Hellenic Plant Protection Journal

Volume 1, Issue 2, July 2008 ISSN 1791-3691 Hellenic Plant Protection Journal

A semiannual scientifi c publication of the BENAKIBEB PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL INSTITUTE The Hellenic Plant Protection Journal (ISSN 1791-3691) is the new scientifi c publication of the Benaki Phytopathological Institute replacing the Annals of the Benaki Phytopathologi- cal Institute (ISSN 1790-1480) which had been published since 1935.

Starting from January 2008, the Benaki Phytopathological Institute is publishing the Hel- lenic Plant Protection Journal semiannually, in January and July each year, and accepts for publication any work related to plant protection in the Mediterranean region regardless of where it was conducted. All aspects of plant protection referring to plant pathogens, pests, weeds (identifi cation, biology, control), pesticides and relevant environmental issues are topics covered by the journal.

Articles in the form of either a complete research paper or a short communication (including new records) may be submitted. Instructions on how to prepare the manuscript are provided in the fi rst issue of the year. Manuscripts should be submitted in electronic form either by e-mail at [email protected] or by post on a disk addressed to the Editorial Board, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta str., GR-145 61 Kifi ssia (Athens), Greece. Only original articles are considered and published after successful completion Hellenic Plant Protection Journal Protection Hellenic Plant of a review procedure by two competent referees.

EDITORIAL BOARD Editor: Dr C.N. Giannopolitis (Weed Science Department, B.P.I.) Associate editors: Dr K. Elena (Phytopathology Department, B.P.I.) Dr K. Machera (Pesticides Control & Phytopharmacy Department, BPI) Dr A.N. Michaelakis (Entomology & Agric. Zoology Department, B.P.I.) V. Papaconstantinou (Library Department, B.P.I.) Technical editor: Asteria Karadima (Information Technology Service, B.P.I.) Secretary: Emilia Pantazi (Information Technology Service, B.P.I.)

For subscriptions, exchange agreements, back issues and other publications of the In- stitute contact the Library, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta str., GR-145 61 Kifi ssia (Athens), Greece, e-mail: [email protected].

The olive tree of Plato in Athens is the emblem of the Benaki Phytopathological Institute

Hellenic Plant Protection Journal also available at www.bpi.gr

REVIEW ARTICLE

New records of plant pests and weeds in Greece, 1990-2007

M. Anagnou–Veroniki1, P. Papaioannou–Souliotis2, E. Karanastasi3 and C.N. Giannopolitis4

Summary More than 70 new insect records have been reported from Greece during the period 1990-2007. The woolly whitefl y Aleurothrixus fl occosus Maskell and the citrus leaf-miner Phyl- locnistis citrella Stainton, which are among the most important new records, have already spread throughout the country but severe damage has been avoided with the introduction of eff ective exotic parasitoids. Other species of the newly reported pests that are considered important are: the thrips Pezothrips kellyanus (Bagnall) and Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), the gall inducing wasps Ophelimus maskeli (Ashmead) and Leptocybe invasa Fisher & LaSalle and the asparagus pests Parahypopta caestrum (Hübner) and Hexomyza simplex (Loew). Nine new records of phytophagous mites have been reported from Greece during the period 1990-2007. Of these species, Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) and Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritch- ard are quarantine mites. Especially T. evansi although not yet widespread in the country may have a serious economic impact since it can cause damage by reducing market value of the aff ected crops. A total of 30 plant parasitic nematode species have been reported from Greece, during the period 1990-2007, most of which are known to be important pests worldwide. From these, only one species, Globodera pallida Stone on potato, appears to be of special interest. Three weed species known to be very troublesome and widespread in the United States have recently appeared in Greece and are causing serious problems in irrigated summer crops, particularly in maize. They include Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacquin (Convolvulaceae) which has already spread in the western part of the country, Sicyos angulatus L. (Cucurbitaceae) which is spreading in the northern part and Panicum dichotomifl orum Michaux (Gramineae) which is currently restricted in a small area in the central part of the country. The appearance of these weeds in Greece demon- strates the need for measures to prevent invasion and spread of aggressive alien species.

Introduction to elaborate on data published in national and international literature and sum- An attempt has been initiated by scientists marize new records reported for Greece at the Benaki Phytopathological Institute during the period 1990-2007. This will provide a reliable update of existing up to Laboratories of Microbiology & Insect Pathology (1), 1990 national checklists for plant patho- Acarology & Agricultural Zoology (2) and Nematolo- gy (3), Department of Entomology & Agricultural Zo- gens, pests and weed species occurring in ology. Laboratory of Chemical Weed Management (4), Greece. Department of Weed Science. Benaki Phytopathologi- The plant pest records, including in- cal Institute, 8 St. Delta str., GR-145 61 Kifi ssia (Athens), Greece. sects, mites and nematodes as well as the Corresponding author: [email protected] weed species records for the period 1990- 56 Anagnou-Veroniki et al.

2007 are summarized in this article. The as) (Aphididae) on cotton (Lycouressis, plant pathogen records, including fungi, 1990b). We should mention, however, that bacteria, viruses and viroids, for the same in Greece there are many species of aphids period, were recently published by Elena that can be important pests. All these spe- et al. (2008). cies have already been presented by other authors (Katsoyannos, 1994, Kavalliera- tos et al., 2001, 2004b, 2004c). 1. Insect pests The grapevine aphid Aphis illinoisensis Shimer (Aphididae), a native to Amer- The data presented here are mostly based ica, was reported for the fi rst time from on records reported in the literature and Greece (and generally from Europe) in only a small number comes from sam- 2005 to feed on grapevine plants in Crete ples examined at this laboratory and reg- (Aggelakis et al., 2005). The aphid is al- istered either in the Annual Reports or ready widespread in Crete. It has been the Archive material of the Benaki Phyto- found on almost all grapevine varieties pathological Institute. New aphid species, grown in the area and seems to prefer the coccids and Agromyzidae are not includ- vigorous ones. ed here as they have been recently record- The soft scale Parthenolecanium per- ed and summarized (Katsoyannos, 1994; sicae (Fabricius) (Coccidae) was found on Kozár et al., 1994, Kavallieratos et al., 2001, grapevines in Messinia (Peloponnese) in 2004b, 2004c, Souliotis & Süss, 2004). October 2000 and on Viburnum tinus in The species are discussed in the text Central Greece in June of the same year arranged by the order and the family and (Stathas, 2003c). The insect was fi rst re- listed in Table 1 alphabetically. corded in Greece (July 1983) on Morus sp. in Northern Greece (Epanomi) (Kozár, 1.1. Hemiptera - Homoptera 1985). The woolly whitefl y Aleurothrixus fl oc- Nemolecanium graniformis (Wünn) cosus Maskell (Aleyrodidae), one of the (Coccidae) is a pest of Grecian fi r (Abies ce- most important pests of citrus, was fi rst phalonica) that was found in 1996 in the recorded in Attica by Κatsoyannos, (1991). mountain of Parnitha. The insect produc- Currently it is present in all citrus grow- es honeydew on which sooty mould de- ing areas of Greece and causes econom- velops (Stathas, 1997). ic damage when at high population den- The pyriform scale insect, Protopulv- sities. The introduced parasitoid Cales inaria pyriformis (Cockerell) (Coccidae) noacki Howard has managed to con- was found on bay plants (Laurus nobilis) in trol the whitefl y where insecticide spray- Kalamata (Peloponesse) in October 2003. ing against other citrus pests was avoid- The insect was also found in many other ed. The present pest status of the woolly countries on more than 100 plant species whitefl y is considered to be “under con- (Ben-Dov et al., 2003). trol” as it shows periodic increases at cer- The elm bark scale Ritsemia pupifera tain areas that are however controlled by Lichtenstein (Pseudococcidae) was found the parasitoid. on elm trees (Ulmus sp.). It develops on the Two aphid species are included here as bark of the tree and is covered with dense they have become very important recent- white waxy secretions (Savopoulou et al., ly, namely Aphis citricola van der Goot 1997) (Aphididae) on citrus (Lycouressis, 1990a) Lepidosaphes pistaciae Archangels- and Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thom- kaya (Diaspididae) was observed in 1990 New plant pests and weeds in Greece 57 on pistachio and terebinth (Pistacia tere- Α. pistaciae was recorded in West Korin- binthus). (Katsoyannos & Stathas, 1995). It thia and is the dominant species in the ar- establishes on young stems, on the fruit eas of Fthiotis, Boeotia, Euboea and Attica. and the leaves of the trees and can cause A. targionii was found in Halkidiki in loca- deformities and drying of the plants. tions where pistachio is one of the main In June 2001 the scale insect Lepidos- cultivations. The remaining species (A. cis- aphes gloverii (Packard) (Diaspididae) ti and M. gallicola) are of no economic im- was observed on orange trees in the area portance as their population and activity of Gastouni (Peloponnisos). The insect in pistachio orchards are low Souliotis & infests mainly the upper surface of the Tsourgianni, 2000). leaves, the fruit and to a lesser extent the Trioza alacris Flor (Triozidae) was found stems (Stathas, 2003a). on Appolo bay plants (Laurus nobilis) in The species Eriococcus coccineus 2004 in Attica to cause a serious infesta- Cockerell (Eriococcidae) was fi rst record- tion of the leaves (Tsagarakis & Papadou- ed to infest Echinocactus grusonii plants in lis, 2004). glasshouses in the area of Acharnai (Atti- Metcalfa pruinosa (Say) (Flatidae) was ca) in October 2000. Young nymphs of this fi rst observed in Greece in 2001 in the insect are found on the fl eshy part of the area of Preveza (Drosopoulos et al., 2004) cactus (Stathas, 2003b). on citrus and olive trees (fi rst record on In addition, a list of the scale insects re- olive). Currently, the insect has spread to corded in Greece until 2006 has been pre- other areas infesting fruit trees, grape- sented by Milonas et al. in 2007. Current- vines, ornamental plants and wild plants ly, the number of known scale insects has (Souliotis et al., 2008). The insect sucks the reached 168. Six new records were includ- plant sap and excretes plenty of honey- ed: Heterococcus nudus (Green) Pseudo- dew where sooty mold develops. As a re- coccidae, Asterodiaspis variolosa (Ratze- sult the plants weaken and eventually die. burg) Asterolecanidae, Lecanopsis turcica Chemical control of this pest is diffi cult. Its (Bodenheimer) Coccidae, Phenacoccus control currently relies on the use of para- hordei (Lindeman) Pseudococcidae, Po- sitoid natural enemies. liaspis cycadis Comstock Diaspididae and Pemphigus fuscicornis (Koch) (Pem- Orthesia yasushi Kuwana Ortheziidae. phigidae) is a root living aphid that was Insects of the family Psyllidae are con- found on sugarbeet for the fi rst time in sidered at present as the most important 1985 in Imathia (Ioannidis, 1997) causing pests of pistachio. They are new pests of severe damage to plants. pistachio in Greece causing the characteristic symptoms of Psyllidae: abnormal de- 1.2. Thysanoptera velopment of buds and shoots, prema- The banded greenhouse thrip, Herci- ture leaf drop, formation of honeydew nothrips femoralis (Reuter) (Thripidae), and very weak appearance of the plants. was recorded for the fi rst time in 2004 In Greece, four species of this family are in greenhouse-grown organic banana in found to infest pistachios: Agonoscena the area of Sitia (northeastern Crete). Ba- pistaciae Burckhardt et Lauterer (Laute- nana fruits were severely damaged by the rer et al., 1998), A. targionii (Lichtenstein) thrips and a typical smoky-red discolora- (Ζartaloudis et al., 1996), A. cisti Puton (B. tion of the fruit was observed. During 2005 Polymerou, Personal communication) and H. femoralis was also found causing severe Megagonoscena gallicola Burckhardt et damage in conventional banana planta- Lauterer (Souliotis & Tsourgianni, 1999). tions in Arvi, the main banana-growing 58 Anagnou-Veroniki et al. area of Crete (Roditakis et al,. 2006). lentum in the area of Thiva (Deligeorgid- Pezothrips kellyanus (Bagnall) (Thripi- is, 2002). dae), a new serious citrus pest, was recent- Since 2000 a severe infestation of the ly (2003) recorded in Crete. Its presence outter parts of the canopy of Ficus micro- was noticed during fl owering when pop- carpa has been observed in several ar- ulation densities were high especially on eas of Greece (Attica, Messinia, Kyparis- lemon fl owers (Varikou et al., 2003). sia). The damage is due to Gynaikothrips The species Taeniothrips inconsequens fi corum (Marshal) (Phlocothripidae) that (Uzel) (Thripidae), was found in 1999 to infests the young leaves of F. microcarpa. cause a severe infestation on pear trees It also attacks F. elastika and F. benjamina var. Kontoula (Papadopoulos et al., 2002). (Papadoulis & Emmanouel, 2001). The symptoms were obvious on infested buds, which do not develop normally 1.3. Coleoptera or do not develop at all. Also, there were The red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus stems with few or no leaves and fruits with ferrugineus (Olivier) (Curculionidae), the surface scarring. most important pest of palm trees, caus- Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) ing severe damage, has been found for the (Thripidae) has been recorded in Crete fi rst time in Hersonissos (Heraklion, Crete), (Roditakis 1994) and in Kavala (Katsoyan- infesting Phoenix canariensis, during 2005 nos, 1992; Paloukis et al., 1995). It causes and for the fi rst time in Cyprus, infesting primary damage during the fl owering pe- also P. canariensis, during 2006. During riod and later it causes fruit scarring. Im- 2007, the weevil was found in the island portant damage (20-40% of grapes) was of Rhodes and in Attica infesting mainly P. observed in Korinthia in 1996 (Tsitsipis et canariensis (Kontodimas et al., 2007). al. 1997). F. occidentalis is a polyphagous The weevil Mesagroicus pilifer (Bohe- species of glasshouse crops (with more man) (Curculionidae) has been observed than 200 host species), it causes spots to cause a serious infestation of sugar- (with small black specks), scarring and the beet seedlings in Melia (Thessalia, Cen- drying of the plant tissues. On cotton F. oc- tral Greece) during 2000-2005, particu- cidentalis was observed in July 1993 at the larly in 2003 and 2004. The infestation, perfectures of Imathia and Pella (Kyparis- manifested around the roots of the seed- soudas & Alexandrakis, 1993). The infesta- lings where ball-like soil accumulations tion was evident at the shoot tips while de- were observed, was more evident on the velopment of the whole plant was slower. leaves which were peripherally eaten (Pa- It infests the fl owers especially the yellow padopoulou, 2005). ones that remain closed without forming High numbers of Tychius quinquepunc- any fruits (“bolls”) or forming small atro- tatus (Linneaus) (Curculionidae) were found phic “bolls”. As a pest it is regarded as one on Vicia sativa (garden vetch), in Larissa of great economic importance. (Central Greece) during 2003. Extensive in- The species Thrips parvispinus (Karny) festations by this insect seem to happen (Thripidae), a native to South-East Asia, occasionally. Larvae, which destroy the was recorded for the fi rst time in Europe seeds within the pods, are the most dam- (2000), including Greece, to infest garde- aging stage (Koveos et al., 2003). nia plants (Mound & Collins, 2000). The species Otiorrhynchus aurifer Bo- The species Tenothrips frici (Uzel) heman (Curculionidae), was observed in (Thripidae) was recorded in 1992 for the Attica (1991) to cause damage on leaves fi rst time in Greece on Lycopersicon escu- of various ornamental plants (Bouchelos, New plant pests and weeds in Greece 59

