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LECTURE 8 - Mohorovičić’S Inversion: the Discovery of the Crust-Mantle Boundary A.K.A
LECTURE 8 - Mohorovičić’s inversion: the discovery of the crust-mantle boundary a.k.a. “Moho” Hrvoje Tkalčić "Andrija Mohorovičić" by a surrealistic painter, Carlo Billich *** N.B. The material presented in these lectures is from the principal textbooks, other books on similar subject, the research and lectures of my colleagues from various universities around the world, my own research, and finally, numerous web sites. I am grateful for the material I used in this particular lecture to D. Skoko, M.Herak, and A. Mohorovičić himself, who was a founder of the Geophysical Institute of the University of Zagreb, at which I studied as an undergraduate student.*** Seismic “phases” and their nomenclature Construction of travel time curves (hodochrones) istance d Epicentral Time Observed and theoretical travel time curves Kennett et al., 1991 1909 Earthquake and the Mohorovičić’s assumption Mohorovičić’s method Mohorovičić’s method Mohorovičić’s method The depth of the discontinuity Voilà! Andrija Mohorovičić 1910 The discontinuity in seismic wave speeds Somewhat arbitrary v alues on this scheme, but generally OK Abrupt change in the composition and density of rocks results in a sharp change in seismic wave speeds The depth of Moho (crustal thickness) Moho in popular culture . The Mohorovičić Discontinuity is mentioned in one particular computer game, an RTS called Total Annihilation. Players can build a "Moho Mine" in order to mine metal at or close to the Mohorovičić Discontinuity. Due to the size of the structure, the public being unfamiliar with the Mohorovičić Discontinuity, and an expansion structure called the "Moho Metal-Maker", "Moho" is misinterpreted as meaning "big.” . -
The Mohole : a Crustal Journey and Mantle Quest
The MoHole : a Crustal Journey and Mantle Quest BENOÎT ILDEFONSE CNRS, GÉOSCIENCES MONTPELLIER [email protected] Mission Moho co-proponents Natsue Abe, Peter Kelemen, Hidenori Kumagai, Damon Teagle, Doug Wilson, Gary Acton, Jeff Alt, Wolfgang Bach, Neil Banerjee, Mathilde Cannat, Rick Carlson, David Christie, Rosalind Coggon, Laurence Coogan, Robert Detrick, Henry Dick, Jeffrey Gee, Kathryn Gillis, Alistair Harding, Jeff Karson, Shuichi Kodaira, Juergen Koepke, John Maclennan, Jinichiro Maeda, Chris MacLeod, Jay Miller, Sumio Miyashita, Jim Natland, Toshio Nozaka, Mladen Nedimovic, Yasuhiko Ohara, Kyoko Okino, Philippe Pezard, Eiichi Takazawa, Takeshi Tsuji, Susumu Umino Co-authors of MoHole workshop report Natsue Abe, Yoshio Isozaki, Donna Blackman, Pablo Canales, Shuichi Kodaira, Greg Myers, Kentaro Nakamura, Mladen Nedimovic, Ali Skinner, Eiichi Takazawa, Damon Teagle, Masako Tominaga, Susumu Umino, Doug Wilson, Masaoki Yamao April 1958, meeting in the Great Hall of the NAS : “What good will it do to get a single sample of the mantle?...” “Perhaps it is true that we won't find out as much about the earth’s interior from one hole as we hope. To those who raise that objection I say, If there is not a first hole, there cannot be a second or a tenth or a hundredth hole. We must make a beginning.” Harry Hess Project “Mohole” 1957-1966 Life, April 14, 1961 Offshore Guadalupe Island March-April 1961 CUSS 1 Dynamic positioning ~ 3500 mbsl 5 holes Max depth 183 m, miocene sediments & ~ 14 m of basalt 40 years of planning on deep drilling of the ocean lithosphere Oceanic basement drilling 1968 - 2005 basalt (45 holes > 50 m) gabbro & serpentinite (37 holes > 10 m) Ildefonse et al., 2007 Not enough !! ~3% of DSDP/ODP/IODP cumulated depth No continuous section of ocean crust ! Scientific planning 2006-2010 • Mission Moho Workshop Formation and Evolution of Oceanic Lithosphere Portland, Sept. -
2018 Roussanne
