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The Early Christian of Author(s): Demetrios Michaelides Source: The Biblical Archaeologist, Vol. 52, No. 4, From Ruins to Riches: CAARI on Cyprus (Dec., 1989), pp. 192-202 Published by: The American Schools of Oriental Research Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3210136 . Accessed: 02/08/2013 17:07

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This content downloaded from 192.215.101.254 on Fri, 2 Aug 2013 17:07:37 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions The Early Mosaics Cyprus Christian of

byDemetrios Michaelides

hespectacular Roman mosaics that have been discoveredthroughout Cyprus during the past 25 years have overshadowedthe later, Christian mosaics of the island. Christian mosaics, in fact, are being found just as frequently,in secular as well as religious buildings, and are actually more numerous. More- over,in spite of the fact that they are mainly geometric and generally without representations of the human figure, they are equally important.' Figuralrepresentations are vir- tually absent from the decoration of both secular and religious buildings of the early Christian period in Cyprus. The fifth-century mosaics of The First Bath of from the of Theseus at Nea Paphos2 (Daszewski 1972: 204-10, plate 37b, 1988: 72-75, figures 35 and 36; Michaelides 1987a:44, number 50, plate XXXI, 1987b:247, 1.7.f, plate LXI:5)and The Toilet of Venus from the baths of a house at Alassa

This from the Complex of Eustolios is unusual in that it shows a human figure.It is the bust of Ktisis, who personifies the Foun- dation or the Building Power,and belonged to a family of similar personifications, such as Power,Manliness and Renewal, that were popularin the fourth century.All photographs courtesy of the Department of Antiquities of Cyprus.

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This content downloaded from 192.215.101.254 on Fri, 2 Aug 2013 17:07:37 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Below: A fragment off a panel from the of the Basilica of Chrysopolitissaat Nea .In it can be seen a deer drinking water in a flowery meadow. Above is an inscription quoting Psalm 42:1.Above: Another mosaic decoration from the Basilica of Chrysopolitissashows early geometric designs of the Christian era.

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This content downloaded from 192.215.101.254 on Fri, 2 Aug 2013 17:07:37 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions The only fully excavatedsecular building belongingto the earlyChristian period is the Complex of Eustoliosat Kourion.