1991). konia (Bouchelos & Athanassiou, 1999). The tansy leaf beetle Galeruca tan- Pseudopachymerina lallemantii (Mar- aceti (Linneaus) (Chrysomelidae) was re- seul) (Bruchidae) was recorded on the or- corded in May 2005 as a pest of Origanum namental tree Acacia farnesiana. It infests vulgare L. growing in the wild in Crete. At the pods causing a signifi cant damage on the same time the insect was observed to it (Bouchelos & Chalkia, 2003). be a pest of origanum plants in a commer- The species Prionus coriarius Linnaeus, cially grown organic crop, in the area of Cerambyx velutinus Brulle, Cerambyx Meronas (Perfecture of Rethymno) (Rodi- dux Faldermann and Rhopalopus clavipes takis & Roditakis, 2006). (Fabricius) of the family Cerambycidae were The rose curculio Homalorhynchites recorded in 1994 as pests of the almond hungaricus (Herbst) (Rhynchitidae) has tree in the area of Magnesia (Koutroubas, been recorded in Attica (May 2004), infest- 1994). They are all wood-eating insects. ing blooms of ornamental roses (Rosa sp.) (Kontodimas & Kavallieratos, 2004). 1.4. Diptera The wood eating beetle Coroebus rubi Hexomyza (Ophyiomya) simplex (Loew) (Linneaus) (Buprestidae) was observed (Agromyzidae) is a stem miner that was re- in 2004 in the area of Korinthia to cause corded for the fi rst time in 2002 on aspar- an infestation on blackberries Rubus spp. agus plants in the areas of Aitoloakarnania (Bouchelos & Chalkia, 2004). (Central-Western Greece) and Orestias Diaperis boleti Linneaus (Tenebrion- (North-Eastern Greece) (Anagnou-Veroni- idae) was recorded in 1994 in peach or- ki et al. 2004). Damage is caused to the hy- chards. The adults open shallow burrows podermal cells of the stem. In cases of a on branches where they hibernate. The large infestation the epidermis dries out larvae develop in mines on the branch- and tears apart. The most serious damage es and appear around mid June. Infest- is caused to young asparagus plantations. ed branches break and the trees as well Damaged plant tissue favours fungal in- as the production are severely aff ected festation. The pest is currently spreading (Savopoulou-Soultani & Chatzivassiliadis, in Greece while its control is diffi cult. 1999). Two new leaf-miners, originating from Sinoxylon sexdentatum (Olivier) (Bo- the United States, Liriomyza huidobrensis strychidae) was recorded as a pest of wal- (Blanchard) and L. trifolii (Burgess) (Agro- nuts in the area of Larissa and Magnesia myzidae), were found in 1993 in Crete in May 1996. The insect in other countries (Roditakis 1993) while soon later they were has a wide range of tree species as hosts. found in cultivations all over Greece. L. hu- It is a wood-eating insect attacking the idobrensis Blanchard, that is considered stems of young vigorous trees (Gravanis as the tomato leaf-miner is of the great- et al., 1998) est economic importance while it has the Cassida seraphina Menetries (Chry- most hosts of all the other leaf-miners and somelidae) was found on sugarbeet in the it is found in great numbers on mainland Region of Evros (Northern Greece) in 1992 Greece as well as in the Greek islands. L. (Doulias & Ioannidis, 1995). It feeds on the trifolii prefers warmer areas and this is why leaves and can cause severe damage by it appears especially in Southern Greece sceletonizing the leaves. and in Crete. Attagenus unicolor (Brahm) (Derme- Delia (Phorbia) platura (Meigen) (An- stidae) was recorded in 1999 as a pest of thomyiidae) was reported to cause signif- stored wheat products in Farsala and La- icant damage to asparagus plantations in 60 Anagnou-Veroniki et al. asparagus-growing locations of the Im- larvae on the fruit, at the point of their at- athia and Pella perfectures (Stamopoulos tachment to peduncles, renders them un- et al. 1994). The pest has probably been marketable. In cucumber, the eff ect of in- present in the area since the end of 1980s. sect infestation becomes evident mainly The larvae burrow into the soft stems on the apical part of the plant (Perdikis et and around the neck of the plant caus- al., 2006). ing anomalous development and curling of the main stems. The most important 1.5. Lepidoptera damage is on young shoots before they The citrus leaf-miner Phyllocnistis cit- are harvested, thus seriously reducing the rella Stainton (Gracillariidae) was fi rst re- marketable yield. corded in R h o d es (Ana gn o u -Ve ro nik i, 19 95), The species Plioreocepta (Platyparea) most probably introduced into Greece poeciloptera Schrank (Tephritidae) was from eastern countries of the Mediterra- found in 1992 in asparagus plantations nean basin. It has already spread through- at Platy (Imathia) damaging the stems of out the country and is currently found on young plants (Chlapoutakis, 1999). most citrus species. For the control of this A population of Diopsis sp. (Diopsi- pest, parasitoids were introduced and es- dae) was found in 2002 and 2003 in rice tablished so that to supplement its indig- pads at the area of Chalastra (Thessalon- enous natural enemies. iki), causing the named “green sickness” The leafminer Cameraria ohridella De- (chlorosis) to the rice plants. The charac- schka & Dimic (Gracillariidae) was found teristic symptom is the development of in 1999 to cause a serious infestation on chlorotic leaves and later the drying of the leaves of horse chestnut (Aesculus hip- plants creating gaps in the crop. The in- pocastaneum L.) in areas of the North- sect is regarded as an important pest of Western and Central Greece. The infesta- rice in Africa (Bouras et al., 2003). tion was known to exist since 1984 at the The gall inducing insect Monarthro- area of Ohrid (Emmanouel & Broumas, palpus buxi (Laboulbene) (Cecidomyii- 2000; Diamantis et al., 2001). dae) was found in Attica in infested leaves The spotted tentiform leaf-miner Phyl- on a species of Buxus (Vamvakas et al., lonorycter blancardella (Fabricius) (Gra- 2007). cillariidae), that is known to feed on ap- The dipterous insect Lasioptera sp. ple trees, was found in 1997 to attack also (Cecidomyidae) was fi rst recorded in 2001 cherry trees of the varieties “Tragana Edes- on cucumber plants in the area of Trifi lia in sis” and “Bourla” in the area of Pella. Dam- Western Peloponnese. Since then infesta- aged cherry leaves had the characteristic tions are observed in this area mainly from whitish elliptical mines on their underside September to December on tomato and and corresponded to palegreen spots on from March to June and from September the upper surface (Kyparissoudas, 1997). to December on cucumber. In 2004 and Loxostege stictialis (Linnaeus) (Pyrali- 2005 the insect was also recorded from dae), which is considered to be a pest spe- greenhouse tomato and cucumber in the cifi c to cotton, was recorded in 1989 to area of Marathon (Attica). The insect in- feed on sugar beet, alfalfa and maize. This fests the peduncles at the point of their infestation is caused by its larvae that eat attachement to the fruit which turns to the lower epidermis and the leaf paren- black. In tomato, upon infestation, plant chyma (Evangelopoulos, 1994). growth is retarded and number and size Parahypopta (Hypopta) caestrum of fruit is reduced., while the presence of (Hübner) (Cossidae) was fi rst recorded in New plant pests and weeds in Greece 61

Table 1. New records of insect plant pests from Greece during 1990-2007.

Insect species Order/Family Host Reference Agonoscena cisti Hemiptera: pistachio Polymerou (Personal Psyllidae communication) Agonoscena pistaciae Hemiptera: pistachio Lauterer et al., 1998 Psyllidae Agonoscena targionii Hemiptera: pistachio Zartaloudis et al., 1996 Psyllidae Aleurothrixus fl occosus Hemiptera: citrus Κatsoyannos, 1991 Aleyrodidae Allantus cinctus Hymenoptera: ornamental roses Simoglou, 2004 Tenthredinidae Aphis citricola Hemiptera: citrus Lycouressis, 1990a Aphididae Aphis illinoisensis Hemiptera: grapevine Aggelakis et al., 2005 Aphididae Arge ochropus Hymenoptera: ornamental roses Simoglou, 2004 Argidae Asterodiaspis variolosa Hemiptera: Quercus coccifera Milonas et al., 2007 Asterolecanidae Attagenus unicolor Coleoptera: wheat stored products Bouchelos & Dermestidae Athanassiou, 1999 Cameraria ohridella Lepidoptera: Aesculus Emmanouel & Gracillariidae hippocastaneum Broumas, 2000; Diamantis et al., 2001 Cassida seraphina Coleoptera: sugar beet Doulias & Chrysomelidae Ioannidis, 1995 Cerambyx dux Coleoptera: almond tree wood Koutroubas, 1994 Cerambycidae Cerambyx velutinus Coleoptera: almond tree wood Koutroubas, 1994 Cerambycidae Cladius diff ormis Hymenoptera: ornamental roses Simoglou, 2004 Tenthredinidae Coroebus rubi Coleoptera: blackberries Bouchelos & Buprestidae (Rubus spp.) Chalkia, 2004 Delia (Phorbia) platura Diptera: asparagus Stamopoulos et al., 1994 Anthomyiidae Diaperis boleti Coleoptera: peach Savopoulou & Tenebrionidae Chatzivassiliadis, 1999 Diopsis sp. Diptera: rice Bouras et al., 2003 Diopsidae Eriococcus coccineus Hemiptera: Echinocactus grusonii Stathas, 2003b Eriococcidae Eurytoma schrenerii Hymenoptera: apricots Koveos et al. 2000 Eurytomidae Frankliniella occidentalis Thysanoptera: glasshouse crops, Roditakis, 1991; Thripidae grapes, cotton Katsoyannos, 1992 62 Anagnou-Veroniki et al.

Table 1 (continued) Insect species Order/Family Host Reference Galeruca tanaceti Coleoptera: Origanum vulgare Roditakis & Chrysomelidae Roditakis, 2006 Gynaikothrips fi corum Thysanoptera: Ficus microcarpa Papadoulis & Thripidae Ficus sp. Emmanouel, 2001 Hellula undalis Lepidoptera: Cruciferous crops Simoglou et al., 2007 Pyralidae Hercinothrips femoralis Thysanoptera: banana Roditakis et al., 2006 Thripidae Heterococcus nudus Hemiptera: Gramineae Milonas et al., 2007 Pseudococcidae Hexomyza (Ophyiomya) Diptera: asparagus Anagnou-Veroniki et al., simplex Agromyzidae 2004 Homalorhynchites Coleoptera: ornamental roses Kontodimas & hungaricus Rhynchitidae Kavallieratos, 2004 Lasioptera sp. Diptera: tomato and cucumber Perdikis et al., 2006 Cecidomyidae Lecanopsis turcica Hemiptera: Gramineae Milonas et al., 2007 Coccidae Lepidosaphes gloverii Hemiptera: orange trees Stathas, 2003 Diaspididae Lepidosaphes pistaciae Hemiptera: pistachio and terebinth Katsoyannos & Stathas, Diaspididae (Pistacia terebinthus) 1995 Leptocybe invasa Hymenoptera: eucalyptus trees Potasov et al., 2007 Eulophidae Liriomyza huidobrensis Diptera: vegetable crops, Roditakis, 1993 Agromyzidae ornamental plants Liriomyza trifoliii Diptera: vegetable crops, Roditakis, 1993 Agromyzidae ornamental plants Loxostege stictialis Lepidoptera: sugar beet, alfalfa, Evangelopoulos, 1994 Pyralidae maize Macrosiphum euphorbiae Hemiptera: cotton Lycouressis, 1990b Aphididae Megagonoscena gallicola Hemiptera: pistachio Souliotis & Psyllidae Tsourgianni, 1999 Mesagroicus pilifer Coleoptera: sugarbeet seedlings Papadopoulou, 2005 Curculionidae Metcalfa pruinosa Hemiptera: citrus and olive trees Drosopoulos et al., 2004 Flatidae Monarthropalpus buxi Diptera: Buxus sp. Vamvakas et al., 2007 Cecidomyiidae Nemolecanium graniformis Hemiptera: Grecian fi r (Abies Stathas, 1997 Coccidae cephalonica) Ophelimus eucalypti Hymenoptera: eucalyptus trees Potasov et al., 2007 Eulophidae New plant pests and weeds in Greece 63

