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UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Roa<L ADn Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 • KYAI HAll HASYIM ASY'ARI'S RELIGIOUS THOUGHT AND POLITICAL ACTIVITIES (1871-1947) by Lathiful Khuluq • A thesis submitted to the Institute ofIslamic Studies Faculty ofGraduate Studies and Research, McGili University in partial Fulfilment ofthe requirement for the degree of Master ofArts Institute ofIslamic Studies McGill University, Montreal Canada July 1997 ©khuluq • National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1+1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1 A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada canada Your fiJ6 Votre reférlHlCB Our flle Notre reféranCB The author bas granted a non L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library ofCanada ta Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies ofthis thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur fonnat électronique. The author retains ownership ofthe L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts from it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son penmSSlon. autorisation. Canada ABSTRACT • Author : Lathiful Khuluq. Title ofthesis : K.H. Hasyim Asy'ari's Religious Thought and Political Activities (1871-1947). Department : Institute ofIslamic Studies, McGill University. Degree : Master ofArts (M.A.). This thesis surveys the religious thought and political activities ofK.H. (Kyai Haji) Hasyim Asy'ari (1871-1947), founder ofboth the Pesantren Tebuireng and the Nahdlatul Ulama. Given the extent ofhis legacy, it will study his life, educational background and pesantren milieu in arder to gain an understanding ofhis career and the events that inspired mm. A prolific writer, K.H. Hasyim Asy'ari produced works on theology, sufism, politics and Islamic law. Many ofthese works will be discussed. His theology was standard Sunni, while his mystical practice and thinking may best be described as $uR orthodoxe He • encouraged Muslims to follow the four Sunni schools (madhihib) in the belief that they contained the most valid teachings. In the political sphere, he called upon Muslims to strengthen the ties ofMuslim brotherhood. And although K.H. Hasyim Asy'ari spent most ofhis life teaching in the pesantren, he also played an important political role, especially as leader of a Muslim unitY movement during the late Dutch colonial period, as representative to Muslim organizations active under the Japanese occupation and finally as a supporter ofIndonesian independence in the late 1940s. Significantly, K.R. Hasyim Asy'ari was regarded as the preeminent leader ofthe traditionalist Muslims from the 1920s to the 1940s, but enjoyed the respect of the modemist faction at a time when relations between traditionalists and modernists were strained. In effect, he served as spiritual leader to many ~ulama', soldiers and politicians. • ii RÉsUl\JIÉ Auteur : Lathiful Khuluq • Titre du mémoire: La pensée re,1igieuse et les activités politiques de K.H.Hasyim Asy'an. Département : Institut des Etudes Islamiques, Université McGill Diplôme : Maîtrise ès Arts (M.A.). Ce mémoire élabore la pensée religieuse et les activités politiques de Kyai Haji (K.H.) Hasyim Asy'ari (1871-1947). il fut le fondateur du Pesantren Tebuireng et Nahdlatul Ularna. Étant donné l'importance de son héritage, seront pris en considération sa biographie, sa formation académique ainsi que le milieu du pesantren, de façon à obtenir une meilleure compréhension de sa carrière et des évènements qui l'ont inspiré. Auteur prolifique, K.H. Hasyim Asy'ari a rédigé des ouvrages portant sur la théologie, le soufisme, la politique et la loi islamique. La plupart de ces oeuvres seront analysées ici. Sa théologie était sunnite tandis que sa pensée et sa pratique mystique pourraient être considérées comme faisant partie du soufisme orthodoxe. il a encouragé les musulmans à suivre les quatres écoles sunnites (madhahib), croyant que celles-ci contenaient les enseignements les plus valides. Dans la • sphère politique, il a appellé les musulmans à renforcer les Liens de la fraternité islamique. Malgré que