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To Search High and Low: Liang Sicheng, Lin Huiyin, and China's
Scapegoat Architecture/Landscape/Political Economy Issue 03 Realism 30 To Search High and Low: Liang Sicheng, Lin Huiyin, and China’s Architectural Historiography, 1932–1946 by Zhu Tao MISSING COMPONENTS Living in the remote countryside of Southwest Liang and Lin’s historiographical construction China, they had to cope with the severe lack of was problematic in two respects. First, they were financial support and access to transportation. so eager to portray China’s traditional architec- Also, there were very few buildings constructed ture as one singular system, as important as the in accordance with the royal standard. Liang and Greek, Roman and Gothic were in the West, that his colleagues had no other choice but to closely they highly generalized the concept of Chinese study the humble buildings in which they resided, architecture. In their account, only one dominant or others nearby. For example, Liu Zhiping, an architectural style could best represent China’s assistant of Liang, measured the courtyard house “national style:” the official timber structure exem- he inhabited in Kunming. In 1944, he published a plified by the Northern Chinese royal palaces and thorough report in the Bulletin, which was the first Buddhist temples, especially the ones built during essay on China’s vernacular housing ever written the period from the Tang to Jin dynasties. As a by a member of the Society for Research in Chi- consequence of their idealization, the diversity of nese Architecture.6 Liu Dunzhen, director of the China’s architectural culture—the multiple con- Society’s Literature Study Department and one of struction systems and building types, and in par- Liang’s colleagues, measured his parents’ country- ticular, the vernacular buildings of different regions side home, “Liu Residence” in Hunan province, in and ethnic groups—was roundly dismissed. -
The Case of Wooden Buddhist Temples*
ETHNOLOGY DOI: 10.17746/1563-0110.2017.45.2.142-148 A.Y. Mainicheva1, 2, V.V. Talapov2, and Zhang Guanying3 1Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Akademika Lavrentieva 17, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia E-mail: [email protected] 2Novosibirsk State University of Architecture, Design and Arts, Krasny pr. 38, Novosibirsk, 630099, Russia E-mail: [email protected] 3AVIC Forestry CO., LTD, International Business Div. 22F, No. 28 Changjiang Rd, YEDA, Yantai, Shandong, China E-mail: [email protected] Principles of the Information Modeling of Cultural Heritage Objects: The Case of Wooden Buddhist Temples* This article describes the principles and prospects of using the BIM (building information modeling) technology, which was for the fi rst time used to reconstruct wooden Buddhist temples, to assess cultural information relating to them, and to evaluate the impact of the environment and exploitation. Preserving and restoring such temples is diffi cult because their construction includes wooden brackets—dougong. The BIM technology and our own method based on treatises of old Chinese architecture have enabled us to generate an information model of the temple (a new means of information processing) and to test it for geometric consistency. To create a library of elements, the Autodesk Revit software was used. To test the effi ciency of the library we applied the information model to the Shengmudian temple in the Shanxi province. The adaptation of the dougong library elements to wooden Buddhist temples provides the possibility for applying such technologies to generate a unifi ed system regardless of the software. Keywords: Architectural monuments, information modeling, BIM, Buddhist temples, dougong. -
UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles the How and Why of Urban Preservation: Protecting Historic Neighborhoods in China a Disser
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles The How and Why of Urban Preservation: Protecting Historic Neighborhoods in China A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Urban Planning by Jonathan Stanhope Bell 2014 © Copyright by Jonathan Stanhope Bell 2014 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The How and Why of Preservation: Protecting Historic Neighborhoods in China by Jonathan Stanhope Bell Doctor of Philosophy in Urban Planning University of California, Los Angeles, 2014 Professor Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris, Chair China’s urban landscape has changed rapidly since political and economic reforms were first adopted at the end of the 1970s. Redevelopment of historic city centers that characterized this change has been rampant and resulted in the loss of significant historic resources. Despite these losses, substantial historic neighborhoods survive and even thrive with some degree of integrity. This dissertation identifies the multiple social, political, and economic factors that contribute to the protection and preservation of these neighborhoods by examining neighborhoods in the cities of Beijing and Pingyao as case studies. One focus of the study is capturing the perspective of residential communities on the value of their neighborhoods and their capacity and willingness to become involved in preservation decision-making. The findings indicate the presence of a complex interplay of public and private interests overlaid by changing policy and economic limitations that are creating new opportunities for public involvement. Although the Pingyao case study represents a largely intact historic city that is also a World Heritage Site, the local ii focus on tourism has disenfranchised residents in order to focus on the perceived needs of tourists. -