Table 1 (continued) Insect species Order/Family Host Reference Ophelimus maskeli Hymenoptera: eucalyptus trees Potasov et al., 2007 Eulophidae Orthesia yasushi Hemiptera: Erica arborea Milonas et al., 2007 Ortheziidae Otiorrhynchus aurifer Coleoptera: ornamental plants Bouchelos, 1991 Curculionidae Parahypopta (Hypopta) Lepidoptera: asparagus Kyparissoudas & caestrum Cossidae Chlapoutakis, 1992 Parthenolecanium persicae Hemiptera: grapevines, Stathas, 2003c Coccidae Viburnum tinus Paysandisia archon (Lepidoptera: Palm trees Vassarmidaki et al., 2006 Castniidae) Pemphigus fuscicornis Hemiptera: sugarbeet Ioannidis, 1997 Pemphigidae Pezothrips kellyanus Thysanoptera: citrus Varikou et al., 2003 Thripidae Phenacoccus hordei Hemiptera: Thymus vulgaris Milonas et al., 2007 Pseudococcidae Phyllocnistis citrella Lepidoptera: citrus Anagnou-Veroniki, 1995 Gracillariidae Phyllonorycter blancardella Lepidoptera: cherry Kyparissoudas, 1997 Gracillariidae (var. Tragana Edessis) Plioreocepta (Platyparea) Diptera: asparagus Chlapoutakis, 1999 poeciloptera Tephritidae Poecilimon cretensis Orthoptera: olive Polyrakis, 1991 Phaneropteridae Poliaspis cycadis Hemiptera: Cycas sp. Milonas et al., 2007 Diaspididae Prionus coriarius Coleoptera: almond tree wood Koutroubas, 1994 Cerambycidae Protopulvinaria pyriformis Hemiptera: Appolo bay plants Ben-Dov et al., 2003 Coccidae (Laurus nobilis) Pseudopachymerina lallemantii Coleoptera: sweet acacia trees Bouchelos & Chalkia, 2003 Bruchidae (Acacia farnesiana) Rhopalopus clavipes Coleoptera: almond tree wood Koutroubas, 1994 Cerambycidae Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Coleoptera: Phoenix canariensis Kontodimas et al., 2007 Curculionidae Ritsemia pupifera Hemiptera: elm trees (Ulmus sp.) Savopoulou et al., 1997 Pseudococcidae Sinoxylon sexdentatum Coleoptera: walnuts Gravanis et al., 1998 Bostrychidae Taeniothrips inconsequens Thysanoptera: pear trees Papadopoulos et al., 2002 Thripidae (var. Kontoula) 64 Anagnou-Veroniki et al.

Table 1 (continued) Insect species Order/Family Host Reference Teleiodes decorella Lepidoptera: pistachio Tsourgianni, 1994 Gelechidae Tenothrips frici Thysanoptera: Lycopersicon esculentum Deligeorgidis, 2002 Thripidae Thrips parvispinus Thysanoptera: gardenia Mound & Collins, 2000 Thripidae Trioza alacris Hemiptera: Appolo bay plants Tsagarakis & Triozidae (Laurus nobilis) Papadoulis, 2004 Tychius quinquepunctatus Coleoptera: Vicia sativa Koveos et al., 2003 Curculionidae (garden vetch)

1992 in Northern Greece and is now con- fruits in the area of Nafplion (Koveos et al., sidered as one of the most economically 2000; 2002). Aff ected fruits were smaller important pests of asparagus (Kyparissou- and had a smaller endocarp. The presence das & Chlapoutakis, 1992). The larvae in- of the white legless larva in the endocarp fest the shoots and the roots of the plant is of diagnostic value. The species is known and can completely destroy them when at as a pest of plums in South Russia. high densities. The species Ophelimus eucalypti (Ga- The small moth Teleiodes decorella (Ha- han), O. maskeli (Ashmead) and Leptocy- worth) (Gelechidae) was recorded in 1994 be invasa Fisher & LaSalle (Eulophidae) on pistachio trees. It commonly coex- were recently recorded as pests of Euca- ists with Archips rosanus on young leaves lyptus trees in the Mediterranean basin in- while it can also damage the developing cluding Greece. In the report O. eucalypti is shoots (Tsourgianni et al., 1994). probably a misidentifi cation of O. maskeli The species Paysandisia archon Bur- (Κavallieratos et al., 2004a; P. Milonas per- meister (Castniidae) native to South Amer- sonal observations; Potasov et al. 2007). ica, was recovered from infested palm Three hymenopterous species, name- trees in Greece in 2005. This species, along ly Cladius diff ormis (Panzer) (Tenthred- with the red palm weevil, is a major threat inidae), Allantus cinctus (Linnaeus) (Ten- to the palm nursery industry and to parks thredinidae) and Arge ochropus (Gmelin) and recreation areas in coastal regions (Argidae) have been found since 1995 to (Vassarmidaki et al., 2006). feed on rose plants growing in parks and The species Hellula undalis (Fabricius) gardens in the town of Rodolivos in the (Pyralidae), an important pest of crucifer- prefecture of Serres (Simoglou, 2004). The ous crops in tropical and subtropical re- young stages of these insects fi rst feed on gions, was for the fi rst time reported in the underside of the leaves and later de- Greece in 2007 (Simoglou et al., 2007). The stroy the leaf blades reducing the orna- larvae of this species were found in Au- mental value of the rose plants. gust to cause severe damage to cabbages, caulifl owers and brocoli grown in several 1.7. Orthoptera locations in the north of the country. The wingless locust Poecilimon cretensis Werner (Phaneropteridae) was ob- 1.6. Hymenoptera served in 1991 to cause a serious problem Eurytoma schreinerii Schreiner (Eu- on trees of the olive variety “Koroneiki” in rytomidae) has been recorded on apricot Crete (Polyrakis, 1991). The problem had New plant pests and weeds in Greece 65 fi rst appeared in 1983. The insect devel- Souliotis, 1993), although recorded before ops at high numbers especially on young 1990, are also included here because an trees on which it may feed on the leaves outbreak of their population has been re- causing a complete defoliation. cently observed and they are now considered to cause high economic damage. The 1.8. Concluding remarks reported species are discussed arranged More than 70 insect species, mostly by family in the text and listed alphabet- Hemiptera-Homoptera, have been record- ically with their hosts in Table 2. ed for the fi rst time in Greece since 1990. The woolly whitefl y Aleurothrixus fl occosus 2.1. Tetranychidae and the citrus leaf-miner Phyllocnistis citrel- The citrus brown mite Eutetranychus la, both serious citrus pests of worldwide orientalis (Klein) was fi rst recorded in importance, are invasive species and their Greece, in the area of Helleniko (Prefec- control relied on clasical biological control ture of Attica), on lemon and orange trees, programmes by introducing exotic parasi- in autumn 2001 (Papaioannou-Souliotis & toids that were proved to be highly eff ec- Markoyiannaki-Printziou, 2002). E. orien- tive. Other species of the newly reported talis is a serious pest of citrus, more detri- pests that are considered important are: mental than Tetranychus urticae Koch and the thrips Pezothrips kellyanus and Franklin- Panonychus citri (Mc Gregor). It mainly af- iella occidentalis, the red palm weevil Rhyn- fects lemon and orange trees and to a less- chophorus ferrugineus, the gall inducing er extent mandarins. Feeding generally wasps Ophelimus maskeli and Leptocybe in- starts on the upper side of the leaf along vasa and the asparagus pests Parahypopta the midrib and then moves to the lateral caestrum and Hexomyza simplex. Several of veins. As a result, leaves become chlorot- the new recorded species are of palearc- ic and yellow streaks develop along the tic origin but their presence in Greece had veins. Heavy infestation may cause leaf fall, not been documented so far. It is impor- die-back of branches and defoliation. Until tant in concluding to note that, because of now there are no data on chemical control the serious threats imposed by the inva- or other kind of management measures. sive species, there is always the need for a The red spider mite Tetranychus evansi thorough survey to early detect potential Baker and Pritchard is of South American new invaders and for an organized rapid origin and has been introduced into oth- reaction upon their detection. er parts of the world (Northern and South- ern Africa, Spain, Portugal). T. evansi tends to prefer solanaceous crops: tomato, au- 2. Phytophagous mites bergine (eggplant), potato, tobacco, but it can be found on several other crops (e.g. New records of phytophagous mites be- beans, citrus, cotton, castor bean) and or- longing to the families of Tetranychidae, namental plants (e.g. Rosa sp.), as well Eriophyidae and Tenuipalpidae have been as on many weed species. It was fi rst re- reported from Greece, during the period corded in Greece, in the area of Tympa- 1990-2007, and are summarized in this ar- ki (South-Central Crete) on Solanum ni- ticle. Three species, namely Aculus olear- grum in September 2006 (Tsagkarakou et ius Castagnoli (Papaioannou-Souliotis, al., 2007). Damage is similar to that caused 1982), Eriophyes (Aceria) paradianthi (Keif- by other spider mites. Feeding punctures er) (Papaioannou-Souliotis, 1987) and Phy- lead to whitening or yellowing of leaves, tocoptella yuccae (Keifer) (Papaioannou- followed by desiccation and eventual- 66 Anagnou-Veroniki et al.

Table 2. New records of phytophagous mites from Greece during 1990-2007.