TEXAS HIGH PLAINS 2018 e Wine: Roussanne, originating from the Rhone Valley, has found a home in the Texas High Plains. Our Roussanne produces a distinctively rich white wine with wonderful aromatics reminiscent of tropical fruit, pineapple and honeysuckle. e palate is equally rich with hints of citrus, Mandarin orange, grilled nectarines and a light acidity. AVA: e Texas High Plains is the second largest AVA in Texas, comprising roughly 8 million acres in west Texas, mostly south of the panhandle region. e eastern border of the Texas High Plains AVA follows the 3000 elevation contour line along the Caprock Escarpment, the steep transitional zone separating the High Plains from the lower plains to the east. e elevation within the Texas High Plains gradually increases from 3,000 . to 4,100 . in the northwest portion of the AVA. is positioning provides an environment of long, hot dry summer days, which allow the grapes to mature and ripen to proper sugar levels, and cool evenings and nights, which help set the grape’s acidity levels. Grapes and wine have been produced in this region since the mid-1970s and vineyards here have become the major grape supplier to wineries throughout the state. ere are over 75 Wine Grape Varietals planted in the High Plains AVA, including Cabernet Sauvignon, Chenin Blanc, Gewurztraminer, Grenache, Merlot, Malbec, Dolcetto, Mourvèdre, Sangiovese, Tempranillo, and Viognier. Wine Makers Notes: We aged our Roussanne in new French Oak Barrels to provide a kiss of oak before moving the wine into stainless to complete its maturation. No malolactic fermentation was required with this grape as acidity is naturally so and the grape complex in phenolics. -
Reds Listed Lightest to Fullest Our Wine Bar Was Created As a Place to Share
Our Wine Bar was created as a place to share our love of both great food and wine. We emphasize hard-to-find domestic artisan wines. Consistent with our philosophy on Extra Virgin Olive Oil, we hand-select only the finest wines to share with our customers. IN ORDER TO INCREASE BUSINESS DURING THE CLOSURE OF OUR DINING ROOM, ALL WINES ARE PRICED 40% OFF Bottle Price listed lightest to fullest Reds 19. Pinot Noir – 2018 Wonderwall, Paso Robles, CA 26.40 This super juicy Pinot Noir has tastes of black cherries, figs, almond bark, and cola on the palate followed by notes of white pepper, clove, cinnamon and a touch of smoke. A wine that is meant to be enjoyed! 20. Pinot Noir – 2016 Browne Family ‘Heritage’, Willamette Valley, OR 26.40 100% Pinot Noir with notes of red plums, black cherries and candied violets. The palate is juicy and fruit forward followed by a round and lively mid palate full of silky tannins. 21. Pinot Noir – 2017 Lucienne ‘Smith Vineyard’, Santa Lucia Highlands, CA 30.00 Aromas of stewed cherries, root beer, licorice, and fennel show on the nose of this single-vineyard bottling from the Hahn family. The palate is quite ripe with cherry and dried strawberry flavors, finishing with a prominent vanilla spice. 22. Merlot – 2015 Dreyer Family ‘Compass’ Wines, CA – NEW! 17.40 Rich garnet color with aromas and taste of dark fruit of blueberries, black cherries, plums and figs finishing with a hint of chocolate. This wine shows depth, complexity, and structured tannins and rich texture. -
2019 Tx-Bdx Red Blend
2019 APPELLATION: Texas High Plains AVA VINEYARDS: Reddy Vineyards — Blocks 9, 12, 17 TX-BDX RED VARIETAL(S): Merlot 71%, Cabernet Franc 10%, BLEND Cabernet Sauvignon 7%, Malbec 6%, Petit Verdot 6% VINTAGE: 2019 ALCOHOL: 14% CASES PRODUCED: 980 Cases WINEMAKERS NOTES A blockbuster vintage for white and rosé varietals, a late summer heat wave presented challenges for High Plains growers who ultimately saw strong vineyard output and balanced sugar levels in red varietals. Favorable springtime conditions continuing through August allowed the vines to complete budbreak and fruit set without experiencing any adverse weather. Moderate temperatures allowed for a long and slow maturation of grapes and produced balanced red fruit. The blocks selected for this wine produced incredible fruit for intense wines with power and depth. Each block was farmed, picked, and fermented separately, with the wines seeing new French oak aging to add complexity. These wines were then blended to create a final wine that is bold, layered and cellar worthy. TASTING NOTES Ruby in color with brilliant clarity, this wine is a bold expression of Bordeaux varietals cultivated in Texas. Aromatic notes of red fruit are accentuated on the palate with layers of rich red and black fruit flavors coupled with undertones of spice, vanilla, and oak. Firm tannins provide grip and structure, making it a perfect pairing for steak or brisket. THE VINEYARDS & PHILOSOPHY At Reddy Vineyards, we strive to provide the highest quality grapes to be enjoyed as your family’s favorite wine. Situated in the heart of the Texas High Plains AVA (American Viticultural Area), our vineyards are blessed to possess a rare combination of factors ideal for growing premium grapes. -
