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Domains of Influence on Academics’ Careers: Narratives from Black African, Coloured, and Indian Women Academics in Post-Apartheid South Africa

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Domains of Influence on Academics’ Careers: Narratives from Black African, Coloured, and Indian Women Academics in Post-Apartheid South Africa DOMAINS OF INFLUENCE ON ACADEMICS’ CAREERS: NARRATIVES FROM BLACK AFRICAN, COLOURED, AND INDIAN WOMEN ACADEMICS IN POST-APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA By Pamela Roy A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Higher, Adult, and Lifelong Education--Doctor of Philosophy 2014 ABSTRACT DOMAINS OF INFLUENCE ON ACADEMICS’ CAREERS: NARRATIVES FROM BLACK AFRICAN, COLOURED, AND INDIAN WOMEN ACADEMICS IN POST-APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA By Pamela Roy This research study examined a specific group of academics in South Africa who work in a nation that is striving for equity, inclusion and equality among its citizenship as it attempts to redress the legacies of colonial history and apartheid. I conducted an interview-based, phenomenological, interpretivist study to examine the narratives of 28 black women academics in post-apartheid South Africa concerning the factors that shape their lives and careers, and I analyzed how these perceived factors facilitated and/or inhibited their career development and lives. The detailed analyses of this study resulted in classifying black women academics’ experiences in their careers with regard to four broad domains of influence: context, community, commitment and competence. The interactions and interrelationships between these domains of influence are complex, nuanced and dynamic as they influence the vibrant nature of these academics’ lives and careers. In other words, each of the academics’ careers was deeply embedded in her life, connected to her inner commitments and competencies, and influenced by the multiple contexts and communities to which she belonged. Black women academics in post-apartheid South Africa do not define their career success solely by advancements in title and rank or by achieving so-called higher positions in the academy. Rather, the degree to which these academics viewed themselves as being successful in their careers and lives was based on their personal definitions of success and was a function of their efforts to balance these four domains that exert influence on their careers. Career success was not a facile definition; instead, it was complex and unique to the particularities of every woman’s life. Success defined in such a way is gendered, and some would argue that it reflects feminist ways of thinking about success. Further, this study raises the question of whether the particularities of culture and national context influence the lives and careers of female academics in other countries whose institutions of higher education may or may not evaluate, reward, and incentivize academics for their advancements in title and rank. Black women academics in post-apartheid South Africa are one example of how talented academics create and sustain successful and meaningful careers in ways that honor their work and personal lives. This has particular implications for how to create a workplace that accommodates personal and professional dimensions of the individual, providing the global academic community another way to think about career success in the academy. Not surprisingly, this notion of success reflects the spirit of uBuntu or as Archbishop Desmond Tutu once said, “I am what I am because of who we all are.” In other words, this perspective defines success relationally and communally, recognizing that success both derives from the matrix of complex relationships in which we find ourselves at any given time and is the result of the contributions of many over the course of several years, and has a reciprocal obligation to that same matrix from which it was drawn. It sets the individual in the context of the community rather than apart from or, against it, as some competitive western models do. The study also has specific implications for practice, including recommended action steps for academics, institutional leaders, policymakers and government officials in South Africa. Keywords: higher education, South Africa, women, faculty, academics, career development, success. Copyright by PAMELA ROY 2014 To the successful and resilient academics that shared their stories with me, I’m deeply indebted and grateful to each of you. “We relive stories and see ourselves only as the watcher or listener, the drummer in the background keeping cadence.” By Michael Ondaatje v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Dear… Academic Women Participants: This study would not have been possible without your receptivity, willingness and courage to share your narratives with me. I am grateful to have crossed paths with each of you on your life’s journey. Ann E. Austin, Ph.D., Dissertation Chair: Little did I know that when we ventured to South Africa to conduct work together in 2009 that it would profoundly influence my life, eventually give birth to this study’s