Mite species Host Reference Aculus olearius (Eriophyidae) olive trees Papaioannou-Souliotis, 1982 Eutetranychus orientalis (Tetranychidae) citrus trees Papaioannou-Souliotis & Markoyiannaki-Printziou, 2002 Eriophyes cynodoniensis (Eriophyidae) Bermuda grass Kapaxidi et al., 2008 Eriophyes (Aceria) granati (Eriophyidae) pomegranate Papaioannou-Souliotis, 1994 Eriophyes (Aceria) paradianthi (Eriophyidae) carnation Papaioannou-Souliotis, 1987 Eriophyes peucedani (Eriophyidae) carrot Papaioannou-Souliotis, 1993 Phytocoptella yuccae (Eriophyidae) yucca Papaioannou-Souliotis, 1991 Raoiella macfarlanei (Tenuipalpidae) olive trees Papadoulis & Emmanouel, 2002 Tetranychus evansi (Tetranychidae) Solanaceous plants Tsagkarakou et al., 2007 ly defoliation. In case of severe attacks, tal pomegranate, which is its only reported plants may die. T. evansi is morphological- host (Papaioannou-Souliotis, 1994). The in- ly similar to the other spider mite species fested leaves become twisted. of the genus Tetranychus already present The carrot bud mite Eriophyes peuce- in Europe, it can be easily confused with dani (Canestrini) is a pest of the umbelif- them and thus escape detection. For the erous crops and is a common species in control of this mite, classical chemical Europe and North-Western America. It methods are recommended. was reported as a new record for Greece, in the area of Kopaida (Central Greece) on 2.2. Eriophyidae carrot plants, in 1993 (Papaioannou-Souli- In the group of four olive mites, Erio- otis, 1993). During 1995 it was also found phyes oleae (Nalepa), Oxycenus maxwelli in the island of Lesvos on the same crop (Keifer), Dytrimacus athiasellus (Κeifer) and plant. Τhis mite can cause discoloration of Aceria cretica (Hatzinikolis), which cause leaves, while in heavy infestations it ex- damage of high economic impact in sev- tends its feeding to the leaf margins re- eral olive growing areas in Greece, one sulting in deformation. The plants grow more species was added, Aculus olearius abnormally, bearing few or no fl owers at Castagnoli (Castagnoli, 1977). This species all. Infestation possibly starts from wild was fi rst recorded in Greece in 1982, in ol- plants of the family Umbeliferae while ive groves of Lefkada and Zakynthos (Papa- large populations may develop due to the ioannou-Souliotis, 1982). These mites can intensive cultivation. cause brown patches to young shoots and Eriophyes (Aceria) paradianthi Keif- subcircular, irregular greenish patches that er is a very common species in Argentina turn chlorotic on leaves. Large mite popula- and California (U.S.A.) on Dianthus caryo- tions on the infl orescences and young fruits phyllus L. It was fi rst recorded in Greece, turn them brown and make them fall. in glasshouses in the area of Attica and Eriophyes granati (Canestrini and Mas- in Crete during 1987 (Papaioannou-Souli- salongo) was initially regarded as a Medi- otis, 1987). Since then, it has also been re- terranean species but today it is considered corded in the regions of Galata and Poros. cosmopolitan. This species was fi rst record- It is supposed to have been introduced in ed in Greece on nursery trees of ornamen- Greece through the large and frequent im- New plant pests and weeds in Greece 67 ports of ornamental plants. This mite usu- and T. evansi constitute the most alarming ally reduces growth and causes a pale yel- cases not only because they aff ect impor- low discoloration of the carnation plants. tant crops such as citrus and vegetables, Appropriate control method is the chem- respectively, but also because the climatic ical one. conditions in southern Greece are appro- Phytocoptella yuccae (Keifer) is a pest priate for their population establishment. of yucca plants. It was recorded for the fi rst E. orientalis and T. evansi can develop rap- time in Greece in the area of Lehonia (Vo- idly in favorable conditions, while data los, Magnisia) in 1988 (Κoutroubas & Ba- on their ability to develop pesticide resis- kogiannis, 1989). In the region of Attica it tance are lacking. was fi rst observed in the early 90’s in many glasshouses (Papaioannou-Souliotis, 1991). As a result of mite infestation the upper 3. Plant parasitic nematodes surface of leaves exhibits pale white fl uff y patterns that later turn brown. Several species of plant parasitic nema- The Bermuda grass mite Eriophyes cy- todes can be found in cultivated and non- nodoniensis Sayed can be a serious pest cultivated soils in Greece. Nematode ex- wherever Bermuda grass (Cynodon dacty- tractions from soil samples deriving from lon L.) is grown as a turf grass. It is consid- nurseries and other plantations frequent- ered to be of African origin. In the United ly yield moderate to very low populations States, the mite may be found from Flor- of Criconemoides, Helicotylenchus, Longi- ida to Arizona. Its only host plant is Ber- dorus, Paratylenchus, Pratylenchus, (Para) muda grass. It was οobserved for the fi rst Trichodorus, Tylenchorhynchus, Tylenchus time in Greece, in Aliartos (Viotia), in Sep- and Xiphinema species, however these tember 2007 (Kapaxidi et al., 2008). Ini- do not appear to cause serious damage tial damage is observed in spring when to plants and in most instances are not turf grass fails to begin normal growth treated. Thirty species, most of which are and shows yellow or brown patches in the worldwide considered important pests, lawn. Shortening of the stem internodes have been reported from Greek soils since gives the plants a stunted, rosette appear- 1990. All were found inhabiting cultivated ance. Under a heavy infestation the grass plants and are discussed in the text below, turns brown and dies. while being summarised alphabetically in Table 3. Amongst the above, reference is 2.3. Tenuipalpidae made to ten species that have occasional- Raoiella macfarlanei Pritchard and ly been found inhabiting plant roots, but Baker was fi rst recorded in Greece in olive are not considered to have a serious eco- groves of the island of Corfu in 2002 (Pa- nomic impact. padoulis & Εmmanouel, 2002). This mite Globodera pallida Stone 1973 is one can cause discoloration and deformation of the two potato cyst nematode (PCN) of leaves. species. A fi rst indication of its presence was reported by Vovlas & Grammatikaki in 2.4. Concluding remarks 1989 from the island of Crete but this was Two species of the family Tetranychi- not confi rmed until 2007. A second study dae, six of the family Eriophyidae and one performed in Crete showed the presence of the family Tenuipalpidae have been re- of only G. rostochiensis (Tzortzakakis et al., ported for the fi rst time in Greece since 2004) and only very recently, Karanastasi 1990. The tetranychid species E. orientalis & Manduric (unpublished data) confi rmed 68 Anagnou-Veroniki et al. the presence of G. pallida in Messinia, association with vineyards and Grapevine while investigating the distribution of the fanleaf virus (GFLV). two PCN species in Greece. Populations of Longidorus fasciatus were Bursaphelenchus spp. To date, ap- recovered from fi elds of artichoke (Cynara proximately 50 Bursaphelenchus species scolymus L.), in the areas of Iria and Kandia, have been described, of which about one Argolis, Greece (Brown et al., 1997). The ar- third inhabit coniferous trees (pine, spruce, tichoke plants exhibited patchy chlorotic fi r, larch). These nematodes are known to stunting, which is caused by the Artichoke be vectored by insects of the Cerambyci- Italian latent virus (AILV), a virus naturally dae and Scolytidae families and are trans- transmitted by the nematode. As was re- ferred from place to place by timber. The cently reported (Karanastasi et al., 2006a) most important species, B. xylophilus, has and lately confi rmed by subsequent fi eld caused rapid decline and subsequent samples in the area (Karanastasi & Kyria- death in many pine forests in East Asia and kopoulou, unpublished data), the nema- is of quarantine signifi cance in Europe. A tode appears moderately distributed in the widespread epidemic of pine trees dying in above area, which is a traditional artichoke- South Eastern Europe triggered an extend- growing region. No control measures are ed survey for the presence of the species taken since no yield loss has been reported. in Greece, however only six other Bursaph- Longidorus cretensis was fi rst described elenchus species were reported: B. helleni- by Tzotzakakis et al. (2001), when found in cus n. sp. from Pinus brutia, B. leoni from P. association with grapevine and one olive brutia, P. nigra, P. pinaster and P. radiata, B. tree in Crete, however the two plant spe- eggersi from P. pinaster, B. sexdentati from P. cies where not confi rmed to be hosts of brutia, P. halepensis, P. nigra and P. pinaster the nematode. The species occurred in an (Skarmoutsos et al., 1996; 1998; Skarmout- area where the leaves of vines exhibited sos & Skarmoutsou, 1999), B. mucronatus virus-like symptoms, but these were later and B. teratospicularis, B. mucronatus from P. attributed to GFLV and X. index. brutia and B. teratospicularis from P. brutia, Longidorus closelongatus Sturhan & P. pinaster, P. halepensis and P. maritima (Mi- Argo 1983 (Stoyanov 1964), an uncom- chalopoulos-Skarmoutsos et al., 2003). All mon species, was only once reported be- these species may cause wilting of diff erent ing present in the rhizosphere of olive in species of pine. Another species of the fam- Chania, Crete, but was not considered im- ily, Ektaphelenchoides pini, has also been ex- portant (Lamberti et al., 1996). Also, L. pisi tracted from wilting P. brutia, P. nigra and P. was found on tobacco without mention maritima, but it was not confi rmed whether on locality (Robbins et al., 1995). the nematode was the primary cause of wilt Trichodoridae. The family Trichodori- (Skarmoutsos et al., 1996). dae comprises soil-inhabiting ectoparasit- Longidoridae. The genera Longido- ic nematodes that belong to fi ve genera: rus, Paralongidorus and Xiphinema are im- Trichodorus Cobb, 1913, Paratrichodorus portant plant pests and besides the direct Siddiqi, 1974, Allotrichodorus Rodriguez- damage they cause to plant roots, sever- M et al., 1978, Monotrichodorus Andrássy, al species are natural vectors of nepovi- 1976 and Ecuadorus Siddiqi, 2002. Of these, ruses (Taylor & Brown, 1997). Until today, a 54 putative Trichodorus species and 33 few records on longidorids in Greece have Paratrichodorus species have a worldwide been published. These nematodes do not distribution, a very broad host range and appear to be serious pests in Greece, ex- can cause severe direct damage to their cept where Xiphinema index is found in hosts via root feeding. Moreover, these New plant pests and weeds in Greece 69

Table 3. New plant parasitic nematode records from Greece during 1990-2007.

Nematode species Host Region Reference

Bursaphelenchus eggersi Pinus pinaster - Skarmoutsos & Skarmoutsou, 1999 Bursaphelenchus hellenicus P. brutia Thessaloniki Skarmoutsos et al., 1998 Bursaphelenchus leoni P. nigra, Chalkidiki Skarmoutsos et al., 1996 P. maritimα Chalkidiki P. pinaster, - Skarmoutsos & P. radiata, - Skarmoutsou, 1999 P. brutia, - P. nigra - Bursaphelenchus mucronatus P. brutia - Michalopoulos-Skarmoutsos et al., 2003 Bursaphelenchus sexdentatii P. brutia, - P. nigra, - Michalopoulos-Skarmoutsos P. pinaster, - et al., 2003 P. halepensis - Bursaphelenchus teratospicularis P. brutia, - Skarmoutsos et al., 1996; P. pinaster, - Michalopoulos-Skarmoutsos P. halepensis, - et al., 2003 P. maritima - Skarmoutsos et al., 1996 Criconemoides xenoplax grapevine, Samos, Crete, Karanastasi et al., 2008 Viburnum sp. Attiki (Kifi ssia) Ektaphelenchoides pini Pinus brutia, Thessaloniki, Skarmoutsos et al., 1996 P. nigra, Kilkis, P. maritima Chalkidiki, Chalkidiki Globodera pallida potato Crete, Vovlas & Grammatikaki, 1989 Messinia Karanastasi & Manduric, unpublished Helicotylenchus multicinctus banana Crete Vovlas et al., 1994 Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus Vovlas et al., 1993 Hemicycliophora hellenica Arundo donax Filippias, Epirus Vovlas, 2000 Heterodera avenae cereals - Vlachopoulos, 1994 Heterodera schachtii sugarbeet Imathia (Stavros) Kyrou, 1993 Longidorus cretensis grapevine, olive Crete Tzortzakakis et al., 2001 Longidorus closelongatus olive trees Crete (Chania) Lamberti et al., 1996 Longidorus fasciatus artichoke Argolis Brown et al., 1997 (Iria, Kandia) Longidorus pisi tobacco - Robbins et al., 1995 Paratrichodorus minor potato, melon Amaliada Karanastasi et al., 2006b Paratrichodorus teres artichoke Argolis (Iria) Karanastasi et al., 2006a Pratylenchus goodeyi banana Crete Vovlas et al., 1994 Pratylenchus penetrans artichoke Greco et al., 2005 Rotylenchus campensis Vovlas et al., 1993 Rotylenchus graecus Hedera helix, Filippias, Epirus Vovlas & Troccoli, 1996 Arundo donax 70 Anagnou-Veroniki et al.

Table 3 (continued) Nematodes species Host Region Reference

Rotylenchulus macrodoratus grapevine Crete Vovlas & Vlachopoulos, 1991 (cv. Sultanina) Trichodorus similis tobacco N. Greece Brown et al., 1996 Trichodorus sparsus Patra Karanastasi et al., 2006b Tylenchus davainei citrus, olive Korinthos, Vlachopoulos, 1991 olive, Messolongi, English walnut, Larissa chestnut, apricot, almond, peach nematodes may induce severe indirect of dead Viburnum sp. plants from the back damage to economically important plant yard of a house in Kifi ssia, Attica, Greece, species such as potato, tobacco, bulbous but it was not confi rmed whether the and ornamental plants, by transmission of nematodes or a fungus found associated tobraviruses (Taylor & Brown, 1997). with the plants was the primary cause of The fi rst trichodorid reported from death (Karanastasi et al., 2008). Greece was T. similis, a vector of Tobacco Other species. A few other plant par- rattle virus (TRV), which was found in 1996 asitic nematode species have occasional- in a tobacco plantation in Northern Greece ly been reported from Greece, but these (Brown, et al., 1996). Later, during a com- do not have a serious economic impact. prehensive study on the distribution of These are: Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus the species in Greece, 14 trichodorid pop- found by Vovlas et al. in 1993 and one year ulations were recovered, among which, P. later H. multicinctus on banana (Musa AAA minor, P. teres and T. sparsus were reported Cavendish subgroup: Dwarf Cavendish) in for the fi rst time from Greece (Karanastasi Crete (Vovlas et al., 1994). Hemicycliophora et al., 2006a, b). hellenica Vovlas, 2000, a new species was Besides the above, Roca (1998) iso- found in Filippias, Epirus, Greece, inhabit- lated a new species in the area of Kato ing the roots of Arundo donax (giant reed) Souli, Marathon, Attica, which he named and some unidentifi ed aquatic species, Trichodorus variabilis but was not consid- along the line of irrigation canals (Vovlas, ered an important pest. 2000); Hoplotylus femina in Tirnavos, Laris- Heterodera schachtii was fi rst record- sa (Vlachopoulos, 1991); Pratylenchus good- ed from sugar beet in Greece (Kyrou, 1993) eyi on banana (Musa AAA Cavendish sub- and H. avenae from cereals (Vlachopoulos, group: Dwarf Cavendish) in Crete (Vovlas et 1994), but although the species are con- al., 1994); P. penetrans on artichoke (Greco sidered important pests, no more infor- et al., 2005); Rotylenchulus macrodoratus mation is available in national level. found widespread in vineyards (cv. Sultani- Criconemoides xenoplax (Raski, 1952) na) in Crete, causing histological damage Loof & De Grisse, 1989 of the family Cri- to the root cells, but no substantial eff ects conematidae was initially extracted from on yield (Vovlas & Vlachopoulos, 1991); Ro- the rhizosphere of grapevines in Samos tylenchus graecus n. sp. (Nematoda: Hop- and Crete but was not reported at that lolaimidae) in Filippias, Epirus, Greece, in- time. A few years later, the same species habiting the roots of Hedera helix (ivy) and was also collected from the rhizosphere A. donax along the line of irrigation canals New plant pests and weeds in Greece 71

(Vovlas & Troccoli, 1996); R. campensis (Vov- cause of some reported problems to grow- las et al., 1993); and Tylenchus davainei on ers after their invasion and establishment citrus and olive trees in Korinthos, olive as weeds in an agricultural area. New plant trees in Messolongi and English walnut, species for which there is no documenta- chestnut, apricot, almond and peach trees tion of having attained a weed status are in Larissa (Vlachopoulos, 1991). not included. Since the presentation is not based on a systematic survey, the list of 3.1 Concluding remarks new weed species may not be complete. A total of 30 plant parasitic nematode The species are discussed in the text species have been reported from Greece according to the chronological order of since 1990, most of which are known to their observation and listed alphabetical- be important pests worldwide. Howev- ly in Table 4. er, most cases reported herein were spo- radic incidents and cannot be considered 4.1. Species already acclimatized a threat to their hosts. Based on available In 1990, Giannitsaros presented some information and experience, the most non indigenous grass species which ap- important nematode pest that growers peared to be in a stage of acclimatization should be concerned about is Globodera and with the potential of becoming weed pallida. This is an EPPO A2 quarantine or- species in Greece. They were Bromus ca- ganism and legislation regarding the pres- tharticus Vahl., Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Ko- ence of this species, as also G. rostochien- eler, Digitaria ischaemum (Schreber) Muhl, sis, is very strict, while they both have a Echinochloa colona (L.) Link, Eleusine in- dramatic impact on potato. In seed pota- dica (L.) Gaertner, Paspalum dilatatum to growing areas, when a fi eld is found in- Poiret, Paspalum distichum L. and Setaria fested, it is legally forbidden to grow pota- adhaerens (Forskal) Chiov. (Giannitsaros, toes therein and producers should follow 1990). Three of these species, namely Ele- a three-year crop rotation scheme alter- usine indica, Paspalum dilatatum and Pas- nating cereals and legumes, while concur- palum distichum have already spread and rently using chemical nematicides. Prior are now regarded as important weeds to replanting potatoes, the fi eld has to be in some irrigated crops (particularly lu- re-examined for the presence of cysts. cerne) and in landscape turf throughout the country. Echinochloa colona has devel- oped into a minor weed occurring locally 4. Weed species in some areas. Setaria adhaerens probably occurs as a variant of Setaria verticillata (L.) There is no systematic monitoring in Beauv. (Clayton, 1980) which during recent Greece for introduced plant species and years has become a very common weed in particularly for their spread as weeds in many crops throughout the country. cultivated land of major agricultural areas. Thus, although quite often new records of 4.2. Species in a stage of acclimatization plant species are presented in a number In 1994, growers in the Louros village of papers exploring Greek fl ora, data on near Preveza (western Greece) observed their acclimatization and potential weed- for the fi rst time a new weed that grew status is seldom provided. throughout summer in irrigated fi elds of The plant species presented in this arti- maize, cotton and other crops, causing se- cle are mostly cases of recently introduced vere problems by climbing on the crop plant species that became noticeable be- plants, tying many of them together and 72 Anagnou-Veroniki et al.