(Hadjisavvasin Karageorghis1985: plate XXVIII).Several mosaic in- sentations. The human figure was 952, figure 89; Michaelides 1987a: scriptions in this building are of rigorouslyavoided, however, probably 45, number 51, plate XXXII,1987b: particularinterest. One states that because in the late fourth century, 239, A.1, plate LX:4)are the only the building has girt itself with the after the brief flowering of figural art known secular mosaics of Cyprus venerated symbols of Christ, while during the reign of Constantine, the that carry the old tradition of myth- another mentions Eustolios as the iconoclastic tendencies of the early ological representations beyond the benefactor and apparentlycompares Christian became more late fourth century C.E.The other his return to his native Kourionwith strongly manifest. Iconoclasts con- known mosaics feature living crea- the visits to the city of its former sidered the placing of sacred images tures, such as four-leggedanimals, patron, . Such inscriptions and the human figure on floors as birds and fish, as well as inanimate illustrate the perseveranceof the blasphemous. This view eventually objects like baskets and kantharoi. pagan tradition as well as this cru- led to the Iconoclastic Controversies, With but a few notable exceptions, cial, albeit late, period of transition which lasted from 726 to 843 C.E., these symbols are secondary and from the old beliefs to the new reli- and banished all figural works of art mostly decorative, although some gion (Mitford1971: numbers 201-06; from the decoration of churches. are imbued with strong religious see, also, Bagnall and Drew-Bear The floor decoration of the nave of symbolism. One such motif is repre- 1973: 238-43). As far as the rest of the fourth-centuryphase of the sented by the pair of sandals depicted the decoration in this complex is Basilica of Chrysopolitissa included in the north of the Basilica of concerned, the only unusual ele- a series of figural panels, of which AyiaTrias at Yialousa (Papageorghiou ment is the representationof the two have come to light (A. Papa- 1967:4-9; Michaelides 1987a:39-40, bust of Ktisis, personifying the georghiou in Karageorghis1976: 47, number 44, plate XXVIII).In Chris- Foundation or the Building Power, 1977: 776-79, figure 114;Michae- tian times this pagan symbol often which occupies the most prominent lides 1987a:34-5, numbers 36 and decoratedbath building, but also place in the frigidarium of the baths 37, plate XVI, 1988: 92-3). Both are came to symbolize pilgrimage,both (Michaelides 1987a:42, number 47, fragmentary,but their messages in this world and from this world to plate XXIX, 1987b:241, E.2). It cannot be missed. One represents a the next. belongs to a large family of similar deer drinking water in a flowery personifications, such as Power, meadow. Above it is a Greek inscrip- Floor Mosaics Manliness, and Renewal, that tion quoting the first verse of Psalm The only fully excavatedsecular became popular in the fourth cen- 42: "Asthe hart [male red deer] building belonging to the early tury, when their symbolic meanings panteth after the water brooks, so Christian period is the Complex of were backed by philosophical ideas. panteth my soul after thee, O God," Eustolios at Kourion (Rupp1982; This is the only example of its type which makes the symbolic meaning Michaelides 1987a:40-42, numbers in Cyprus, but the genre is quite of the scene quite clear. The rem- 45-47, plates XXVIII-XXIX).Its common in many parts of the Chris- nants of the adjacentpanel show a mosaic decoration, which is pre- tian world, especially in the eastern ram and a vine laden with bunches dominantly geometric and dates to Mediterraneanand most notably at of grapeswhile an inscription from the early fifth century c.E., has little Antioch, where several personifica- John 15:1,"I am the true vine"ex- to distinguish it from that of con- tions, including that of Ktisis, have plains the allegorical meaning of the temporarychurch buildings. Dif- been found, dating from the fourth panel. A second inscription tells us ferent species of fish and numerous to the sixth centuries C.E.3 that the mosaic was made as a result birds (guinea-hen,dove, pheasant, Of the early mosaic floors of a vow of Hesychios, an otherwise magpie, partridge,duck, and others) decorating Cypriot churches, only unknown donor. This is one of many are representedin the various de- those from the first phase of the such inscriptions from the early signs. They are, however, of secon- Basilica of Chrysopolitissa at Nea Christian buildings of Cyprus which dary significance even though some, Paphos, dating to the fourth century remain an as yet poorly explored or all, may have a symbolic meaning and depicting Christian allegories, source of important information on (Michaelides 1987a: 41, number 45, can be considered as figural repre- the makers and the commissioners