topic and spark the direction for my vocational aspirations. When I doubted myself throughout short periods of this dissertation research and writing, the kindness and love in your words, gestures and actions brought me comfort and instilled hope, propelling me to forge forward. I sincerely appreciated your balanced mixture of gentle prodding and unwavering support throughout this journey. Your unequivocal investment through mentorship, collegiality and friendship has given me inspiration and marvelous examples of how to enact a full and meaningful scholarly and home life. Thank you for scaffolding my learning, caring so deeply about my doctoral career and investing in my growth as a professional, scholar and person. Members of the Dissertation Committee: Kristen Renn, Ph.D., for the wisdom, encouragement, and mentorship you provided me over the last twelve years– my deepest gratitude. John Metzler, Ph.D., for engaging deeply about mutual topics of interest during the initial phases of this dissertation that led to a broadening of my understanding and knowledge about historical and contemporary vi issues facing South Africa. I am deeply grateful for your support and friendship – including a meal and hugs when I needed it the most. Reitumetse Obakeng Mabokela, Ph.D., for asking me a simple question many years ago: “Pam, what do you want to contribute?” This question serves as the backbone to this dissertation’s purpose and aims. It is also a question that I have grappled with as I seek to further understand and explore who I am and what I hope to contribute to this world. Family in India and Canada: Thank you for believing in and supporting my dreams. Dear brother, I share this achievement with you. To my parents in particular – you planted the seeds of this dissertation many years ago when you gave me my first book as a child and inspired me to learn. Every time I achieve something, you get to smile and know that you laid the groundwork for my success. Susan E. Grettenberger, Ph.D.: Thank you for being extraordinarily generous with your time and energy, and authentic friendship, especially with supporting the writing process which would not have been the same without the presence of your kindred spirit. I hope that I can continue to honor our spiritual connection by offering my trust, respect, loving-kindness and affection1 to our friendship. Inge Steglitz, Ph.D.: I am deeply indebted to you for introducing me to Rumi and Singer who (re)awakened my spirituality at a critical juncture in this dissertation which enabled me to untether from the shackles of my own fears to finish writing. Without the gifts of your friendship, I may still be that cat clinging dearly to the fence too afraid to just trust, let go and write. vii Holly Lynn Gentry: The only way to know the play of destiny and free will is to dance the mystery and die inside it… To the loving ones who stay inside and are willing to explore love and friendship2 there are really no words, except this: Thank you. For everything. Laura Blanton: Tirelessly copy-editing iteration upon iteration of this dissertation with a smile takes some kind of soulful patience and perseverance. Thank you for breaking bread with me, for the infinite hugs and laughs and for being my rock through these past two years. Hajin Kim: Thank you for your caring and thoughtful friendship and for bringing my sketches of this study’s findings and conceptual framework to life with your digital artistic talents. Sabrina Chong, Ed.D.: Sunny California with all its greenery, blue skies, and eclectic selections of food; a desperately-needed antidote, sanctuary, and space to finish the final revisions. Thank you for your generosity in hosting me as I completed the final hurdle. South African Family: Deans Cheryl Foxcroft, Ph.D. and Sabiha Essack, Ph.D., for your extraordinary hospitality and support “in the field” and thereafter. I am deeply grateful. Ubhutis and usisis3 Thabo Msibi, Ph.D., Nokuthula Setole, Aileen Ownhouse, Kim Elliott, Michelle Crowley, Ph.D., Cebolenkosi Duke Myeza, Mugadi Sboniso, Khayelihle Khaya Thusi, and Mzwandile L. Shabalala for your love and kinship. Nyna Amin, Ph.D., for a critical review of this dissertation. But more importantly, for being an inspiration and role model on how to live authentically unapologetically. viii My experiences with each of you changed me irrevocably for the better. Although a chapter of my life has closed, and a new one opened, I still crave South Africa– I miss the smell of it, the heart, the bustle, the chaos and the people4. I hope that my feet will find their way back to South African soil and the shores of the Indian Oceans. Until then, I hold each of you in my heart. A sincere thank-you also to the members of management at Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University and the University of KwaZulu-Natal who participated in and enriched this study. Friends: Thank you whole-heartedly for sharing in community and for exercising the compassion that comes from knowing that we are all made of strength and struggle and inextricably connected to each other through a loving and resilient human spirit5.
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