Table 4. New weed species records in Greece, 1990-2007

Weed species Family Distribution: Areas (crops) Reference Echinochloa colona Gramineae Locally, minor weed Giannitsaros, 1990 Eleusine indica Gramineae Throughout (lucerne, turf) Giannitsaros, 1990 Ipomoea hederacea Convolvulaceae Western Greece (maize, Giannopolitis & Papach- cotton, lucerne) ristos, 1997 Panicum dichotomifl orum Gramineae Kopaida (maize, cotton, turf) Giannopolitis, 2003a Paspalum dilatatum Gramineae Throughout (lucerne, turf) Giannitsaros, 1990 Paspalum distichum Gramineae Throughout (lucerne, turf) Giannitsaros, 1990 Sicyos angulatus Cucurbitaceae Kavala, Orestiada (maize) Giannopolitis, 2003b impeding movement of workers and ma- (Northern Greece), who complained about chinery. The plant was identifi ed as Ipo- having problems with a diffi cult to con- moea hederacea (L.) Jacquin and was a trol weed, were asked to send a specimen new species for the Greek fl ora (Giannop- for identifi cation. The plant was identifi ed olitis & Papachristos, 1997). A survey con- as Sicyos angulatus L. and its presence ducted in the area during the summer of in Greece was reported for the fi rst time 2003 revealed that I. hederacea had al- (Giannopolitis, 2003b). Specimens of the ready evolved into a serious weed for all same species were also sent from the area spring crops throughout the valley of the of Orestiada (Thrace), later in the same Louros river. It had also spread well be- year. It seems that S. angulatus has recently yond the place of its fi rst appearance become to Greece and has been present only ing present at high densities in maize in the northern part of the country, not yet fi elds throughout another valley (Acher- spread to the south. It is an annual weed on river) of the Preveza prefecture as well reproducing by seed which becomes par- as to many fi elds in the area of Philipiada ticularly troublesome in irrigated summer in the neighboring Arta prefecture (Gian- crops by growing vigorously and climb- nopolitis et al., 2004). There was unverifi ed ing on the plants. It has a prolonged emer- information that the weed had also spread gence period, from mid-spring to mid- to areas near Agrinion in the neighboring summer, and is diffi cult to control without Aitoloakarnania prefecture. I. hederacea is the use of residual herbicides. In the area an annual plant species reproducing by of Kavala, where the weed was fi rst no- seed but it also has the potential to root ticed, soils are organic and eff ectiveness of and regenerate easily from stem cuttings residual herbicides is drastically reduced. (Kati & Giannopolitis, 2006). It seems to be In summer 2003, during a weed survey favoured at the above river valley condi- in onion crops of the Kopaida area (Central tions where it emerges from mid-spring Greece), a new grass species competing to late summer, grows vigorously, produc- with the onion plants was observed in a es many seeds and generally attains all fi eld near Orchomenos (Viotia prefecture). the characteristics of a very competitive, The plant was identifi ed to be Panicum di- extremely troublesome and diffi cult to chotomifl orum Michaux, a species new control weed. At present, its distribution for the Greek fl ora (Giannopolitis, 2003a). seems to be confi ned to the western part The next summer, a survey for the detailed of the country. assessment of the presence of this species In 2002, maize growers from Kavala in the wider Viotia area was conducted (Gi- New plant pests and weeds in Greece 73 annopolitis & Efthimiadis, 2004). Plants of Tsamantani, K. and Zarpas, K. 2005. First report of an American species of insects, the P. dichotomifl orum were only found along grapevine aphid Aphis illinoisensis Shimer, the route from Orchomenos to Aliartos from Greece and Europe. Georgia – Ktinotro- and not along other main routes within fi ,a 6/2005: 37-38 (in Greek). Anagnou-Veroniki, M. 1995. First record of the cit- the agricultural area of Viotia. The plant rus leaf-miner Phylocnistis citrella (Stainton) in was mostly found in fi elds along the route the insular and penninsular Greece. Annals of where maize was grown and to a lesser ex- the Benaki Phytopathological Institute (N.S.), 17: 157-160. tent in fi elds grown with cotton, but it was Anagnou-Veroniki, M., Kontodimas, D.C., Chadou, not found in fi elds grown with lucerne. Th. and Tzortzopoulos, Ch. 2004. First record Particularly in maize it formed very dense in Greece of the asparagus insect pest Hexo- myza simplex (Loew), Diptera, Agromyzidae. and highly competitive stands. Plants of P. Annals of the Benaki Phytopathological Institute dichotomifl orumwere also present in near- (N.S.), 20: 52-56. by cultures of turf grown for the produc- Ben-Dov, Y., Stathas, G.I. and Maliarou, I.S. 2003. The pyriform scale Protopulvinaria pyriformis tion of ready-to-use turf carpets. It seems (Cockerell), Hemiptera: Coccidae, in Greece. possible, therefore, that P. dichotomifl orum Agricultural Research, Vol. 26 (20), 2003: 89-91. was introduced in the area through import- Bouchelos, C.Th. 1991. Otiorrhynchus aurifer Bo- heman a new species of the Greek fauna. An- ed turf seed. This must have happened re- nals of the Benaki Phytopathological Institute cently, because the plant has not spread (N.S.), 16(2): 143-145. in the area yet. P. dichotomifl orum is an an- Bouchelos C.Th. and Athanassiou Ch.G. 1999. Beetle species in store-rooms of Central and nual plant reproducing by seed. A strik- Southern Greece, containing grain, fl our, ing characteristic of this plant, as it grows brau and hay: A sarvey of 44 species. Annals in the area, is its ability to form many til- of the Benaki Phytopathological Institute (N.S.), 18: 129-133. lers with branching stems and many pani- Bouchelos, C.Th. and Chalkia, C.A. 2003. First re- cles per tiller, thus producing an enormous cord in Greece of seed-eating insect of Gazia. amount of seeds per plant. Georgia - Ktinotrofi a, 3/2003: 22-24 (in Greek). Bouchelos, C.Th. and Chalkia., C.A. 2004. Infes- tation of blackberry by the wood-eating co- 4.3. Concluding remarks leopteron Coraebus rubi. Georgia - Ktinotrofi a, The three species Ipomoea hedera- 7/2004: 22-26 (in Greek). Bouras, D., Zartaloudis, Z., Navrozidis, E.I. and cea, Sicyos angulatus and Panicum dichot- Skenteridis, P. 2003. First notice of the dipter- omifl orum, that are currently under accli- an Diopsis sp. in rice pads of the area of Chala- matization in Greece, are believed to be stra, Thessaloniki. In Abstracts of the 10th Pan- hellenic Entomological Congress, Heraklion, natives to Americas and known as very im- Crete, 4-7 November 2003. Entomological portant weeds in the United States (USDA, Society of Greece, pp: 81. 2008). The two of them, S. angulatus and P. Brown, D.J.F., Robertson, W.M., Neilson, R., Bem, F. and Robinson, D.J. 1996. Characterization dichotomifl orun, have been present in Eu- and vector relation of a serologically distinct rope, eg. in Italy (Pignatti, 1982), but not isolate of tobacco rattle tobravirus (TRV) widespread yet. transmitted by Trichodorus similis in northern Greece. European Journal of Plant Pathology, All three species have already demon- 102(1): 61-68. strated their ability of evolving into a se- Brown, D.J.F., Kyriakopoulou, P.E. and Robertson, rious weed threat for irrigated summer W.M. 1997. Frequency of transmission of artichoke Italian latent nepovirus by Longidorus crops grown in Greece. Measures to eff ec- fasciatus (Nematoda: Longidoridae) from ar- tively prevent their further spread should tichoke fi elds in the Iria and Kandia areas of therefore been taken the soonest. Argolis in northeast Peloponnesus, Greece. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 103(6): 501-506. Castagnoli, M. 1977. Una nuova specie di acaro su Literature cited Olea europea L. Aculus olearius sp. nov. Redia, vol. LX: 225-260. Aggelakis, E.D., Tsitsipis, I.A., Margaritopoulos, I., Chlapoutakis, N. 1999. A new pest of asparagus 74 Anagnou-Veroniki et al.

the asparagus fl y (Platyparaea poeciloptera, pp. 56 (in Greek). Diptera: Trypetidae). Georgia - Ktinotrofi a, 2/ Giannopolitis, C.N., Papachristos, K. and Kati, V. 1999: 54-56 (in Greek). 2004. Distribution and control of the weed Clayton, W.D. 1980. Setaria Beauv. In Flora Euro- species Ipomoea hederacea. In Abstracts of the paea (T.G. Tutin, V.H. Heywood, N.A. Burges, 13th Scientifi c Conference, Greek Weed Science D.M. Moore, D.H. Valentine, S.M. Walters and Society, pp. 54 (in Greek). D.A, Webb, eds), vol. 5, p.138. Cambridge Uni- Gravanis, F.Th., Vaggelas, I.C. and Bouhelos, C.Th. versity Press , Cambridge, 452 p. 1998. First record for Sinoxylon sexdentatum Deligeorgidis, P.N. 2002. Records of Thysanoptera Oliv. (Coleoptera, Bostrychidae) on walnut species in Greece. Entomologia Hellenica, 14 trees in Thessalia, Greece. Annals of the Benaki (2001-2002): 11-18. Phytopathological Institute (N.S.), 18: 135-137. Diamantis, S., Perlerou, Ch. and Kalapanida, M. Greco, N., Vito, M. di, and Basile, M. 2005. Nem- 2001. Appearance of Cameraria ohridella atode parasites of artichoke and their man- Deshka and Dimic in Greece. Forest Research, agement. Acta Horticulturae, (681): 587-592. 14: 83-84 (in Greek). Ioannidis, F. 1997. The root-living aphid Pemphi- Doulias, K.G. and Ioannidis, F.M. 1995. Control of gus fuscicornis Koch. (Hem. Pemphigidae): A a new pest of sugarbeet in Greece. Cassida new pest of sugarbeet in Greece. In Proceed- seraphina Boh. (Chrysomelidae). In Proceed- ings of the 6th Panhellenic Entomological Sym- ings of the 5th Panhellenic Entomological Sym- posium, Chania 31 Oct-3 Nov 1997. Hellenic posium, Athens 8-10 Nov. 1993. Hellenic Ento- Entomological Society pp: 50-60 (in Greek). mological Society pp: 169-170. Kapaxidi E.V., Markoyiannaki-Printziou D. and Pa- Drosopoulos, A., Broumas, Th. and Kapothanasi, V. paioannou-Souliotis P. 2008. First record of 2004. Metcalfa pruinosa (Hemiptera, Auchen- Aceria cynodoniensis feeding on Bermuda orrhyncha: Flatidae) an undesiderable new grass in Greece. Hellenic Plant protection Jour- species in the insect fauna of Greece. Annals nal 1: 89-91. of the Benaki Phytopathological Institute (N.S.), Karanastasi, E., Decraemer, W., Kyriakopoulou, 20: 49-51. P.E. and Neilson, R. 2006a. First report of the Elena K., Alivizatos A.S. and Varveri C. 2008. New stubby-root nematode Paratrichodorus teres plant pathogens reported in Greece, 1990- associated with artichoke (Cynara scolymus) 2007. Hellenic Plant Protection Journal, 1: 1-25. in Greece. Plant Disease, 89(6): 685. Emmanouel, N.G. and Broumas, Th. 2000. Record- Karanastasi, E., Neilson, R. and Decraemer, W. ing of a new pest of chestnut in Greece. Geor- 2006b. First record of two trichodorid nem- gia - Ktinotrofi a, 9/2000:12-14 (in Greek). atode species Paratrichodorus minor and Tri- Evangelopoulos, I.Z. 1994. Loxostege stictialis (L) chodorus sparsus (Nematoda: Trichodori- (Lepidoptera: Pyralididae). A new pest of sug- dae Thorne 1935) from Greece. Annals of the arbeet, alfalfa, corn and cotton in Thrace. In Benaki Phytopathological Institute (N.S.), 20(2): Proceedings of the 4th Entomological Symposi- 129-133. um, Volos 14-17 October 1991. Hellenic Ento- Karanastasi, E., Mata da Conceição, I.L.P., San- mological Society pp. 336-339 (in Greek). tos Dos, M.C.V., Tzotzakakis, E.A. Karanastasi, Giannitsaros, A. 1990. The non-indigenous E., Handoo, Z.A. and Tzortzakakis, E.A. 2008. Gramineae of Greece: Ecology, distribution First report of Criconemoides xenoplax (Raski, and importance as weeds. In Abstracts of the 1952) Loof and De Grisse, 1989 Nematoda: 7th Scientifi c Conference, Greek Weed Science Criconematidae in Greece and fi rst record Society, pp. 12-13 (in Greek). of Viburnum sp. as possible host for this ring Giannopolitis, C.N. and Papachristos, K. 1997. Ipo- nematode. Helminthologia, 45(2): 103-105. moea hederacea (L.) Jacq., a new serious weed Kati, V. and Giannopolitis, C.N. 2006. Study of species in Greece. In Abstracts of the 10th Sci- some biological characteristics of Ipomoea entifi c Conference, Greek Weed Science Soci- hederacea L. in Greece. Annals of the Benaki ety, pp. 20-21 (in Greek). Phytopathological Institute, 20: 108-119. Giannopolitis, C.N. 2003a. Panicum dichotomifl o- Katsoyannos, P. 1991. First record of Aleurothrixus rum Michx. In “An Identifi cation Guide for the fl o c c o s u s (Mask) (Ηomoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Weeds of Greece, part 1”, pp. 52. Magazine Greece and some observations on its phenol- “Georgia – Ktinotrofi a”, n. 9/2003, special is- ogy. Entomologia Hellenica, 9: 69-72. sue, 176 p. (in Greek). Katsoyiannos, P. 1992. The “Californian Thrips”. A Giannopolitis, C.N. 2003b. Family Cucurbitace- new pest of cultivations in, Greece. Georgia - ae. In “An Identifi cation Guide for the Weeds of Ktinotrofi a, 5/1992: 32-35 (in Greek). Greece, part 1”, pp. 158-160. Magazine “Geor- Katsoyannos, P. 1994. First record of twenty three gia – Ktinotrofi a”, n. 9/2003, special issue, 176 species of aphids (Homoptera: Aphidoidea) p. (in Greek). in Greece. Annals of the Benaki Phytopatholog- Giannopolitis, N.C. and Efthimiadis, P. 2004. The ical Institute (N.S.), 17(1): 25-33. new weed Panicum dichotomifl orum in Vi- Katsoyannos, P. and Stathas, G. 1995. First record otia prefecture. In Abstracts of the 13th Scien- in Greece and phenology of Lepidosaphes tifi c Conference, Greek Weed Science Society, pistaciae Arhagel’skaa (Homoptera: Diaspi- New plant pests and weeds in Greece 75