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This content downloaded from 192.215.101.254 on Fri, 2 Aug 2013 17:07:37 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Some of the early Christianmosaics of Cypruswere probablydestroyed while manybuildings were redecorated. of such mosaics, as well as on the under the Basilica of Soloi (TranTam a complex design that finds a close buildings they decorate. Tinh 1985: 16, figure 68; Michaelides parallel in the Church of Ghine in The remaining decoration of the 1988; figure 61). The fifth-century Lebanon(Chehab, 1958, 1959: plate fourth century phase of the basilica example from the Episcopal Basilica CI:2).In fact, the closest parallels is geometric, as is that of the later at Kourion (Michaelides 1988: figure to the Roman and early Christian phases. An examination of the pat- 62), meanwhile, with inserts that are mosaics of Cyprus are found in terns used during these different much reduced in variety and size, countries along the eastern Mediter- periods serves to illustrate how has the lightness and intricacy that ranean coast, especially in , geometric decoration, from a rather are characteristic of this and other Lebanon,and Israel. These connec- reserved and somewhat heavy start similar interlace designs of the sixth tions naturally evolved as a result of in the fourth century, had developed century. It is also very similar to an political and administrative factors, into a light but rich and exuberant example in the of the as well as the geographicalproximity style by the sixth century. This de- Churchof Zahraniin Lebanon(Chehab of the island to the eastern Mediter- velopment is illustrated by the pat- 1958, 1959:plate LII).The best ex- ranean coast. It is surprising,how- tern consisting of intertwining ample of the very widespread,evolved ever, that the closest parallels come cables, guilloches, or other such form of this design can be seen in from the area aroundAntioch, linear motifs that form a regularsuc- two floors from Basilica A at Ayios (modern-dayAntakya in Turkey),a cession of large circles and curvi- Yeoryios of Peyia, a site on the south- city whose church was opposed by linear octagons separatedfrom each west coast of Cyprus. One is in the the throughout other by smaller circles. The design nave, and the other in the baptistery the early Christian period. The long has a long history; in Cyprus it is (Michaelides 1988:figures 63 and 64). fight of the Church of Cyprus against found in the House of Dionysos at Of particular interest is the fact that the 's claim of Nea Paphos,dating from the late this last example is practically iden- supremacy came to an end only in second or early third century C.E. tical to a similarly dated pavement 488 C.E.,when the Byzantine emperor Here the version is quite elaborate, from the House of the Phoenix at Zenon confirmed the complete and with all the compartments (large Antioch (Levi 1947:plate CXXXV). absolute independence of the and small circles and curvilinear This precise motif is not found Church of Cyprus. octagons) occupied a variety of in the sixth-century phase of the With regardto figural decora- geometric fillers and objects, mainly Basilica of Chrysopolitissa, but tion, the two fourth-centurypanels household utensils (Michaelides other patterns are found here that from the Basilica of Chrysopolitissa 1987a: 18, number 13, plate VI, 1988: belong to the same family. One of are unique among the early Chris- 139, figure 60; Daszewski and these consists of interlacing cables tian mosaics of Cyprus. Others must Michaelides 1988: 30-1, figure 18). forming a network of circles and have existed but have not yet been The design graduallybecame tighter diamonds separatedby curvilinear excavatedor do not survive. Some and the secondary circles so small octagons (Megaw 1976a: 17, figure were ravagedduring the Iconoclastic that they left no room for decorative 30; Michaelides 1987a:47, number period, while others were destroyed fillers. In the fourth-century phase of 54, plate XXXIII,1988: figure 23). during the rebuilding or redecora- the Basilica of Chrysopolitissa, the An even more complicated interlace tion of many of these buildings in pattern was made plainer in all pattern that belongs to this charac- the fifth and sixth centuries. Re- respects: traced by simple cables, teristically sixth-century group is decoration was often necessitated by filled with very stylized motifs, and seen in the baptistery of Basilica A earthquakesbut must have also been renderedwith a very limited variety at Ayios Yeoryios of Peyia (Megaw dictated by changes in fashion. For of colors (Megaw 1976a: 11,plate VI; 1976a: 16-17, figure 19;Michaelides example, with the greateravailability Michaelides 1988: 139, figures 13 1987a: 50, number 59, plate XXXVI, of highly prized in the sixth and 19). A much more closely knit 1988:figure 67). It consists of a century, several earlier mosaic floors, version, without elaborate fillers, is network of squares linked with especially those decorating impor- found in the mosaics of the fifth/ each other and interlocked with dis- tant parts of a building, were covered sixth-century phase of the building torted, cross-like curvilinear motifs, up by new marble pavements. These

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This content downloaded from 192.215.101.254 on Fri, 2 Aug 2013 17:07:37 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Opposite page: Another sixth century example was found in the Basilica of Chryso- politissa. The pattern is not the same, but it is similar to that found at Basilica A at Ayios Yeoryiosof Peyia.

These mosaics were found in Basilica A at Ayios Yeoryiosof Peyia and date to the sixth century.By then, geometricdesign had evolved almost into an art form, as these beautiful examples attest. Left: This one was found in the Baptistery,while the other example below shows an even more complicated interlace pattern.

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This content downloaded from 192.215.101.254 on Fri, 2 Aug 2013 17:07:37 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions par

.r . .? .: . of In this now remote ..- ? Yeoryios Peyia. part of the island, in an as yet un-

-?1'1 to explored township, the name of "- , which is still unknown, three basili- cas were excavatedmore than 30 Each was .. years ago. building lavishly decoratedwith bases, columns, and capitals, all made of Proconnesian marble and all worked in the area around and exported ready-madeto Cyprus. The excava- tion at Basilica A has, moreover, to light chancel screen ",.• -L•,•. brought ?I?I panels, or offering tables, reliquaries, .4". and an ambo (a kind of pulpit) also made of Proconnesian marble? Parts of the floor decoration of this basilica and its baptisteryhave been preserved and they constitute one of the most important series of mosaics on the .. ze = ~54~~~ ,-~- LfP .\4 island. These mosaics, together with ?~;`? :- ?..iL,; )L c.?; the marble furniture of all three buildings, make these basilicas one of the best representativesof the sixth century metropolitan style in Cyprus - a phenomenon clearly reflecting on the building program initiated by the great Byzantine "pA emperor Justinian. In the surviving decoration there is a rich variety of complex geometric designs, while three different parts of the basilica include representations of birds, fish, and other animals. The first is in the where, in the center of a series of ratherbanal and some- what colorless geometric designs, were made either of large,plain slabs, Nothing similar to the figural there are four rectangularpanels, or of differently colored cut decoration in the allegorical panels arrangedtwo by two, each represent- in different shapes and fitted together from the basilica of Chrysopolitissa ing a rampant animal facing the so as to form complex geometric can be seen in the following period. center. At the top there is a wild (and sometimes figural)designs. In the sixth century, however,there boar and a bear;below a lion and This is a technique known as opus was, to a certain extent, a revival of bull (Michaelides 1987a:48-49, sectile. This can be observed in the the emblema type of composition number 56, plate XXXIV,1988: 94-95, Basilica of Chrysopolitissa, where and a subtle return to the figured figure 9). It is not clear if these ani- the fourth-centuryallegorical panels representations of earlier times mals symbolize something, but in the nave were covered in the sixth (Kitzinger1965: 349-51). This can similar representations- icono- century by floors. best be seen at Basilica A of Ayios graphically and stylistically- have

