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Universidade De Pernambuco UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE PERNAMBUCO CENTRO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM GENÉTICA CRISLAINE XAVIER DA SILVA Estudo da diversidade genética de Euchroma gigantea (Coleoptera: Buprestidae): contribuições à elucidação dos mecanismos evolutivos e status taxonômico Recife 2018 CRISLAINE XAVIER DA SILVA Estudo da diversidade genética de Euchroma gigantea (Coleoptera: Buprestidae): contribuições à elucidação dos mecanismos evolutivos e status taxonômico Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco como parte dos requisitos exigidos para obtenção do título de Doutora em Genética. Orientadora: Rita de Cássia de Moura Coorientador: Diogo Cavalcanti Cabral de Mello Recife 2018 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) de acordo com ISBD Silva, Crislaine Xavier da Estudo da diversidade genética de Euchroma gigantea (Coleoptera: Buprestidae): contribuições à elucidação dos mecanismos evolutivos e status taxonômico / Crislaine Xavier da Silva - 2018. 187 folhas: il., fig., tab. Orientador: Rita de Cássia de Moura Coorientador: Diogo Cavalcanti de Mello Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Centro de Biociências. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética. Recife, 2018. Inclui referências e anexos 1. Evolução cromossômica 2. Citogenética molecular 3. Euchroma gigantea I. Moura, Rita de Cássia de (orient.) II. Mello, Diogo Cavalcanti (coorient.) III.Título 576.5 CDD (22.ed.) UFPE/CB-2018-406 Elaborado por Claudina Karla Queiroz Ribeiro CRB4/1752 CRISLAINE XAVIER DA SILVA Estudo da diversidade genética de Euchroma gigantea (Coleoptera: Buprestidae): contribuições à elucidação dos mecanismos evolutivos e status taxonômico Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Área de Concentração Evolução, da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de doutora em Genética. Aprovada em 26/04/2018. BANCA EXAMINADORA _______________________________________________________________ Profª Dra Rita de Cássia de Moura Universidade de Pernambuco _______________________________________________________________ Profª Drª Ana Maria Benko Iseppon Universidade Federal de Pernambuco _______________________________________________________________ Profº Dr. Luiz Gustavo Rodrigues Souza Universidade Federal de Pernambuco _______________________________________________________________ Profª Drª Ana Christina Brasileiro Vidal Universidade Federal de Pernambuco _______________________________________________________________ Profª Drª Neide Santos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Àquelas cujos nomes carregam Alexandrina, Souza da Silva e Xavier. Minhas heroínas, que sempre foram exemplos de força e perseverança. Com muito amor, dedico. AGRADECIMENTOS Em 2008 fui apresentada a Euchroma gigantea. Na ocasião minha orientadora, Rita Moura, falou-me sobre a citogenética da espécie com muito entusiasmo. Fui convidada para estudar a espécie, mas desconversei. Alto polimorfismo cromossômico, cromossomos B, mecanismo de determinação sexual múltiplo... me assustei. Por muito tempo julguei que meus olhos ainda não estavam preparados para lidar com essa citogenética complexa. Até que chegou um tempo em que eu senti que era justamente desse desafio que eu precisava para crescer. Trabalhar com Euchroma exigiu de mim atributos que precisei aprender e exercitar. E nesse caminho eu sempre me inspirei e encontrei apoio em muitas pessoas. Jamais conseguiria trilhá-lo sozinha! Por isso tenho muito a agradecer a cada um que Deus colocou em meu caminho ao longo desses anos. Agradeço a minha mãe, Lúcia, e ao meu pai, Joaquim, que sempre me incentivaram, deram todo o amor e suporte necessários para que eu chegasse até aqui. Aos meus irmãos, Carlos André e Cleriston pela parceria de sempre. A minha vozinha Maria, aos meus tios, tias, primos e primas pela compreensão das minhas ausências, por vibrarem comigo a cada conquista e pelo apoio sempre. Gratidão sem medidas. Amo muito vocês. À minha orientadora-desde-sempre, Rita Moura. Juntas passamos por muitas fases e eu agradeço pela nossa parceria firme e forte em cada uma delas. Por todos os desafios propostos desde o início da minha jornada acadêmica. Por me permitir assumir responsabilidades para as quais eu não sabia que tinha competência. Pelo incentivo de enfrentar o novo, de buscar voar mais alto e de não ter medo das dificuldades. Durante todo esse tempo eu cresci bastante e devo muito disso à sua orientação, que foi sempre muito exigente e às vezes dura, mas também foi maternal às vezes, reconheço. Agradeço pela confiança e ainda pela compreensão em diversos momentos. Ao meu coorientador, Diogo Cabral de Mello pela orientação, incentivos e por ter me permitido espaço para conduzir os experimentos