didae) in Attica. In Proceedings of the 5th Ento- of Applied Entomology, 126(4): 186-187. mological Symposium, Athens 8-10 Nov. 1993. Kozár, F. 1985. New data to the knowledge of Hellenic Entomological Society pp: 114-118 scale-insects of Bulgaria, Greece and Roma- (in Greek). nia. Acta Phytopathologica Academiae Sciaen- Kavallieratos, N.G., Lykouressis, D.P., Sarlis, G.P., tiarum Hangaricae, 20: 201-205. Stathas, G.J., Sanchis Segovia, A. and Atha- Kozár, F., Paloukis, S.S. and Papadopoulos, N.T. nassiou, C.G. 2001. The Aphidiinae (Hy- 1994. New scale insects (Homoptera: Coc- menoptera: Ichneumonoidea: Braconidae) of coidea) for the Greek entomofauna. In Pro- Greece. Phytoparasitica, 29: 306-340. ceedings of the 4th Panhellenic Entomological Kavallieratos, N.G., Kontodimas, D.C., Anagnou- Symposium, 14-17 Oct 1991. Hellenic Entomo- Veroniki, M. and Emmanouel, N.G. 2004a. logical Society pp. 315-319 (in Greek). First record of the gall inducing insect Oph- Kyparissoudas, D.S. 1997. The leaf-miner Phyl- elimus eucalypti (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Chal- lonorycter blancardella, a new pest of cherry cidoidea: Eulophidae) in Greece. Annals of the in Greece. Georgia - Ktinotrofi a, 2/1997, pp. 29 Benaki Phytopathological Institute (N.S.), 20: (in Greek). 125-128. Kyparissoudas, D.S. and Alexandrakis, V.Z. 1993. Kavallieratos, N.G., Stathas G.J. and Tomanović, New pest of cotton crops in Northern Greece, Ž. 2004b. Seasonal abundance of parasi- The Californian thrip. Georgia - Ktinotrofi a, toids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) 6/1993, p. 16 (in Greek). and predators (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of Kyparissoudas, D.S and Chlapoutakis, N. 1992. aphids infesting citrus. Biologia, 59: 191-196. New pest of asparagus in Northern Greece. Kavallieratos, N.G., Tomanović, Ž., Starý, P., Atha- Georgia - Ktinotrofi a, 3/1992: 32 (in Greek). nassiou, C.G, Sarlis, G., Petrović, O., Nicetić, Kyrou, N.C. 1993. Meloidogyne and Heterodera M. and Anagnou-Veroniki, M. 2004c. A survey species associated with sugarbeet in Greece. of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconi- Nematologia Mediterranea, 21(2): 209. dae: Aphidiinae) of Southeastern Europe and Lamberti, F., Vouyoukalou, E. and Agostinelli, A. their aphid-plant associations. Applied Ento- 1996. Longidorids (Nematoda: Dorylaimoi- mology and Zoology, 39(3): 527-563. dea) occurring in the rhizosphere of olive Kontodimas, D.C. and Kavalieratos, N.G. 2004. trees in Western Crete, Greece. Nematologia First phenological data of the rose pest Mediterranea, 24(1): 79-85. Homalorhynchites hungaricus (Coleoptera: Lauterer, M., Broumas, Th., Drosopoulos, Α., Sou- Rhynchitidae) in Greece. Entomologia Helleni- liotis, C. and Tsourgiani, A. 1998. Species of ca, 15(2003-2004): 62-63. the genus Agonoscena (Homoptera:Psyllidae) Kontodimas, D.C., Milonas, P., Vassiliou, V., Thy- injurious on Pistacia and fi rst record of A. pist- makis, N. and Economou D. 2007. The occur- aciae in Greece. Annals of the Benaki Phyto- rence of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus in Greece pathological Institute (N.S.), 18: 135-141. and Cyprus and the risk against the native Lycouressis, D.P. 1990a. First record of Aphis cit- Greek palm tree Phoenix theophrasti. Entomo- ricola van der Goot (Homoptera: Aphididae) logia Hellenica, 16(2005-2006): 11-15. on citrus in Southern Greece. Entomologia Κoutroubas, Α. and Bakogiannis, Α. 1989. Obser- Hellenica, 8(1990): 65-66. vations on old pests of cultivated plants. In Lycouressis, D.P. 1990b. First record and occur- Proceedings of the 3rd Panhellenic Entomologi- rence of Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) cal Congress, Thessaloniki, Greece, 9-10 Octo- (Homoptera: Aphididae) on cotton in Cen- ber 1989: 94-104 (in Greek). tral Greece. Entomologia Hellenica, 8(1990): Koutroubas, A. 1994. Wood-boring Cerambycidae 67-68. of almond tree in the Perfecture of Magne- Michalopoulos-Skarmoutsos, H. Skarmoutsos, G., sia. In Proceedings of the 4th Panhellenic Ento- Kalapanida, M. and Karageorgos, A. 2003. mological Symposium, Volos 14-17 Oct. 1991. Surveying and recording of nematodes of Hellenic Entomological Society, pp: 340-348. the genus Bursaphelenchus in conifer forests (in Greek). in Greece and pathogenicity of the most im- Koveos, D.S., Broufas, G.D. and Euthymiadis, P. portant species. Nematology Monographs 2003. First record in Greece of the insect Ty- and Perspectives, 2003(1): 113-126. chius quinquepunctatus L. (Coleoptera: Cur- Milonas, P.G., Kozar, F., Kontodimas, D.C. and Mi- culionidae) in vetch cultivations. Georgia - Kti- chaelakis, A. 2008. List of scale insects of Greece. notrofi a, 7/2003: 28-29 (in Greek). In Proceedings of the XI International Symposium Koveos, D.S., Katsoyannos, B. and Broufas, G.D. on Scale Insect Studies, Oeiras (Portugal), 24- 2000. First record of the insect Eyrytoma 27 September 2007 (Poster 21, p.60). schreineri on apricots in Greece. Georgia - Kti- Mound, L.A. and Collins, D.W. 2000. A south east notrofi a, 5/2000: 20-23 (in Greek). Asian pest species newly recorded from Europe: Koveos, D.S., Katsoyannos, B. and Broufas, G.D. Thrips parvispinus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) 2002. First record of Eutytoma schreineri Sch- its confused identity and potential quarantine reiner (Hym. Eurytomidae) in Greece and signifi cance. European Journal of Entomology, some observations on its phenology. Journal 2000, 97(2): 197-200. 76 Anagnou-Veroniki et al.

Paloukis, S.S. Kouloussis, N.A. and Stauridis, D.G. Greece. Fundamental and Applied Nematolo- 1995. The Californian thrips in vineyards. gy, 21(2): 173-176. Georgia - Ktinotrofi a, 2/1995: 16 (in Greek). Roditakis, N.E. 1991. First Record of Frankliniella Papadopoulos, N.Th., Chloridis, A.S., Jenser, C. and occidentalis in Greece. Entomologia Hellenica, Mylonas, P.G. 2002. The thrips of pear tree (Tae- 9(1991): 77-79. niothrips inconsequens, Thysanoptera: Thrip- Roditakis, N. 1993. Liriomyza huidobrensis. First idae). A new tree-pest in Northern-Greece. Report in Crete and in Greece. Technical Bulle- Georgia - Ktinotrofi a, 2/2002: 28-32 (in Greek). tin No.13, Plant Protection Institute of Herak- Papadopoulou, S.C. 2005. First record for Greece lio (in Greek).. of Mesagroicus pilifer in sugar beet seedlings Roditakis, N. 1994. Frankliniella occidentalis (Per- (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Entomologia Ge- gande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae): A serious neralis, 28(1): 065-067. pest of cultivations in Crete. In Proceedings of Papadoulis, G.Th. and Emmanouel, N.G. 2001. Gy- the 4th Entomological Symposium, Volos 14-17 naikothrips fi corum (Marshal) (Thysanoptera: October. 1991. Hellenic Entomological Socie- Phloeothripidae). A new serious pest of orna- ty pp: 252-259 (in Greek). mental plants of the genus Ficus in Greece. Roditakis, E., Mound, L.A. and Roditakis, N.E. Georgia - Ktinotrofi a, 4/2001: 17-20. (in Greek). 2006. First record in Crete of Hercinothrips Papadoulis, G. and Emmanouel, Ν. 2002. A new femoralis in greenhouse banana plantations. pest of olive trees: Raoiella macfarlanei Prit- Phytoparasitica, 34(5): 488-490. chard and Baker (Acari: Tenuipalpidae). Geor- Roditakis, E. and Roditakis, N.E. 2006. First record gia–Ktinotrofi a, 7/2002: 42-44 (in Greek). of Galeruca tanaceti in organic Origanum vul- Papaioannou-Souliotis, P. 1982. Report, Benaki Phy- gare in Crete. Phytoparasitica, 34(5): 486-487. topathological Institute for 1982 (in Greek). Savopoulou-Soultani, M. and Chatzivassiliadis, A. Papaioannou-Souliotis, P. 1987. Report, Benaki Phy- 1999. Diaperis boleti L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrio- topathological Institute for 1987 (in Greek). nidae). Presence, biology and damage in the Papaioannou-Souliotis, P. 1991. A little known Naousa area of northern Greece. In Proceed- pest which aff ects many ornamental plants. ings of the 7th Panhellenic Entomological Con- Georgia–Ktinotrofi ,a 4/1991: 20-21 (in Greek). gress, Kavala 21-24 Oct. 1997, Hellenic Ento- Papaioannou-Souliotis, P. 1993. Report, Benaki Phy- mological Society, pp. 73-75 (in Greek). topathological Institute for 1993 (in Greek). Savopoulou-Soultani, M., Papadopoulos, N., Kozár, Papaioannou-Souliotis, P. 1994. Report, Benaki Phy- F., Skoulakis, G. and Sarakatsanis, I. 1997. First topathological Institute for 1994 (in Greek). record and seasonal occurrence of Ritsemia Papaioannou-Souliotis, P. and Markoyiannaki- pupifera in the area of Thessaloniki. In Pro- Printziou, D. 2002. Eutetranychus orientalis ceedings of the 6th Panhellenic Entomological (Klein). A new acarological problem on citrus Congress, Chania 31 Oct-3 Nov. 1997, Hellenic trees in Greece. Georgia–Ktinotrofi a, 1/2002: Entomological Society, pp. 32-34 (in Greek). 29-32 (in Greek). Simoglou, K.B. 2004. Four insects feeding on Perdikis, D., Paraskevopoulos, A. and Lycouressis, rose leaves: Cladius diff ormis (Panzer), Allan- D. 2006. First record and preliminary obser- tus cinctus (L.), Arge ochropus (Gmelin) and vations on life, ecology and damage caused Lymantria dispar (L). Georgia–Ktinotrofi a, 3/ by an insect harmful to greenhouse tomato 2004: 44-48 (in Greek). and cucumber plants. Georgia–Ktinotrofi a, Simoglou, K.B., Karakassis, S.I. and Myronidis 3/2006: 65-68 (in Greek). G.K. 2007. A new pest of cruciferous crops in Pigniatti, S. 1982. Flora d’ Italia, vols 1-3. Edagri- Greece: Hellula undalis (Fabricius), Pyralidae. cole, Bologna. Georgia–Ktinotrofi a,9/2007: 34-39 (in Greek). Polyrakis, I. 1991. Poecilimon cretensis (Werner) Skarmoutsos, G. and Skarmoutsou, H. 1999. First (Orthoptera: Phaneropterinae). A new pest of record of Bursaphelenchus nematodes from olive in Crete. In Proceedings of the 1st Panhel- pine forests in Greece. Plant Disease, 83(9): 879. lenic Congress, 6-8 November. 1985, Athens. Skarmoutsos, G., Michalopoulou, H. and Kalapa- Hellenic Entomological Society, pp: 181-182. nida, M. 1996. First record of Bursaphelen- Potasov, A., La Salle, J., Blumberg, D., Brand, D., chus species (Nematoda: Aphelenchoidae) Saphir, N., Assael, F., Fisher, F., and Mendel, Z. in Greece, associated with pine wilt disease. 2007. Biology, Revised Taxonomy and Impact Workshop on Resource Utilization from Cell to on Host Plants of Ophelimus maskelli, an Inva- Canopy. EUROSILVA, Cost Action E6, Research sive Gall Inducer on Eucalyptus spp. in the Med- Cooperation on Forest Tree Physiology. Thes- iterranean Area. Phytoparasitica, 35: 50-76. saloniki, Greece, October 17-19, 1996. Robbins, R.T., Brown D.J.F., Halbrent, J.M. and Skarmoutsos, G., Braasch, H. and Michalopou- Vrain, T.C. 1995. Compendium of Longidorus lou, H. 1998. Bursaphelenchus hellenicus sp. n. juvenile stages with observations on L. pisi, L. (Nematoda, Aphelenchoididae) from Greek taniwa and L. diadecturus (Nematoda: Longi- pinewood. Nematologica, 44(6): 623-629. doridae). Systematic parasitology, 32: 33-52. Souliotis, C., Papanikolaou, N.E., Papachristos, Roca, F. 1998. Description of Trichodorus variabi- D. and Fatouros, N. 2008. Host plants of the lis n. sp. (Nemata: Diphterophoroidea) from planthopper Metcalfa pruinosa (Say) (Hemi- New plant pests and weeds in Greece 77

