmektedir. Bunlardan 1924-1931 yıllarını kapsayan birinci dönemde, ders kitaplarında, Müslümanlıkla harmanlanmış bir Türk milliyetçiliği anlayışı baskın söylemi oluşturmaktadır. Bunun yanında, literatürdeki yaygın kanının aksine, laikliğin katı bir yorumuna dayanan milliyetçilik anlayışı ders kitaplarında sadece 1931-1939 yıllarını kapsayan ikinci dönemde hâkim olmuştur. Böylece, bu dönemin kitaplarında İslam, Türk kimliğinin tanımlanmasındaki asliliğini kaybeder. Son olarak, 1939-1950 yılları arasındaki üçüncü dönemde okutulan ders kitaplarında ise, milliyetçi söylemde Türklüğün yanı sıra İslam’ın tekrar önem kazandığı görülmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Milliyetçilik, Din, Eğitim, Ders Kitapları, Türkiye v To my wife, Nur Işıklı Babahan vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my gratitude to my supervisor Doç. Dr. Ceylan Tokluoğlu for her patience, advice and criticism. Similarly, I am grateful to the members of the examining committee, Prof. Dr. Simten Coşar, Doç. Dr. Mustafa Şen, Doç. Dr. Zana Çitak, and Doç. Dr. Ayşegül Aydıngün for their criticism and suggestions. I would also like to thank to my friend, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Kurtuluş Cengiz for his suggestions, comments and friendship. I would like to express my gratitude to TÜBİTAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey) as well. They financially supported me with a generous scholarship conducted by Science Fellowships and Grant Programmes Department (BİDEB) since the beginning of my PhD education onwards. I am also grateful to my parents, brothers and sisters, who are my greatest supporters throughout my life. Finally, I dedicate this thesis to my beloved wife, Nur Işıklı Babahan, who has always been with me in good times and in bad times as we promised each other. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM…………………………………………………………………………iii ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………iv ÖZ………………………………………………………………………………………v DEDICATION…………………………………………………………………………vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS…………………………………………………………….vii TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………….viii LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………….xi LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………...xii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………...………………………...1 2. NATIONALISM, RELIGION AND EDUCATION: A THEORETICAL ASSESSMENT…………………………………………………………………….24 2.1. Religion……………………………………………………………….........24 2.2. Nationalism………………………………………………………………...32 2.3. Relationships between Nationalism and Religion………………….............40 2.3.1. Secular Nationalism…………………………………………............44 2.3.2. Religious Nationalism……………………………………………….51 2.4. Nationalism and Religion in Mass Education and Textbooks……………..63 3. NATIONALISM, RELIGION AND EDUCATION IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE TO THE EARLY PERIOD OF THE TURKISH REPUBLIC………….67 3.1. Modernization Policies in the Late Ottoman Empire and their Impact on viii Intellectual and Political Life………………………………...............................68 3.2. The First Period of Turkish Nationalism and Islam between 1839 and 1908 ………………………..…………………………………………………………74 3.3. The Second Period of Turkish Nationalism and Islam between 1908 and 1918…………………..…………………………………………………………88 3.4. The Third Period of Turkish Nationalism and Islam between 1918 and 1950 ………...……………………………………………………………………….106 4. DOMINANCE OF TURKISH-ISLAMIC SYNTHESIS IN THE TEXTBOOKS BETWEEN 1924 AND 1931..……………………………………………………132 4.1. General Information about the Textbooks of the Period………………….133 4.2. Religion and Secularism in the Textbooks………………………………..137 4.3. Nation and Nationalism in the Textbooks…………………………...........152 4.4. Turkishness and Islam in the Textbooks………………………………….165 5. TRIUMP OF SECULAR TURKISH NATIONALISM IN THE TEXTBOOKS BETWEEN 1931 and 1939..……………………………………………………...182 5.1. General Information about the Textbooks of the Period………………….182 5.2. Religion and Secularism in the Textbooks………………………………..186 5.3. Nation and Nationalism in the Textbooks………………………………...202 5.4. Turkishness and Islam in the Textbooks………………………………….225 6. REVIVAL OF TURKISH-ISLAMIC SYNTHESIS IN THE TEXTBOOKS BETWEEN 1939 and 1950..…………...................................................................231 6.1. General Information about the Textbooks of the Period………………….231 6.2. Religion and Secularism in the Textbooks………………………………..235 ix 6.3. Nation and Nationalism in the Textbooks………………………………...246 6.4. Turkishness and Islam in the Textbooks……………..…………………...267 7. CONCLUSION………………………………………………...........................280 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………….....294 APPENDICES A. ANALYZED TEXTBOOKS of the PERIOD BETWEEN 1924 and 1931…...319 B. ANALYZED TEXTBOOKS of the PERIOD BETWEEN 1931 and 1939…...323 C. ANALYZED TEXTBOOKS of the PERIOD BETWEEN 1939 and 1950…...325 D. CURRICULUM VITAE………………………………………………………327 E. TURKISH SUMMARY……………………………………………………….329 F. TEZ FOTOKOPİSİ İZİN FORMU……………………………………………347 x LIST OF TABLES TABLES Table 1 - Numbers of Schools and Students between 1923 and 1950……………….....23 Table 2 - A Comparison of the Pages Allocated to Narration of Different Religions in the History Textbooks between 1924 and 1931……………………………………….143 Table 3 - A Comparison of the Pages Allocated to Pre- Islamic Turkish History and Turkish-Islamic History in the History Textbooks between 1924 and 1931………......170 Table 4 - A Comparison of the Pages
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