White Wines Red Wines
First Name: ______________________Last Name: ___________________ Red Wines Email: ____________________________ Barbera “Texas High Plains AVA” 2017 $9/$35 Our Texas High Plains Barbera is made in the style of the Old World hills from White Wines whence it came. Bright, fresh and delicious, redolent of strawberries in the nose, this drop brims with boysenberry and blackberry in a light to medium- NV “Effervesce” Sparkling Brut $8/$32 bodied glass of yum, gliding into a crisp cherry jolly rancher finish. 100% “Bubbles call for celebration!” A delightfully fun and sassy glass of bubbles. Barbera Citrus, pear and floral aromas with a hint of yeast. The fine mousse brings forth SCS “Texas” 2017 $8/$32 the light citrus, smooth and round in the mouth. 74% Chardonnay, 8% Willem’s signature blend of Sangiovese, Syrah and Cabernet Sauvignon is built Sauvignon Blanc, 8% French Colombard, 4% Viognier, 4% Muscat Canneli to extract everything these beautiful varietals have to offer. The pretty, elegant Miscellany “Texas” 2016 $8/$32 nose, redolent of raspberries and blue fruit, kissed by earth and spice gives on to a round well-balanced mouth brimming with red and blue fruits, mocha spice This enigmatic white blend tickles the senses. Golden yellow in color, the wine and relaxed tannins. 50% Sangiovese, 25% each Cab & Syrah possesses a layered bouquet, and stands out for its complexity and concentration combined with a soft elegance and mineralic structure. 40% Cabernet Sauvignon Estate “Texoma AVA” 2015 $9/$36 Rousanne, 15% Gewurtztraminer, 15% Riesling, 10% Chenin Blanc, 10% 4R’s latest signature red vintage exemplifies the power of our land. -
University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan BIOSYSTEMATIC STUDY of OENUS BERLANDIERA DC
This dissertation has been 65—3903 microfilmed exactly as received PINKAVA, Donald John, 1933- BXDSYSTEMATIC STUDY OF GENUS BERLANDIERA DC. (COMPOS1TAE). The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1964 Botany University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan BIOSYSTEMATIC STUDY OF OENUS BERLANDIERA DC. (COMPOSITAE) DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of tha Requirement* for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By DONALD JOHN PINKAVA, B.Sc.t M.Sc. The Ohio State University 1964 Approved by Adviser Department of Botany and Plant Pathology PLEASE NOTE Figure pages are not original copy. They tend to "curl". Filmed in the best possible way. University Microfilms, Inc. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr* T. Richard Fisher, my adviser, who not only suggested thia problem, but moat effectively guided it to ita completion* I am thankful alao to Drs* Clara G. Weiahaupt, Emanuel 0. Rudolph, Dale A. Ray and Carroll A* Swanson for reading thia dissertation and for their helpful criticisms and suggestions* Special recognition is extended to John M* Speer* Unless otherwise cited, the photography is to be credited to his talents so unselfishly shared* I am deeply indebted to Dr* Ray for statistical assistance; to the curators of the herbaria for loaned specimens and/or photographs; and to my colleagues for their many useful suggestions* Financial assistance was provided by The Ohio State Research Foundation and the National Science Foundation* ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Pag* ACKNOWLEDGMENTS....................................... 11 LIST OF T A B I E S ......................................... It LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS................................. Yl INTRODUCTION........................................... 1 GENUS D E S C R I P T I O N .................................... -
Book Review of "Exploring the Earth's Crust: History and Results of Controlled-Source Seismology (GSA Memoir 208)" by Claus Prodehl and Walter D