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This content downloaded from 192.215.101.254 on Fri, 2 Aug 2013 17:07:37 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Manybuildings of this era had lavish mosaic decorationson their walls, but these rarelysurvived to modern times. been found in several sites in the small geometric motifs. Larger walls. This kind of decoration was eastern Mediterranean,including animals or objects were avoided more costly and much richer be- the fifth/sixth-century Basilica of probablybecause of their size. This cause it was made with more expen- Leontios at Awzaci in Lebanon decorative scheme, which started in sive materials, including differently (Chehab 1958, 1959: 127, plate pagan times, eventually came to colored glass tesserae and tesserae of LXXXVII).The same idea is also symbolize the Christian paradise- gold, silver, mother-of-pearl,and seen in the floor decoration of the a very apt theme for this part of the other materials. Moreover,free as it sixth-centuryBasilicas of Masticharis basilica. The representation of sea was from the restrictions imposed and Skandarionon the island of Cos creatures is not uncommon, but the on floor decoration, wall decoration (Pelekanidesand Atzaka 1974: plates excessively large number and variety had much more complex and impor- 40 and 45). found here must be attributed to the tant figural representations. Rarely The meager remains of a series fact that this is the basilica of a have such mosaics survived into of animal representations have been harbortown. It is clearly for the modern times for two primary rea- found in the nave of Basilica A at same reason that the basilica also sons: because the walls they deco- Ayios Yeoryios of Peyia. The decora- included a marble ambo bearing an rated have long since collapsed and tion originally consisted of a rain- inscription, which states that it was because such decorations were sys- bow cable forming 40 small panels, put up "forthe blessing of sailors" tematically destroyedduring the each containing an animal and a (Megaw 1974: 72, figure 18, 1976a: Iconoclastic era. The only substantial tree. Only a few of these were found 16).A similar floor design is found survivors from this period are found intact, and most have since dis- in the cemetery basilica near Ayia in areas that for some reason were appeared(Michaelides 1987a:49, Varvaraat Amathous (Michaelides kept out of the controversies or were number 57, plate XXV,1988: 95-97, 1988: 81, n.3, 129),but the best too far away from their center, Con- figure 10).Those that remain have examples of this kind of decoration stantinople. One large group is found rather crude depictions of deer and are found along the eastern Mediter- in Ravennaand , .These lions that contrast with the much ranean coast. One particularly splen- mosaics have been touched up and finer quality of the remaining deco- did specimen is the fifth-century restored to such a degree, however, ration. A. H. S. Megaw has suggested mosaic of the StridingLion at Antioch that it is difficult to visualize their (1976a:15) that these animal panels (Levi 1947: plate LXXIVa).6 original aspect. Forexamples of un- must be part of an allegory of the tampered Byzantine wall of the pre- PeaceableKingdom of Isaiah 11:6-7: Wall Mosaics Iconoclastic period, which reflect "The wolf also shall dwell with the A small basilical adjoining the style of the metropolis, we must lamb, and the leopardshall lie down the baptistery of Basilica A of Ayios turn to the Monastery of Saint with the kid; and the calf and the Yeoryioshas preservedthe only Catherine on Mount Sinai and to a young lion and the fatling together; known Cypriot example of figural few churches in Cyprus. These es- and a little child shall lead them. wall opus sectile. Very little of it caped destruction because the Arab And the cow and the bear shall feed; survived, but enough remains to presence on the island, from the their young ones shall lie down show that the decoration included seventh to the tenth century, meant together; and the lion shall eat straw representations of flowers, jewelled that the decrees of the Byzantine like the ox." crosses, and standing figures of emperors were not effective there. A similar idea lies behind the Saints (Megaw 1976a:20, figure 34; Until 1974, Cyprus was in the decoration of the floor of the , see also Asemakopoulou-Atzaka unique position of having four early the part of the church containing 1980: 106, 147, plate 53c,d;Michae- Christian buildings in which part of the (Michaelides 1987a:49, lides 1987b:240, B.1,plate LXI:3). the original wall decoration in number 58, plate XXXV,1988: 97-98, Most of the buildings I have mosaic had been preserved.Two figure 11). Here, a stylized floret mentioned, as well as many others of these, however, have since been trellis is filled with a great variety of where mosaic floors have been either partly or totally destroyed. small creatures, such as birds and found, must have had an even more The less well-preserved are now fish, as well as fruit, baskets, and lavish mosaic decoration on their exhibited at the Kourion Museum