ptera: Flatidae) and observations on its phe- logical Institute (N.S.), 17: 105-107. nology in Greece. Hellenic Plant Protection Tzortzakakis, E.A., Peneva, V., Terzakis, M., Neil- Journal, 1: 39-41. son, R. and Brown, D.J.F. 2001. Longidorus Souliotis, C. and Süss, L. 2004. Agromyzidae of cretensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Longidoridae) Greece. Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e Bach- from a vineyard infected with a foliar “yellow icoltura, Ser. II, 36(2): 229-239. mosaic” on Crete, Greece. Systematic Parasi- Souliotis, C. and Tsourgianni, A. 1999. Psyllidae tology, 48(2): 131-139. that infest pistachio of the Central and South Tzortzakakis, E.A., Mata da Conceição, I.L.P., de Greece. First record of Megagonoscena galli- Oliveira Abrantes, I.M., and de Almeida San- cola (Burck. & Laut.). In Proceedings of the 8th tos, M.S.N. 2004. Characterisation and identi- Panhellenic Entomological Congress, Chalkida, fi cation of potato cyst nematode populations 2-5 Nov. 1999, Hellenic Entomological Soci- from Crete, Greece, by isoelectric focusing of ety, pp. 164-167. proteins. Nematology, 6(1): 153-154. Souliotis, C. and Tsourgianni, A. 2000. Population USDA 2008. The National Plant Database, http:// dynamics of Psyllidae on pistachio (Pistacia plants.usda.gov/ (accessed March 27, 2008). vera). Biological data on Agonoscena pistaci- Vamvakas, M., Kontodimas, D.C. and Milonas, P.G. ae Burck and Laut. (Homopt.: Sternorrhyn- 2007. First record of Monarthropalpus buxi cha). Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e Bachicol- (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Greece and some tura, Ser. II, 32(1): 49-58. data of its phenology. Entomologia Hellenica, Stamopoulos, D.C., Petridis, F. and Charatsidou, 16, 2005-2006: 22-26. Ch. 1994. The dipteran Phorbia platura in as- Varikou, K.N., Alexandrakis, V.Z. and Tsitsipis, I.A. paragus fi elds. Observations fl ight-observa- 2003. Ecological characteristics of the new tion and suggested control methods. Geor- pest of citrus of Crete Pezothrips kellyanus gia - Ktinotrofi a, 8/1994: 45-51 (in Greek). (Bagnall) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). In Ab- Stathas, G.I. 1997. First record of Nemolecanium stracts of the 10th Panhellenic Entomological graniformis (Wünn) (Homoptera: Coccidae) in Symposium, Heraklion, Crete, 4-7 November Greece. Annals of the Benaki Phytopathological 2003. Hellenic Entomological Society pp. 33 Institute (N.S.), 18(1): 57-59. (in Greek). Stathas, G.I. 2003a. The diaspidid Lepidosaphes Vassarmidaki, M., Thymakis, N. and Kontodimas, gloverii (Packard) in Greece. In Abstracts of the D.C. 2006. First record in Greece of the palm 10th Panhellenic Entomological Congress, Her- tree pest Paysandisia archon (Lepidoptera: aklion, Crete, 4-7 Nov. 2003. Panhellenic En- Castniidae). Entomologia Hellenica, 16, 2005- tomological Society pp. 13 (in Greek). 2006: 44-46. Stathas G.I. 2003b. First record of the scale Erio- Vlachopoulos, E.G. 1991. Nematode species in coccus coccineus Cockerell in Greece. Annals nurseries of Greece. Annals of the Benaki Phy- of the Benaki Phytopathological Institute (N.S.), topathological Institute, 16(2): 115-122. 20: 45-48. Vlachopoulos, E.G. 1994. Plant protection prob- Stathas, G.I. 2003c. First record of the scale Par- lems caused by phytonematodes in Greece. thenolecanium persicae on Viburnum tinus Bulletin OEPP, 24(2): 413-415. and Vitis vinifera in Greece. Annals of the Bena- Vovlas, N. 2000. Hemicycliophora hellenica n. sp. ki Phytopathological Institute (N.S.), 20: 57-59. (Nemata: Criconematidae) from Greece. Jour- Taylor, C.E. and Brown, D.J.F. 1997. Nematode vec- nal of Nematology, 32(1): 35-41. tors of plant viruses. Wallingford, England, Vovlas, N. and Grammatikaki, G. 1989. Occurrence CABI, 286pp. of potato cyst nematodes (Globodera rosto- Tsagarakis, A. and Papadoulis, G. 2004. Trio- chiensis and G. pallida) on Crete and sugges- za alacris Flor (Homoptera:Triozidae): A new tions for control. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, important pest on appolo bay (Laurus nobi- 37: 92-94. lis: Lauraceae) in Greece. Georgia - Ktinotrofi a, Vovlas, N. and Troccoli, A. 1996. Description of 9/2004:34-36. Rotylenchus graecus n.sp. from Greece (Nem- Tsagkarakou, A., Cros-Arteil, S. and Navajas, M. atoda: Hoplolaimidae). Journal of Nematolo- 2007. Fist record of the invasive mite Tetrany- gy, 28(1): 94-98. chus evansi Baker and Pritchard (Acari: Tet- Vovlas, N. and Vlachopoulos, E. 1991. Parasit- ranychidae) in Greece. Phytoparasitica, 35(5): ism of the Mediterranean reniform nema- 519-522. tode Rotylenchulus macrodoratus on grape in Tsitsipis, I.A., Vaggelas, I., Jenser, G. and Michalo- Crete, Greece. Ciencia Biologica, Ecology and poulos, G. 1997. Strong evidence for thrips in- Systematics, 11(1\2): 1- 6. volvement in the berry scarring of the soul- Vovlas, N., Ciancio, A., Vlachopoulos, E.G. 1993. tanina grapes. Georgia–Ktinotrofi ,a 5/1997: Pasteuria penetrans parasitizing Helicotylen- 20-24 (in Greek). chus pseudorobustus and Rotylenchus capen- Tsourgianni, A., Mourikis, P.A. and Chitzanidis, A. sis in Greece. Afro-Asian Journal of Nematolo- 1994. Teleiodes decorella (Haworth, 1812) a gy, 3(1): 39-42. new insect pest for the pistaccio (Pistacia vera Vovlas, N., Avgelis, A., Goumas, D., Frisullo, S. L.) in Greece. Annals of the Benaki Phytopatho- 1994. A survey of banana diseases in sucker 78 Anagnou-Veroniki et al.

propagated plantation in Crete. Nematologia entomological pest in Greece. Georgia - Kti- Mediterranea, 22(1): 101-107. notrofi a, 6/1996: 31-33 (in Greek). Zartaloudis, Z., Navrozidis, M., Sileloglou, P., Bo- zoglou, K., Servis, D., Klitsinaris, A. and Pa- paioakim, N. 1996. Pistachio psylid. A new Received: 26 March 2008; Accepted: 23 June 2008

ΑΡΘΡΟ ΕΠΙΣΚΟΠΗΣΗΣ

Νέες καταγραφές εχθρών των φυτών και ζιζανίων στην Ελλάδα, 1990-2007

Μ. Ανάγνου–Βερονίκη, Π. Παπαϊωάννου–Σουλιώτη, Ε. Καραναστάση και Κ.Ν. Γιαννοπολίτης

Περίληψη Πάνω από 70 νέες καταγραφές εντόμων έγιναν στην Ελλάδα την περίοδο 1990-2007. Ο εριώδης αλευρώδης (Aleurothrixus fl occosus Maskell) και ο φυλλοκνίστης (Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton), που είναι από τις σπουδαιότερες νέες καταγραφές, έχουν ήδη επεκταθεί σ’ όλες τις περιοχές της χώρας όπου καλλιεργούνται εσπεριδοειδή, αλλά σοβαρές ζημιές έχουν αποφευχθεί με την εισαγωγή και εξαπόλυση αποτελεσματικών παρασιτοειδών. Άλλα νεοεισελθόντα είδη που θεωρούνται σημαντικά είναι οι θρίπες Pezothrips kellyanus (Bagnall) και Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), το σκαθάρι των φοινικοειδών Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), οι κηκιδόμυες Oph- elimus maskeli (Ashmead) και Leptocybe invasa Fisher & LaSalle και οι δύο εχθροί των σπαραγγιών Parahypopta caestrum (Hubner) και Hexomyza simplex (Loew). Για τα φυτοφάγα ακάρεα έγιναν 9 νέες καταγραφές στην Ελλάδα κατά τη συγκεκριμένη περίοδο. Από αυτές, οι τετράνυχοι Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) και Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard είναι είδη καραντίνας. Ιδιαίτερα ο T. evansi, ο οποίος δεν έχει ακόμα εξαπλωθεί ευρέως στη χώρα μας, μπορεί να έχει σοβαρές οικονομικές επιπτώσεις γιατί είναι σε θέση να κάνει ζημιές και να μειώσει την εμπορική αξία των προϊόντων των καλλιεργειών που προσβάλλει. Συνολικά αναφέρθηκαν στη χώρα μας 30 είδη φυτοπαρασιτικών νηματωδών κατά την περίοδο 1990-2007, τα περισσότερα των οποίων είναι γνωστά παγκοσμίως ως σημαντικοί εχθροί καλλιεργειών. Από τα είδη αυτά, όμως, μόνο το είδος Globodera pallida Stone, που είναι ένας από τους κυστονηματώδεις της πατάτας, παρουσιάζει ιδιαίτερο ενδιαφέρον για την Ελλάδα. Τρία είδη ζιζανίων, τα οποία είναι γνωστά ως ευρύτατα διαδεδομένα και επιζήμια στις ΗΠΑ, εμφανίσθηκαν τα τελευταία χρόνια στην Ελλάδα και προκαλούν σοβαρά προβλήματα σε αρδευόμενες θερινές καλλιέργειες και ιδιαίτερα στον αραβόσιτο. Πρόκειται για το Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacquin (Convolvulaceae) το οποίο έχει ήδη εξαπλωθεί στο δυτικό τμήμα της χώρας, το Sicyos angulatus L. (Cucurbitaceae) το οποίο εξαπλώνεται στο βόρειο τμήμα της χώρας και το Panicum dichotomifl orum Michaux (Gramineae) το οποίο προς το παρόν απαντάται σε μια περιορισμένη έκταση στην Κωπαϊδα στο κεντρικό τμήμα της χώρας. Η εμφάνιση των ζιζανίων αυτών στην Ελλάδα δείχνει την ανάγκη λήψης μέτρων για την παρεμπόδιση της εισόδου και της εξάπλωσης επικίνδυνων ξενόφερτων ειδών φυτών στη χώρα μας.

Hellenic Plant Protection Journal 1: 55-78, 2008 Hellenic Plant Protection Journal 1: 79-88, 2008

Eff ects of Mg supply on the growth and mineral composition of pre-rooted hardwood cuttings of “Colt” (P. avium L. x P. pseudocerasus L.)

Y.E. Troyanos1 and N.A. Hipps2

Summary The eff ects of Mg supply on growth and mineral composition of pre-rooted hardwood cuttings of “Colt” (P. avium L. x P. pseudocerasus L.) were investigated in a sand culture experiment. The results showed that the growth of ”Colt” was increased with increasing the external supply of Mg from 0 to 1500 μmol l-1. Mg defi ciency symptoms occurred on the lower leaves and progressed towards the apical leaves of the new shoots of the plants supplied with 0 and 150 μmol Mg l-1. When the concentration of Mg in leaves was less than 2 mg g-1 dry weight, defi ciency symptoms appeared on the basal leaves of the plants. Mg-defi cient plants had a smaller weight of plant organs, smaller leaf area, stem diameter and new shoot extension growth than Mg-suffi cient plants. The root ÷ shoot dry weight ratio was reduced with decreasing external supply of Mg. The concentrations of K, Ca, N and P in leaves were unaff ected by changes in the external supply of Mg. However, the unit absorption rates of K, Ca, N and P was increased with increasing the external supply of Mg. Additional keywords: Cherry, magnesium, Mg defi ciency, nutrient composition, shoot growth

Introduction ing solution culture system showed that “F. 12/1” (P. avium L.) cherry variety was P. avium L. is susceptible to Mg defi cien- more susceptible to Mg defi ciency than cy (18) which causes chlorosis of the leaf “Colt” (21) since it needed greater concen- margins, necrosis and subsequent leaf ab- tration of Mg, [Mg] in the nutrient solution scission. Diff erences in the susceptibility to achieve its maximum growth. to Mg defi ciency between cherry varieties In the present experiment, the eff ects have been found by Hipps et al. (14). These of Mg defi ciency on the growth and min- authors working with P. avium L. seedling eral composition of one-year-old plants of and hardwood cuttings of “Colt” (P. avi- “Colt” were investigated. The aim of this um L. x P. pseudocerasus L.) grown in the experiment was to defi ne the [Mg] in the same soil found that the former showed leaves at which the plants started show- Mg defi ciency symptoms whereas the lat- ing symptoms of defi ciency and to inves- ter did not. Further experiments in a fl ow- tigate the eff ect of the defi ciency on the growth and nutrient composition of the 1 Laboratory of Non Parasitic Diseases, Department of plants. Phytopathology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta str., GR-145 61 Kifi ssia (Athens), Greece. 2 East Malling Research, East Malling, West Malling, New Road, Kent, ME19 6BJ, UK. Materials and Methods Corresponding author: [email protected] Abbreviations: [Mg]; Mg concentration, [K]; K concentra- Culture of the plants tion, [Ca]; Ca concentration, [N]; N concentration, [P]; P One-year-old, pre-rooted hardwood concentration, DAP; days after transplanting planting, cuttings of “Colt” taken off hedges were DW; dry weight, LA; leaf area, UAR; unit absorption rate,