K.H. Hasyim Asy'ari a passé la majeure partie de sa carrière dans le pesantren en tant que religieux enseignant, son rôle politique fut aussi important, particulièrement à titre de leader d'un mouvement d'unité musulmane durant la fin de la période coloniale néerlandaise~ en tant que représentant aux organisations musulmanes à l'époque de L'occupation japonaise et enfin, à titre de partisan de l'indépendance indonésienne à la fin des années quarante. K.H. Hasyim Asy'an fut considéré comme le principal leader des musulmans traditionalistes depuis les années vingt jusqu'aux années quarante et il s'est mérité le respect de la faction moderniste à une époque où les relations entre Les traditionalistes et les modernistes étaient tendues. En somme, il fut le chef spirituel de plusieurs &u1am7i, militaires et politiciens. • III • TRANSLITERATION The system ofArabie transliteration used in this thesis is that of the Institute of Islamie Studies, MeGili University. Indonesian tenns are written aecording to the Ejaan BaruBahasa Indonesia (1972), but the titles ofbooks and articles are rendered according to the original spellings. -~ = a j=Z J=q ~=b t.JoY = s .!1=k ~=t ~=sh J = l ~=th uD =~ r-=m ~ = j ~=Q ù=n c=q. .b = ~ .J=W t =kh J; =~ ..,.4l=h .l=d t ---, t.,F=y ~ =dh t =gh Wl= f - short vowels: :. = a, fatQah _= i, kasrah • ~= u, q.ammah - long vowels: ~ 1 = a, alif/alif maq~ürah ~ =~, ya .J = u, waw - the ta' marbü/ah (~ ) is translated as "ah" in pause fonn and "at" in conjunctional form; examples: bid~ah, Nahçfat af- 'Ulama'. In the case of tashdld, the letter is doubled; example: al-taw1}ldiyyah. Alif or harnzah is transliterated as an elevated comma in aU positions except when it occurs at the beginning ofa word; examples: isti1}san, sayyi'ah, ifla'. • IV • ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could never have been completed without the help and contribution of many people. First and foremost my special thanks go to Dr. Howard M. Federspiel who, as my thesis supervisor, gave me continuous guidance and useful criticism throughout the writing ofthis wode. 1would also like to express my gratitude to Dr. Donald P. Little who, as my academic adviser during the 1995-1996 academic year, guided and shaped my critical thinking. Moreover, 1 would like to thank Dr. A. Üner Turgay, director ofthe Institute of Islamic Studies, for helping me in a number ofways during my time in Montreal. Several institutions contributed towards making my course of study at McGill possible. First, l am grateful to Mr. Munawir Sadzali and Mr. Tarmizi Taher, the former and CUITent ministers ofreligi0 us affairs for the Republic ofIndonesia, respectively and their officiaIs Mf. Murni Djamal, Mr. Atho Mudzhar and Mf. Zamakhsyari Dhofier, who appointed me to the "Pre-Departure Training Program", or "Program Pembibitan Calan • Dosen IAIN se-Indonesia" which prepares students ta study abroad. Second, 1 would Iike to thank the Institute ofIslamic Studies, McGill University, for accepting me as candidate in the master's program during the 1995-1997 academic years. My thanks go also to CIDA (Canadian International Development Agency) which provided me with a scholarship to study at the Institute ofIslamic Studies, McGill University. Let me also express here my sincere appreciation ofthe McGill-IAIN Project staff: especially Dr. Issa J. Boullata, Dr. Howard M. Federspiel, Wendy Allen, Joanna Gacek, Lori Novak and Susy Ricciardelli, aIl ofwhom assisted me during my years ofstudy in MontreaL Moreover, 1 am grateful to both the Rector of IAIN Sunan Kalijaga and the Dean ofits Faculty of Arabic Belles-Lettres, (Adab) for giving me aIl necessary assistance in securing my nomination. 1 would also like ta acknowledge the various libraries and individuals who have assisted me in collecting sources: Cornell University Library in Ithaca~ especially Ms. • v Rohayati Paseng Bernard; the Islamic Studies Library at McGill, especially Ms. Salwa • Ferahian and Mr. Wayne St. Thomas; and the staff of the McLennan Library at McGill University. l would like to thank Retno Sayekti and Sahiron Syamsuddin who assisted me in identifying and collecting sorne materiaIs used in this thesis.