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This content downloaded from 192.215.101.254 on Fri, 2 Aug 2013 17:07:37 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions The mosaicsof Lythrankomiand Kitiare amongthe most importantmonuments of Cyprus. in Episkopi. Dated to the late sixth decoration of these buildings, as unique feature in Byzantine art. It century C.E., they decorated the well as that of many other churches may represent the "womanclothed eastern wall and the central niche of in this part of the island, has been with the sun"described in chapter 12 a side chapel of the EpiscopalBasilica systematically damagedor destroyed. of the Book of Revelations, in which of Kourion.The surviving fragments The mosaics of Panayiatis Kyras,for case the apostles would be the "crown show the meager remains of the example, have disappearedcom- of twelve stars"that witnessed figures of two church fathers and an pletely, and those of PanayiaKana- Christ and the Virgin Mary.This is archangel (Megaw 1976a:24-25, karia have been looted and, to a great by no means certain, however,and figures 43 and 44, 1976b:347, 371, extent, destroyed (R. Cormack in the true meaning of this mosaic is 1985: 192-95, figure 12; Michaelides Van der Werff 1989: 28). Mosaic frag- much debated. 1987b:240-41, C.1, plate LX:1). ments from the church at Lythran- The best preservedof all these Another example is the partially komi were the focus of a recent legal mosaics is the one decorating preserved,early-seventh-century battle in Indianapolis,Indiana, the Church of PanayiaAngeloktistos conch mosaic in the apse of Panayia where the fragments were put up for at Kiti. The Virgin Mary is depicted tis Kyrasat Livadhia.This mosaic sale after they had been carelessly in the conch, standing on a stool depicted the Virgin Mary with her removedfrom the walls of the church which is depicted in such a way so as arms raised towardheaven, against a and illegally exported, first to to make her appearas if standing in golden backgroundmade of tesserae and then to the United States. The mid-air.She is of the well-known set in a series of superimposed scales. court ruled that the purchase of Hodegetria type, and is holding A small fragment on the adjacent these mosaics had been illegal and Christ in her left hand. The arch- south wall may have been part of the orderedtheir return to the Church angels stand beside her against a figure of an archangel(Papageorghiou of Cyprus. gold background.Michael is on her 1966: 19, figure 10;Megaw and The mosaics of Lythrankomi right and Gabriel on her left. They Hawkins 1976: 363-66; Megaw and Kiti are among the most impor- are dressed as philosophers and have 1985: 195-98, figures 14-16; Michae- tant monuments of Cyprus, their wings made of peacock's feathers-a lides 1987a: 56-57, number 71, plate significance going well beyond the symbol of immortality. Each holds a XLI, 1987b:242, G.1). shores of the island. Not only are scepter and offersa globe surmounted The best preservedof the early such works extremely rare,they also by a cross - an emblem of world Christian wall mosaics of Cyprus preserve unique iconographic fea- dominion-to Christ and the Virgin. were the sixth-century conches and tures. The mosaics in the conch (the The composition is completed by a intrados of the of the Churches domed roof of the semicircular apse) representation of the Fountain of of PanayiaKanakaria at Lythran- of PanayiaKanakaria showed the Life on the intrados, where pairs of komi (Papageorghiou1966: 17-19, enthroned Virgin Mary with Christ ducks, beribbonedparrots (a Persian figure 9; Sacopoulo 1975; Megaw on her knees inside a mandorla (a symbol of terrestrialpower), and deer and Hawkins 1977; Megaw 1985: shining aureole. Two archangels are shown drinking from a series of 174-84, figures 2-5; Michaelides stood on either side in a landscape of fountains. This is yet another alle- 1987a: 54-55, numbers 67 and 68, palms and other trees against a gorical representationof Psalm 42, plates XXV and XL, 1987b:242, golden background.The intrados already encountered in the fourth- H.l.a and b) and PanayiaAngeloktis- (interior curve of an arch)was deco- century decoration of the nave of the tos at Kiti (Papageorghiou1966: 17, rated with 13 medallions set in a Basilica of Chrysopolitissa at Nea figure 8; Megaw 1985: 184-92, figures vegetal band. The central medallion Paphos. One especially important 6-11; Michaelides 1987a: 55-56, has not survived, but it probably and rarefeature of this mosaic is the numbers 69 and 70, plates XXVIand depicted a cross, while the six fact that the Virgin Mary is named XLI, 1987b:240, C.1). The villages of medallions on either side depicted HAGHIAMARIA (Saint Mary),a Livadhiaand Lythrankomiare in the Twelve Apostles. The rather title conferredupon her after the northern Cyprus in an area that adult-looking Christ is very unusual, Council of of 431 c.E. since 1974 has been occupied by the but the most important element is These wall mosaics are among Turkish Army. Unfortunately, the the aureole around the Virgin, a the finest expressions of early Chris-