Book Review of "Exploring the Earth's Crust: History and Results of Controlled-Source Seismology (GSA Memoir 208)" by Claus Prodehl and Walter D. Mooney Prodehl and Mooney have done an impressive service to the community in providing this compendium of controlled-source seismic studies of the earth's crust carried out to 2005. It is a remarkable piece of work. The book will be a valuable resource for students and researches in earth sciences for many years to come. The chapter on the "History of controlled-source seismology" provides an excellent introduction to the data sets and experiments that are discussed in the remainder of the book. It is strange that for such a large book there is no index and, as a result, it is awkward to find material of interest. Consequently this chapter is especially necessary. The chapter on "The first 100 years (1845-1945)" does for controlled-source seismology what Love's (1927) "Historical Introduction" did for the theory of elasticity and Dewey and Byerly (1969) did for seismometry. Given the importance and ubiquity of the term "Mohorovičić Discontinuity" it would be interesting to know who first used this term and how quickly it was generally accepted. This is not, however, addressed in Prodehl and Mooney other than to say "This boundary [reported by Mohorovičić (1910)] ... was shortly thereafter defined as the crust-mantle boundary and was named the Mohorovičić discontinuity...". (By the way, for those anglophones interested in the history of seismology there is an English translation of Mohorovičić 's 1910 paper (Mohorovičić 1992).) It is, of course, common knowledge that the crust is defined as the region of the earth above the Mohorovičić Discontinuity (or Moho) and that this is observed seismically from both earthquakes and controlled sources. -
PROJECT MOHOLE INITIAL FEASIBILITY STUDY for 2017 DRILLING Prepared for Integrated Ocean Drilling Program
PROJECT MOHOLE INITIAL FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR 2017 DRILLING Prepared For Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Final Report Project No. IOD-I211-001 Version No.: 5 Date: June 30, 2011 Purpose: The purpose of this document is to provide a feasibility study for drilling and coring activities that will take place in ultra-deepwater environment of th Pacific Ocean and also in very high temperature igneous rocks constituting 2600 Network Blvd, Suite 550 Frisco, Texas 75034 the oceanic crust in order to reach the upper mantle. 1-972-712-8407 Some of the topics discussed include: 1. Drilling with riser in 4000 meters water depths. 16225 Park Ten Place, Suite 450 Houston, Texas 77084 2. Drilling and coring 150°C-250°C igneous rocks. 1-281-206-2000 3. Reaching the upper mantle at 6000-7000 meters below the ocean seafloor. www.blade-energy.com 4. Well design for the 3 potential drill sites. 5. Operational time and costs estimation for the 3 potential drill sites. Blade Energy Partners Limited, and its affiliates (‘Blade’) provide our services subject to our General Terms and Conditions (‘GTC’) in effect at time of service, unless a GTC provision is expressly superseded in a separate agreement made with Blade. Blade’s work product is based on information sources which we believe to be reliable, including information that was publicly available and that was provided by our client; but Blade does not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of the information provided. All statements are the opinions of Blade based on generally-accepted and reasonable practices in the industry. -
Wines from Unexpected Places”
Tasting Notes February 2018 Pick-up “Wines From Unexpected Places” Welcome to your February 2018 Smart Wine Club pickup. We have a fun topic for this month’s pickup – wines from unexpected places! As I explore and taste new wines, I often come across a really fun and tasty bottle, but it’s from a place where I wouldn’t be able to find five other equally delicious and affordable wines to offer you. So, I decided to put six of these “stragglers” together in our February pickup. Some of these wines come from lesser-known regions or regions that produce smaller amounts. Some are from regions that produce a lot of wine, but don’t import much to the U.S. I hope you’ll enjoy the experience of trying something new! Don’t forget to share your Smart Wine Club wines with your local-area friends and let them know about our club. We are small but growing, and I’d love to welcome new people you enjoy spending time with, so I can offer more tasting events for all of you. Finally, if you’re getting overwhelmed by wine club bags, just remember you can always return them to us here, and we will re-use them for the next pickup. - 2016 Mantlerhof Grüner Veltliner, Niederösterreich (Lower Austria), AU – Grüner Veltliner is always a fun white wine to try! It often comes in a 1L bottle (and this one does), so you get 33% more wine, which is great for a party. The Mantlerhof is made from 100% organic grapes. -