Temple Architecture of Liao & Jin Dynasty
Recent Researches in Energy, Environment and Landscape Architecture Temple Architecture of Liao&Jin dynasty(916-1234A.D) in Datong JI JIANLE, CHENRONG College of Landscape Architecture Nanjing Forestry University 159 Longpan Road, 210037, Nanjing CHINA [email protected] http://yuanlin.njfu.edu.cn Abstract:Datong was the auxiliary capital of Liao and Jin Dynasties, it was also the Buddhist center of northern china at that time. A lot of Buddhist buildings were carefully preserved there. Most people don’t know that the architecture of the same time, such as Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties are followed Tang Dynasty but the same time they are different from each other. After doing the research about the Buddhist buildings in Datong, it was known that the architecture style of the dynasties of the same time such as Song , Liao and Jin was followed Tang Dynasty. But what is the difference from them? Through research these Buddhist buildings, we can conclude that people in Liao and Jin periods followed the architectural style of Tang Dynasty -- roof gentle gradient, eaves overhangs deeply, large Dougong, thick columns, the appearance of the building is simple, forceful and effective, unlike the building of Song , soft and beautiful. However, the building of Liao Dynasty developed their own characteristics, the appearance and use of oblique Dougong. Key Words: Datong,Liao and Jin Dynasties,Buddhism,architectural styles,Dougong,roof,decline of the columns during the end of Tang Dynasty and Wudai Dynasty 1 The Buddhist buildings during Liao until the beginning of Khitan Dynasty . Datong was in the Yanyun sixteen states, which later occupied by and Jin periods in Datong area Khitan in the times of Houjin Dynasty. -
On El Lissitzky's Representations of Space
Online Journal of Art and Design volume 3, issue 3, 2015 Scissors versus T-square: on El Lissitzky’s Representations of Space Acalya Allmer Dokuz Eylül University, Turkey [email protected] ABSTRACT The first exhibition of Russian art since the Revolution was held in Berlin at the Van Diemen Gallery in the spring of 1922. In Camilla Gray’s terms it was ‘the most important and the only comprehensive exhibition of Russian abstract art to be seen in the West’ (Gray, 1962:315). The exhibition was organized and arranged by Russian architect El Lissitzky who acted as a link between the Russian avant-garde and that of the west. He played a seminal role especially in Germany, where he had lived before the war and where he was a constant visitor between 1922 and 1928. The diversity of El Lissitzky’s talents in many fields of art including graphic design, painting, and photography made him known as ‘travelling salesman for the avant-garde.’ However, what makes the theoretical and visual works of Lissitzky discontinuous and divergent is that they include apparently contradictory domains. Through his short life by shifting different modes of representations - perspective, axonometry, photomontage - Lissitzky sometimes presented us a number of problems in his irrational way of using the techniques. This article concentrates on his contradictory arguments on representation of space especially between 1920 and 1924, by re-reading his theoretical texts published in the avant-garde magazines of the period and looking through his well-preserved visual works. Keywords: El Lissitzky, representation, space, axonometry, photography, avant-garde 1. -
Hu Jingcao on Liang Sicheng and Lin Huiyin
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln The hinC a Beat Blog Archive 2008-2012 China Beat Archive 12-5-2010 Hu Jingcao on Liang Sicheng and Lin Huiyin Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/chinabeatarchive Part of the Asian History Commons, Asian Studies Commons, Chinese Studies Commons, and the International Relations Commons "Hu Jingcao on Liang Sicheng and Lin Huiyin" (2010). The China Beat Blog Archive 2008-2012. 648. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/chinabeatarchive/648 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the China Beat Archive at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in The hinC a Beat Blog Archive 2008-2012 by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Hu Jingcao on Liang Sicheng and Lin Huiyin December 6, 2010 in Interview by The China Beat | Permalink In October, CCTV’s high-definition channel broadcast a new six-hour, eight-episode documentary on the famous husband-and-wife duo Liang Sicheng (梁思成, 1901-1972) and Lin Huiyin (林徽因, 1904- 1955). Liang is renowned as a pioneering architectural historian, Lin as a writer, but their presence in China’s historical consciousness defies easy categorization. Both came from prominent families (Sicheng’s father was Liang Qichao, the scholar and reformer of the late Qing and early Republican period) and they left multifaceted legacies (their son, the noted environmentalist Liang Congjie, died in Beijing on October 28; American artist Maya Lin is Huiyin’s niece.) Titled “Liang Sicheng Lin Huiyin,” the documentary was directed by Hu Jingcao (胡劲草), a 42-year-old video journalist. -