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This content downloaded from 192.215.101.254 on Fri, 2 Aug 2013 17:07:37 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions This charging bear dates to the sixth century and was found in the atrium at Basilica A at Ayios Yeoryiosof Peyia. The mosaic also had representationsof a wild boar,lion and bull. The symbolization of these animals is unclear.

132-49, plates Hadjichristophi tian art that have been found to date. breaking the age-long link between 124-41), E. (1986),and Demetrios Michaelides Together with other examples of Cyprus and Antioch. church such as the These works also illustrate the (1987a, 1988). decoration, 2Nea Paphosis the site of modern-day floors end of a on marble furniture and mosaic long mosaic tradition KatoPaphos usually referredto as Paphos. of the basilicas at Ayios Yeoryios of Cyprus, which started in the late Palaepaphos(old Paphos)is the site of Peyia, they reflect the spirit of their fourth century B.C.E.and, after span- modern-dayKouklia about 15 kilometers time and, moreover, illustrate the ning more than 900 years, came to an (about 9 miles) southeast of Paphos. administrative, religious, and cul- abrupt end with the Arab invasions 3The personification of Ktisis is tural orientation of Cyprus toward of the early seventh century C.E. found in the Constantinian Villa, the Constantinople in the sixth century House of Ge and the Seasons, the House Notes of the Sea and the House of C.E.It was as a result of the provin- Goddess, 'The main works on the Roman Ktisis 1947: 255, plates LXIc, cial reorganization by the emperor (Levi mosaics of Cyprusare by W.A. Daszewski LXXXII,CXXXII, and LXXVa). Justinian, in fact, that the governor 1985, A. Daszewski and 4Some discussion of the inscriptions of ceased to function under (1977, 1988),W. Cyprus Demetrios Michaelides (1988),and in the early Christian mosaics of Cyprus the Comes orientis of the (Count Demetrios Michaelides (1986, 1987a, can be found in J.-P.Caillet (1983). Orient) at Antioch and came under 1987b, 1989). On the early Christian 50n the architectureand decoration the direct control of the central gov- mosaics see, primarily,S. Pelekanides of these buildings see, primarily,A. H. S. ernment of Constantinople, thus and P. Atzaka (1974:138-52, numbers Megaw (1960:348, plates XXXIXand XL,

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This content downloaded from 192.215.101.254 on Fri, 2 Aug 2013 17:07:37 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1974: 71-72, figures 16, 18, and 19, 1976a). 6In Lebanon there is the fifth- century example in the Church of Khaldee and later ones in the Villa at Awzaci and the Church of Beit-Mery (see Chehab 1958-1959: 109-10, 126, 166, plates LXVI, LXXXV, and CVI).