Project Mohole Deep Sea Drilling Project Ocean Drilling Program
A Brief History of Scientific Ocean Drilling Deep Sea Drilling Project Ocean Drilling Project Mohole Program Drilling for Science Scientists have been using drilling technology to understand Earth’s history since 1958. – Project Mohole (1958 -1966) – Deep Sea Drilling Project (1968 -1983) – Ocean Drilling Program (1985 - 2003) – Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (2003 - ) Project Mohole •Project Mohole attempted to drill through the Earth’s crust to the Mohorovicic Discontinuity and retrieve a sample of the mantle. •Recovered the first sample of oceanic crust. •Although the mantle was never reached, Project Mohole showed that deep ocean drilling was a viable means of obtaining geological samples. Deep Sea Drilling Project 1968-1983 During worldwide operations, the Glomar Challenger sailed 96 Legs and drilled 624 sites. DSDP Scientific Highlights • Verified the theory of plate tectonics; • Discovered that Antarctica has been ice-covered for 20 million years; • Showed that the Mediterranean Sea completely dried up between 5 and 12 Ma. Ocean Drilling Program 1985-2003 • During ODP, the JOIDES Resolution sailed 110 Legs and drilled 650 sites ODP Scientific Highlights •Defining the longest record of Earth’s natural climate variability; •Collecting the first marine record of the K/T boundary; •Sampling gas hydrates How is IODP different? Multiple Drilling Platforms Riser Platform Mission-Specific Non-riser Platform Chikyu Riser Platform • Operated by Japan’s JAMSTEC Center for Deep Earth Exploration (CDEX) • Scheduled to begin IODP operations in 2007 • 12,000 m drillstring with 2500 m riser capability IODP - Multiple Drilling Platforms • Riserless drilling vessel • Riser-equipped drilling vessel • Mission specific platforms Riser versus Non-Riser: What’s the difference? 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 ( Pressure Gradient by Specific Gravity ) Riserless Drilling Riser Drilling Riser Pipe and BOP Hydrostatic Pressure of 3500m Fluid Column of which SG is 1.2. -
The Geography of Wine in North Carolina: Terroir, Site Selection Efficacy, and Implications for Pierce’S Disease Resistant Grape Varieties in the Southeastern U.S
NOWLIN, JOHN W., Ph.D. The Geography of Wine in North Carolina: Terroir, Site Selection Efficacy, and Implications for Pierce’s Disease Resistant Grape Varieties in the Southeastern U.S. (2017) Directed by Dr. Rick Bunch 138 pp. North Carolina has a broad range of physical environments that produce wine from a breadth of grape species/varietals. Its wine industry has grown rapidly for over a decade and the nature of its climates, soils, and topography are varied and unique in the wine world, yet North Carolina remains relatively unknown outside of the Southeastern portion of the United States. In this study, North Carolina’s vineyards and their specific site characteristics were considered both on the basis of their terroir and the extent to which they followed extension agency advice on site selection. One characteristic risk of growing grapes in the Southeastern U.S. is a plant illness known as Pierce's Disease, which is deadly to the vines of Vitis vinifera parentage. This research used a novel method to reveal the dividing line between V. vinifera and Pierce’s Disease resistant grape variety suitability zones across the Southeast. The quantification of the physical elements of terroir and test of the effectiveness of vineyard site selection has revealed the character of North Carolina’s wine regions and commercial vineyards. In addition, the modeling of the Southeastern U.S. Pierce's Disease zone provided clarification on where Pierce’s Disease resistant winegrapes might present new wine industry options for vineyards across the Southeastern U.S. KEYWORDS: Wine, North Carolina; Southeastern U.S.; Terroir; GIS; Applied Geography; Viticulture; Site Selection; Site Suitability THE GEOGRAPHY OF WINE IN NORTH CAROLINA: TERROIR, SITE SELECTION EFFICACY, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PIERCE’S DISEASE RESISTANT GRAPE VARIETIES IN THE SOUTHEASTERN U.S.