Liang Sicheng's Proposed Etymology1
Acta Orientalia 2016: 77, 133–144. Copyright © 2016 Printed in India – all rights reserved ACTA ORIENTALIA ISSN 0001-6438 Chinese origin of the term pagoda: Liang Sicheng’s proposed etymology1 David Robbins Tien Providence, Rhode Island Abstract Western reference works regard the architectural term pagoda as being of uncertain origin, but an overlooked etymology proposed by Liang Sicheng convincingly solves the mystery: The word is Chinese, with the literal meaning “eight” (pa) “cornered” (ko) “tower” (t’a). As Liang Sicheng (who together with his wife pioneered the serious study of classical Chinese architecture) pointed out: “The octagonal pagoda, which first appeared in the Tomb Pagoda of Ching-tsang in 746, was the first “pa-go-da” in the real sense of the term.” This 746 date is of course centuries before the first appearance of pagoda in a European language, viz. 1516 in Portuguese, so the chronology presents no 1 This article was developed as a Comments on Etymology working paper (Tien 2014, 2015). My professional title is Clinical Associate Professor of Ophthalmology at Brown Medical School, and I also chair the International Affairs Committee for the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. I frequently visit China on medical-related work. I studied at Peking University from 1978-1979 as one of the first groups of Americans admitted before diplomatic relations were restored between the US and China. 134 David Robbins Tien problems. In a speculative vein I would add that a specific pagoda constructed later (be-tween 1597 and 1600) probably played an important role in helping the term to become entrenched in English and other European languages: the Pazhouta, standing in the Pearl River Estuary. -
Ecaade 2021 Towards a New, Configurable Architecture, Volume 2
eCAADe 2021 Towards a New, Configurable Architecture Volume 2 Editors Vesna Stojaković, Bojan Tepavčević, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences 1st Edition, September 2021 Towards a New, Configurable Architecture - Proceedings of the 39th International Hybrid Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe, Novi Sad, Serbia, 8-10th September 2021, Volume 2. Edited by Vesna Stojaković and Bojan Tepavčević. Brussels: Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe, Belgium / Novi Sad: Digital Design Center, University of Novi Sad. Legal Depot D/2021/14982/02 ISBN 978-94-91207-23-5 (volume 2), Publisher eCAADe (Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe) ISBN 978-86-6022-359-5 (volume 2), Publisher FTN (Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Serbia) ISSN 2684-1843 Cover Design Vesna Stojaković Printed by: GRID, Faculty of Technical Sciences All rights reserved. Nothing from this publication may be produced, stored in computerised system or published in any form or in any manner, including electronic, mechanical, reprographic or photographic, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authors are responsible for all pictures, contents and copyright-related issues in their own paper(s). ii | eCAADe 39 - Volume 2 eCAADe 2021 Towards a New, Configurable Architecture Volume 2 Proceedings The 39th Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe Hybrid Conference 8th-10th September -
The Agency of Mapping: Speculation, Critique and Invention
IO The Agency of Mapping: Speculation, Critique and Invention JAMES CORNER Mapping is a fantastic cultural project, creating and building the world as much as measuring and describing it. Long affiliated with the planning and design of cities, landscapes and buildings, mapping is particularly instrumental in the construing and constructing of lived space. In this active sense, the function of mapping is less to mirror reality than to engender the re-shaping of the worlds in which people live. While there are countless examples of authoritarian, simplistic, erroneous and coer cive acts of mapping, with reductive effects upon both individuals and environments, I focus in this essay upon more optimistic revisions of mapping practices. 1 These revisions situate mapping as a collective enabling enterprise, a project that both reveals and realizes hidden poten tial. Hence, in describing the 'agency' of mapping, I do not mean to invoke agendas of imperialist technocracy and control but rather to sug gest ways in which mapping acts may emancipate potentials, enrich expe riences aJd diversify worlds. We have been adequately cautioned about mapping as a means of projecting power-knowledge, but what about mapping as a productive and liberating instrument, a world-enriching agent, especially in the design and planning arts? As a creative practice, mapping precipitates its most productive effects through a finding that is also a founding; its agency lies in neither repro duction nor imposition but rather in uncovering realities previously unseen or unimagined, even across seemingly exhausted grounds. Thus, mapping unfolds potential; it re-makes territory over and over again, each time with new and diverse consequences. -
The Story of Liang and Lin