Bibliography '0. Al Atzaka, P. 1980 E Technik&opus sectile stan entoichia Mndmeia diakosmses (Byzantina 4). Thessalonicae:Institutum Byzantinis 101 Qp to Studiis Provehendis. Bagnall,R. S., and Drew-Bear,T. lee A?itir 1973 Documents from Kourion:A review itI r article.Phoenix 27: 99-117 and213-44. j C~~~~r Caillet, J.-P. 3f *dI.~ 1986 Pr6sentationmaterielle, formulaires, indications de surfaceou 6L prix: Al..3 lk??'i. quelques donn6s socio-6conomique 49%I~~~~, j7 des d6dicacespriv6es de pavements de mosaique i la fin de l'Antiquit6 10d- (Occidenteurop6en, , r6gions 'orT. ~ 46gennes,Asie Mineure, Chypre).In -!4... C Colloque International:'Artistes, Artisans et ProductionArtistique au !k- vm?? MoyenAge," Universit6 de Haute al)1 4. ?-? Bretagne,Rennes 2-6 mai 1983, edited by X. Barraland L. Altet. Paris:Picard. Chehab,M. 1958- Mosaiques du Liban. Bulletin du :- - V 1959 Mus6e de BeyrouthXIV and XV. Paris:Librairie dAmerique et d'OrientAdrien Maisonneuve. Daszewski, W.A. mr*, ? , X4- 1972 Polish Excavationsat Kato (Nea)

dI~ Paphos in 1970 and 1971.Report of the Department of Antiquities of lb\: Cyprus, 1972: 204-36. 1977 Nea PaphosII. La Mosaique de Thisbe. Etudes sur la mosaique avec representationsdu Labyrinthe,de Thisbe et du Minotaure.Warsaw: PWN-Iditions Scientifiques de Pologne. 1985 Dionysos der Erl]ser: Griechische Mythen im spiatantikenCypern. Mainz. Philipp von Zabern. 1988 FiguralMosaics from Paphos:Sub- ject, style and significance. Pp. 13-77 in Mosaic Floorsin Cyprus(Biblio- teca di Felix 3), by W.A. Daszewski and D. Michaelides. Ravenna:Edizioni del Girasole. Daszewski, W.A., and Michaelides, D. 1988 A Guide to the PaphosMosaics. : Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundationand the Department of This mosaic dates to the second quarterof the sixth century and was found at Panayia Antiquities of Cyprus. Kanakariain Lythrankomi. Hadjichristophi,E 1986 Les pavements en mosaique dans les 6glises Paldochratiennesa Chypre. Cahiers Chypriots5: 9-15.