com autonomia em seu laboratório. Agradeço também pelas suas críticas tão peculiares. Jamais as esquecerei porque sei que aprendi com todas elas. #semrancores Encontrar Diogo e Rita nesta jornada foi um prazer. Profissionais exemplares, pelos quais tenho respeito, amizade, carinho e admiração. Serei sempre grata a vocês. A Cláudio Vasconcelos por todo apoio e pela ajuda nas coletas em Recife, Brasília e Goiânia. Ao Dr. Gabriel da Luz Wallau pela colaboração na montagem e análises do genoma mitocondrial. Às professoras que compuseram a minha banca de qualificação Andrea Harand, Ana Christina Vidal e Neide Santos pelas críticas a este trabalho. Ao professor Dr. Fernando Silva e a MsC Amanda Arcanjo pelas amostras de Belém do Pará. Ao professor Dr. Edgar Bione pelo auxílio no início das coletas em Brasília. À Dra. Sônia Casari e ao Dr. Carlos Campaner pelas amostras cedidas pelo Museu de Zoologia da USP. À velha guarda do LBGI: Adriana, Celso, Cristiane, Jéssica, Julliana, Igor e Sárah que estiveram comigo ao longo dessa jornada me dando suporte científico, metodológico e emocional também. A Karol e Rógean, que desde o começo embarcaram comigo no desafio de estudar Euchroma. A Aline, Geyner, Josival, Júlio, Liliane, Moara, Rafaelle e Thyago pelos conhecimentos, momentos de descontração e tudo o mais que partilhamos. Ao pessoal do Laboratório de Citogenética Animal da UNESP de Rio Claro: Allison, Ana Beatriz, Diogo Milani, Mariani, Octávio, Rafael e Vanessa por todo o suporte metodológico e convívio durante a minha estada em Rio Claro. A Mariani e Vanessa, agradeço especialmente por terem me recebido em Rio Claro e por me permitirem a honra do convívio com suas famílias. Foi maravilhoso me sentir tão bem acolhida em suas casas e corações. Às minhas amigas Cristina Heleodoro, Viviane Mattos e Amanda Albuquerque, que muitas vezes a distância foram sempre apoio para enfrentar essa jornada que todas nós amamos, mas que por vezes nos sequestra a subjetividade. Vocês me inspiram. Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética pelas oportunidades e aos mestres que tanto contribuíram na minha formação. À CAPES, FACEPE, FAPESP, ao PFAUPE e ao CNPq pelo financiamento desta pesquisa. “Diego não conhecia o mar. O pai, Santiago Kovadloff, levou-o para que descobrisse o mar. [...] Ele, o mar, estava do outro lado das dunas altas, esperando. Quando o menino e o pai enfim alcançaram aquelas alturas de areia, depois de muito caminhar, o mar estava na frente de seus olhos. E foi tanta a imensidão do mar, e tanto seu fulgor, que o menino ficou mudo de beleza. E quando finalmente conseguiu falar, tremendo, gaguejando pediu ao pai: — Me ensina a olhar!” (Eduardo Galeano) RESUMO O gênero Euchroma Solier, 1833 (Buprestidae, Coleoptera) considerado monoespecífico para E. gigantea, apresenta polimorfismo morfológico e cromossômico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi correlacionar os polimorfismos genéticos de E. gigantea com o processo de diversificação cariotípica e status taxonômico da espécie. Espécimes de Recife-PE, Maceió-AL, Belém-PA, Ribeirão Preto-SP e Brasília-DF foram cariotipados e analisados através de FISH com sondas de DNAr 18S, histonas (H3/H4) e DNAsat (Egig1, Egig2, Egig3). Além disso, foram realizadas análises filogenéticas de um fragmento do COI, análise de variabilidade de dois DNAsat, montagem e análise do mitogenoma da espécie. Os cariótipos variaram entre 2n = 22 e 2n = 36, todos com mecanismo de determinação sexual múltiplo com cinco, seis ou oito cromossomos. Todos os cariótipos apresentaram cromossomos B, exceto os de Brasília. Rearranjos cromossômicos do tipo fissões, translocações e inversões pericêntricas foram os principais rearranjos responsáveis pela diversificação cromossômica em E. gigantea, que se originou a partir do cariótipo ancestral de Coleoptera. Análises filogenéticas do COI indicaram a ocorrência de três linhagens de Euchroma no Brasil, todas com polimorfismo cromossômico. Os sítios de histonas e Egig1 foram observados nas regiões pericentroméricas de todos os cromossomos em diferentes cariótipos. Sítios de DNAr e duas sequências de DNAsat foram variáveis entre diferentes cariótipos e indivíduos com mesmo cariótipo. Sequências repetitivas podem estar influenciando a alta taxa de rearranjos cromossômicos. Por outro lado, a variabilidade na distribuição de sítios de DNAr e DNAsat foi provavelmente ocasionada por rearranjos e eventos de recombinação ectópica. O mitogenoma da espécie possui características únicas, que podem ser consideradas linhagem-específicas e sinapomorfias no gênero. Palavras-chave: Evolução cromossômica. Citogenética molecular. Filogenia. Especiação. Mitogenoma. ABSTRACT Euchroma Solier, 1833 (Buprestidae, Coleoptera) is a monospecific genus for E. gigantea, which presents morphological
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