The Story of Liang and Lin Liang Sicheng and Lin Huiyin came to Penn at the height of Philadelphia’s Beaux-Arts building boom. They returned to revolutionary China with ideas that made a lasting mark on the development of architecture in the People’s Republic. By Naomi Elegant 1947, when he was a visiting fellow Liang’s busy schedule. “You can see what at Yale University and China’s rep- a hot shot you have gotten to be,” Ben- In resentative on the international diner teased his old classmate in a letter. team designing the United Na- Liang politely declined the speaking invi- tions Headquarters in New York, Liang tation, explaining in a handwritten reply Sicheng Ar’27 GAr’27 took a short trip to that “it would be best for me to join my old Philadelphia to visit his alma mater. friends, have lots of fun, and no talk.” He stayed at the Camac Street resi- Liang stayed overnight and left Phila- dence of Alfred Bendiner Ar’22 GAr’27, delphia the next evening, after spending an architecture classmate from Penn the day “in the Museum,” likely the Penn whose wife Elizabeth was close friends Museum. Bendiner had been trying to get with Liang’s wife and longtime collabo- the University to award Liang an honor- rator, Lin Huiyin FA’27. ary degree, but missed the deadline and Bendiner asked Liang if he wanted to had been advised to re-apply the follow- give a talk at the Architects Alumni As- ing year, provided Liang was still in the sociation dinner they were attending, United States. -
Planning & Development
Special Paper Background and Influences on Liang Sicheng’s Planning Thoughts Sidney WONG Assistant Professor, Department of City and Regional Planning, Morgan State University 1. Introduction Liang Sicheng (梁思成), the honoured architectural historian, is viewed as a representative of Planning & Development Chinese intellectuals with unyielding integrity. His futile campaign to preserve Beijing from destruction remains relevant today as bulldozers roam the city. But his planning ideas are less known despite of his idolized status. We need an earnest examination of his ideas without mere repeating what he said. The first step to study his thoughts of planning in a systematic manner is to identify what had shaped Liang’s thoughts about planning. This article reports my examination of the background for each of his planning publication.1 It will first present an overview of Liang’s planning ideas, followed by several sections discussing possible influences on his perspectives on planning. 2. An Overview of Liang Sicheng’s Major Planning Publications Table 1 presents a summary of Liang Sicheng’s primary publications that can be grouped under six categories. (1) Western (primarily American) planning system and practices (A & C), (2) Urbanism, decentralisation and garden-city like neighbourhood planning (B & H), (3) The ideal design education as means to shape the physical environment (C), (4) The Liang-Chen Proposal – new town and urban rehabilitation (E), (5) Pleading for conserving old Beijing (D, F, G & I), and (6) A vision of an ideal city (J) 1 This journey started with advising CCTV on a documentary on Liang and an article by the author: “Lin Huiyin and Liang Sicheng as Architectural Students at the University of Pennsylvania (1924-27).” Planning and Development, 23(1): 75-93, 2008. -
The Political Symbolism of Chinese Timber Structure: a Historical Study of Official Construction in Yingzao-Fashi
The Political Symbolism of Chinese Timber Structure: a historical study of official construction in Yingzao-fashi Pengfei Ma A thesis in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Built Environment 2020 Surname/Family Name : Ma Given Name/s : Pengfei Abbreviation for degree as give in the University calendar : PhD Faculty : Faculty of Built Environment School : School of Built Environment Thesis Title : The Political Symbolism of Chinese Timber Structure: a historical study of official construction in Yingzao-fashi Abstract 350 words maximum: (PLEASE TYPE) This research presents a historical study of timber construction in the official building code Yingzao-fashi from the lens of politics. The longevity of Chinese civilisation is associated with the ephemeral but renewable timber structure of Chinese buildings. Such an enduring and stable tie, to a large extent, should be attributed to the adaptability of timber structures to the premodern Chinese political system. The inquiry and analysis of the research are structured into three key aspects — the impetus of Yingzao-fashi, official construction systems, the political symbolism of and literature associated with timber structure. The areas of inquiry are all centred on the research question: how did Chinese timber structure of different types serve premodern Chinese politics? First, Yingzhao-fashi has been studied by scholars mainly from a technical point of view, but it was a construction code designed to realise the agenda of political reform. Secondly, the main classifications of timber structures in Yingzao-fashi – diange and tingtang – possessed distinct construction methods of vertical massing and horizontal connection respectively. These two methods, emphasising different architectural elements, are identified as two construction systems created for royal family and officials: royal construction and government construction.