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This content downloaded from 192.215.101.254 on Fri, 2 Aug 2013 17:07:37 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Karageorghis,V. 1976 Annual Reportof the Department of 1987a CypriotMosaics (CyprusDepart- Antiquities. ment of Antiquities, PictureBook 7- iscover 1977 Chroniquedes Fouilles et Decou- No. 7). Nicosia: Department of An- vertes Archdologiquesa Chypreen tiquities of Cyprus. 1976. Bulletin de Correspondance 1987b A Catalogueof Hellenistic, Roman ~4iEbica1 Hillenique CI: 707-79. and EarlyChristian mosaics of 1985 Chroniquedes Fouilles et Decou- Cyprus with representationsof v6rtes Archdologiquesa Chypreen human figures. Reportof the Depart- 1984. Bulletin de Correspondance ment of Antiquities of Cyprus,1987: CIX:897-967. 239-52. Sw4rchaeologist Hillenique Each new discoveriesare Kitzinger,E. 1988 Mosaic pavements from early Chris- yearmany 1965 Stylistic Developments in pavement tian cult buildings in Cyprus. madethat enrich our understanding mosaics in the Greek East from the Pp.81-153 in Mosaic Floorsin Cyprus of theroots of Westerntradition. Age of Constantine to the Age of (Biblioteca di Felix Ravenna, 3), by Sinceit firstreported the discovery Justinian.Pp. 341-51 in "LaMosaique W.A. Daszewski and D. Michaelides. of the DeadSea Scrolls in Greco-Romaine,Paris 29 Aofzt- Ravenna:Edizioni del Girasole. 1947, Biblical hasbeen first 3 Septembre1963. Paris:Editions du 1989 Cypriot mosaics: Local traditions Archaeologist Centre National de la Recherche and external influences. Pp. 272-92 on the scenewith fascinatingreports Scientifique. in Acts of the Conference,"Early of the latestfield work. Published Levi, D. Society in Cyprus,"Edinburgh 13-16 quarterlyby theJohns Hopkins 1947 Antioch Mosaic Pavements.Prince- April 1988, edited by E. J.Peltenburg. Presson behalfof the Princeton Press. University ton, NJ: University Edinburgh:Edinburgh University AmericanSchools of Oriental Megaw,A. H. S. Press. 1960 EarlyByzantine monuments in Mitford,T. B. Research,BA continues this tradition Cyprus in the light of recent dis- 1971 The Inscriptionsof Kourion.Phila- of timely,challenging articles that coveries. Pp. 346-51 in Akten des XI. delphia:American Philosophical set the pacefor scholars and International en Byzantinisten Society. alike. 1958. A. laypeople Kongresses Papageorghiou, To or renew 1974 Byzantine architectureand decora- 1966 t Palaiochristianik6kai Byzantine placeyour subscription tion in Cyprus:Metropolitan or Techn6tbs Kyprou. Reprinted from a currentsubscription, complete the Provincial?Dumbarton Oaks Papers Apostolos Varnavas.Nicosia: form below and returnit to the 28: 57-88. Anagennesis. JohnsHopkins UniversityPress, 1976a Interiordecoration in early Chris- 1967 t Palaiochristianikekai Byzantine Journals Division (JHUP), tian Cyprus.Pp. 3-20 in Rapportset Archaiologiakai en Kypr6 Publishing Techne 701 W. 40th Suite Baltimore, Co-Rapports,XVe CongresInter- kata ta ete 1965-66. Reprintedfrom St., 275, national Varnavas.Nicosia: MD 21211.Individual orders must d'EtudesByzantines, Apostolos Athknes, 1976. Anagennesis. be prepaidby check or money order 1976b Excavationsat the EpiscopalBasilica Pelekanides,S., and Atzaka, P. drawnon a United Statesbank or at Kourion.Dumbarton Oaks Papers 1974 Syntagma t6n Palaiochristianik6n VISA or MasterCard.To an 30: 345-74. tbsHellados I. by place ps~phidot6ndaped6n order credit dial our toll-free 1985 Mosaici parietaliPaleobizantini di Nesiotik? Hellas (ByzantinaMn6- by card, Cipro.Pp. 173-98 In XXXIICorso di meia 1).Thessalonicae: Institutum number,1-800-537-JHUP Maryland CulturasullArte Ravennatee Bizan- Byzantinis Studiis Provehendis. residentsplease add 5% sales tax. tina, "Ciproe il MediterraneoOrien- Rupp,D. W. o $19.95individuals tale."Ravenna 23-30 Marzo 1985. 1982 Eustolios VI. Complex-Area O $30.00institutions Ravenna:Edizioni del Girasole. Pp. 132-39 in An archaeological Megaw,A. H. S., and Hawkins, E. J.W. guide to the ancient Kourionarea E Checkor money-orderenclosed 1976 A fragmentarymosaic of the orant and the AkrotiriPeninsula, edited O MasterCard O Visa Virginin Cyprus.Pp. 363-66 In by H. WyldeSwiny. Nicosia: Depart- ment of of Actes du XIVe CongresInter- Antiquities Cyprus. Card number national d'tudes Byzantines, Sacopoulo,M. Bucharest, 1971,volume 3. 1975 La Theotokosa' la mandorle de 1977 The Churchof the PanagiaKanakaria Lythrankomi.Paris: Maisonneuve & Expirationdate at Lythrankomiin Cyprus:Its Larose. Mosaics and Frescoes.Washington: TranTam Tinh, V. Name DumbartonOaks Center for Byzan- 1985 LaBasilique. Soloi: Dix Campagnes tine Studies. de Fouilles (1964-1974),volume 1. Address Michaelides, D. Sainte-Foy:Les Presses de l'Univer- 1986 A New OrpheusMosaic in Cyprus. site Laval. Pp. 473-89 In Acts of the Inter- Vander Werff City national Archaeological Symposium 1989 InformationReport of the Cultural Between the Orient and the Presented the "Cyprus Heritage of Cyprus by State Zip Occident."Nicosia 8-14 September Committee on Culture and Educa- 1985, edited by V. Karageorghis. tion to the ParliamentaryAssembly Nicosia: Department of Antiquities of the Council of Europe6 July. Country of Cyprus. Document6079.

202 Biblical Archaeologist, December 1989

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