RUR; relative uptake rate and Wr; dry weight of roots. grown in black plastic pots (26 x 10 x 10 80 Troyanos & Hipps cm) fi lled with medium grade quartz sand. determination of the nutrient content. The

The sand had been washed with 3% v/v of leaf area (LA) was measured with a Delta-T concentrated HCl and leached with de- leaf area meter (Burwell, Cambridge, Eng- ionized water (Conductivity ≤3 μS cm-1) land) and the diameter of the stems was (10) until the pH of nutrient solution drain- measured at 10 cm above the root collar. ing from the pots was approx. 5.5. The One hundred milligrams of the dried analyses of sand samples that taken from ground plant material was digested with -1 the pots and extracted with 1 M ammoni- 2 ml 18 M H2SO4 containing 1 g l Se and 1 um acetate at pH = 7 showed that the sand ml hydrogen peroxide. After cooling, the had a residual concentration of Mg of ap- digests were made up to 20 ml with dis- prox. 30 μmol l-1. When the sand leached, tilled water. Ca and Mg were determined the plants were weighted and planted. by atomic absorption spectrophotometer During their establishment, they were wa- on the digests after dilution with 20 vol- -1 tered on alternate days with 600 ml of half umes of a 1 g l solution of LaCl3 as a releas- strength of the nutrient solution present- ing agent. K was determined on the same ed in Table 1. After two weeks, when the solution by atomic emission photometer. plants started growing, 600 ml of the full Total nitrogen was determined using an strength nutrient solution (Table 1) were auto- analyzer by indophenol blue meth- applied each day. Three diff erent concen- od (23) and phosphorus determined by trations of Mg: 0, 150 and 1500 μmol l-1 us- the molybdenum blue method (6). ing MgCl2.6H20 were applied to the plants. Experimental design Table 1. Composition of the nutrient solution. A complete randomized block design was used with three [Mg] : 0, 150 and 1500 Macronutrients μmol l-1 μmol l-1 as the treatments allocated to four Ca(NO ) .4H O 4000 3 2 2 blocks and four harvest dates. To take ac- KNO 4000 3 count of the variation due to initial plant NaH PO .2H O 1330 2 4 2 weight, the plants were put into 4 groups MgCl .2H O 0, 150, 1500 2 2 of 12 plants depending on their initial CaSO .H O 500 4 2 fresh weight as follows: the largest being Micronutrients As in Long-Ashton in the 1st group, and the smallest in the 4th nutrient solution group. The 12 plants in each group were FeEDTA 100 then assigned at random to each block pH 5.5 and each plant was assigned at random to each Mg and harvest combination. By Growth and mineral analyses using this randomization the diff erence in During the experiment, four destructive the initial plant weight was included into harvests were done at 30, 50, 71 and 92 days the block eff ect (2). At each harvest, one after transplanting (DAP) by removing the plant was removed from each pot thus, 12 plants from the pots. The plants were divid- plants were removed per harvest. ed into leaves, stems, new shoots and roots and were rinsed three times with de-ion- Statistical analyses ized water. The fresh weights of the leaves, The statistical analyses were performed stems and roots were measured. After- with Genstat (9) (Genstat 5 Committee, wards, the plant material was dried to con- 1987). Plant growth data were analysed us- stant weight in a forced air oven at 850C for ing polynomial regression models fi tted to determination of dry weight and ground for the data which were logarithmically trans- Eff ects of Mg supply on “Colt” cuttings 81

formed (loge) to stabilize the variance over The RUR could be estimated after dif- time. F-tests were used to determine wheth- ferentiation of the equation (2) with re- er diff erences were statistically signifi cant. spect to time as follows: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used also to assess the eff ect of the treatment factor (3) at the diff erent harvest. The derivation of the mean unit absorption rates was based The M ÷ Wr was estimated after fi tting on the dynamic growth analysis (15) and an equation between the ratios of the nu- was carried out as follows: trient content of the plants ÷ dry weight of

The unit absorption rate (UAR, nmol roots (Wr) over time in days (t) after trans- mg-1day-1) i.e. the rate of the mineral nutri- planting as follows: ent (nmol) absorbed per day and unit root (4) weight (mg), was estimated using the following equation: By multiplication of equations (3) and (4) (1) the UAR could be derived as follows: Where: (5) 1. RUR = relative nutrient uptake rate (μmol μmol-1day-1) i.e. the rate of nutrient content (μmol) increase per nutrient (μmol) per day. For derivation of the unit absorption

2. M ÷ Wr = the ratio between the plant rates UAR the dry weight of the roots with nutrient content, (M in μmol) and dry approximate diameter <2 mm were used.

weight of roots, (Wr, in mg). The RUR was estimated after fi tting an equation between the logarithmical- Results ly transformed nutrient content of the plants (logeM) over time in days (t) after Growth transplantingg as follows: Based on regression analyses, quadratic equations were found to be the most appro- (2)

Table 2. The eff ect of Mg external supply on the relationship between loge-transformed total plant (W), leaf (WL), stem (WS), new shoot (WNSH) and root (WR) dry weight, leaf area (LA), shoot diameter (SD) and new shoot length (LNSH) of `Colt’ and time. The equations fi tted were quadrat- ics (a+ bt+ ct2) where a, b, c were the parameters estimated by the statistical analysis and t time in days. R2 coeffi cients of determination, SED standard error of diff erences.

0 μmol Mg l-1 150 μmol Mg l-1 1500 μmol Mg l-1 R2 SED a b c a b c a b c W 0.84 0.0001 8.636 0.0039 0.00024 8.636 0.0039 0.00012 8.636 0.0039 0.000006

WL 0.82 0.0001 6.738 0.061 0.00041 6.738 0.061 0.00027 6.738 0.061 0.00021

WS 0.74 0.0009 8.768 0.016 0.00085 8.768 0.016 0.000007 8.768 0.016 0.000038

WNSH 0.84 0.0002 3.599 0.106 0.00066 3.599 0.106 0.00048 3.599 0.106 0.00040

WR 0.86 0.0001 4.891 0.080 0.00054 4.891 0.080 0.00036 4.891 0.080 0.00029

SD 0.72 0.00005 1.464 0.019 0.00014 1.464 0.019 0.000098 1.464 0.019 0.000073

LNSH 0.78 0.0001 8.495 0.076 0.00046 8.495 0.076 0.00039 8.495 0.076 0.00033

LA 0.88 0.0002 7.879 0.103 0.00040 7.879 0.103 0.00025 7.879 0.103 0.00017 82 Troyanos & Hipps priate (Table 2) to explain the increase over time in the leaf, stem, new shoot (shoots pro- duced during the course of the experiment) and root dry weight (mg), new shoot length 2 (cm), stem diameter (mm) and LA (cm ). There was a signifi cant (P<0.001) increase in the growth of all the plant organs with increasing external supply of Mg. The diameter of the stem and new shoot extension growth also increased signifi cantly (P<0.05) with increasing external supply of Mg. The root ÷ shoot Figure 1. The eff ect of Mg external supply on the root ÷ shoot dry weight ratio (shoot = stems + leaves + dry weight ratio of “Colt”. - 0, - 150 and - 1500 new shoots) increased with increasing exter- μmol Mg l-1. The vertical bars are the SEDs. nal supply of Mg (Figure 1). However, the dif- ferences between 150 and 1500 μmol Mg l-1 Mineral nutrients contents were signifi cant (P<0.05) on day 92. Further- more, the root ÷ shoot dry weight ratio was Magnesium increased at all treatments (P<0.05). The [Mg] in leaves, stems, new shoots

Figure 2. The eff ect of Mg external supplies on the [Mg] in leaves, stems, new shoots and roots of “Colt”. - 0, - 150 and - 1500 μmol Mg l-1. The vertical bars are the SEDs. Eff ects of Mg supply on “Colt” cuttings 83 and roots increased signifi cantly (P<0.001) with increasing external supply of Mg (Fig- ure 2). There was a continuous decrease in the [Mg] in leaves, whereas, the [Mg] in shoots and roots were stable. At all levels of Mg supply, there were a decline in [Mg] in stems from transplanting until 30 DAP and a continuous increase thereafter. Figure 3. Symptoms of Mg defi ciency in “Colt” leaves. Symptoms of Mg defi ciency occurred on the lower leaves of the new shoots and progressed towards the apical leaves of the most of the leaf blade; all the leaves became plants supplied with 0 and 150 μmol Mg l-1. tattered and curled upwards along the mid- At the last harvest (92 DAP), Mg defi ciency rib, and abscised soon after (Figure 3). symptoms appeared also on the basal leaves of the plants supplied with 1500 μmol Mg Potassium, Calcium, Nitrogen and Phosphorus l-1. The symptoms included an interveinal The [K] in leaves, stem, new shoots or marginal orange or yellow brown necro- and roots were not aff ected (P>0.05) sis (often surrounded by a thin band of pur- by the external supply of Mg (Figure ple or pale green tissue) which spread over 4) and, therefore, only the means of

Figure 4. The eff ect of Mg external supply on the [K] in leaves, stems, new shoots and roots of ”Colt”. 84 Troyanos & Hipps the [K] at each harvest are presented were unaff ected by the external supply of in fi gure. The [K] in leaves and roots in- Mg (Figure 6). The [N] in leaves was with- creased with time, whereas, there was in the range 31-33 mg g-1 DW and the [N] a continuous decrease in new shoots. in new shoots and roots decreased with in- The [K] in stems increased from trans- creasing external supply of Mg. The [P] in planting until 50 DAP and decreased leaves, stem, roots and new shoots were thereafter. not aff ected by the increased external sup- The [Ca] in leaves, stems and new shoots ply of Mg (Figure 7) and generally increased were not aff ected by the external supply of during the course of the experiment. Mg (Figure 5) and therefore, only the mean [Ca] at each harvest are presented. The [Ca] Total contents of mineral nutrients in stems and new shoots increased with Based on regression analyses, quadrat- time, whereas, there was an initial increase ic equations were found to be the most ap- in leaves and roots until 50 DAP and a con- propriate (Table 3) to explain the increase tinuous decrease thereafter. In the roots, over time in Mg, K, Ca, N, and P content of there was a signifi cant (P<0.001) decrease in the plants. There was a signifi cant increase [Ca] with increasing external supply of Mg. (P<0.001) in the RUR with increasing external The [N] in leaves, stems and new shoots supply of Mg. This resulted in a greater con-

Figure 5. The eff ect of Mg external supply on the [Ca] in leaves, stems, new shoots and roots of “Colt”. - 0, - 150 and - 1500 μmol Mg l-1. The vertical bars are the SEDs. Eff ects of Mg supply on “Colt” cuttings 85

Figure 6. The eff ect of Mg external concentration on the [N] in leaves, stems, new shoots and roots of “Colt”. - 0, - 150 and - 1500 μmol Mg l-1. The vertical bars are the SEDs.

Table 3. The eff ect of Mg external supply on the relationship between loge- transformed total amount of Mg, Ca, K, N and P (μmol) in plants and time (days). The equation fi tted was (a + bt +ct2) where a, b and c were the parameters estimated by the statistical analysis and t time. R2 coeffi - cients of determination, SED standard error of diff erences.

0 μmol Mg l-1 150 μmol Mg l-1 1500 μmol Mg l-1 R2 SED a b c a b c a b c Mg 0.85 0.00013 5.417 0.031 -0.00027 5.417 0.031 -0.00007 5.417 0.031 +0.00016 Ca 0.81 0.00013 6.303 0.066 -0.00044 6.303 0.066 -0.00030 6.303 0.066 -0.00026 K 0.82 0.00012 7.191 0.048 -0.00031 7.191 0.048 -0.00017 7.191 0.048 -0.00011 N 0.82 0.00012 8.332 0.056 -0.00037 8.332 0.056 -0.00023 8.332 0.056 -0.00017 P 0.85 0.00012 4.896 0.069 -0.00043 4.896 0.069 -0.00029 4.896 0.069 -0.00024

tent of Mg in the plants supplied with 1500 increasing external supply of Mg (Table 3). μmol Mg l-1 than in the plants supplied with 150 and 0 μmol Mg l-1. The contents of the Unit absorption rates other mineral nutrients also increased with The UAR of Mg followed a cubic equa- 86 Troyanos & Hipps

Figure 7. The eff ect of Mg external supply on the [P] in leaves, stems, new shoots and roots of ”Colt”.

Table 4. The eff ect of Mg external supply on the relationship unit absorption rate of Mg, Ca, K, N and P (nmol mg-1day-1) and time (days).

0 μmol Mg l-1 150 μmol Mg l-1 1500 μmol Mg l-1 abcdabcdabcd Mg 29.729 -1.06 0.0124 -0.00005 29.729 -0.667 0.0056 -0.00001 29.729 -0.351 0.0013 0.000031 Ca 200.508 -3.168 0.0066 - 200.508 -2.318 0.0045 - 200.508 -2.075 -2.075 - K 348.000 -9.967 0.108 -0.00049 348.000 -7.937 0.077 -0.0027 348.000 -7.067 0.063 -0.00017 N 1382.08 -36.183 0.356 -0.00016 1382.08 -29.273 0.266 -0.00096 1382.08 -26.311 0.228 -0.00072 P 53.613 -0.609 -0.609 -0.00073 53.613 -0.392 -0.392 -0.00050 53.613 -0.314 -0.314 -0.00041 tion over time and increased by increasing there was an increase in the RUR over time. external supply of Mg (Table 4). At 0 μmol The UAR of K and N followed a cubic equa- Mg l-1 the UAR of Mg declined over time tion over time and there was an increase with a greater rate that that at 150 μmol with increasing external supply of Mg (Ta- Mg l-1 whereas, at 1500 μmol Mg l-1 Mg ble 4). The UAR of Ca and P an increased Eff ects of Mg supply on “Colt” cuttings 87 with increasing Mg supply (Table 4). At 0 plants. This greater shoot than root growth μmol Mg l-1 the UAR of K, Ca, N and P ap- of the Mg-defi cient plants was not found proached zero from 71 DAP and thereafter. by Troyanos et al (22) in cherries grown in a At the other external Mg supplies the UAR fl owing solution culture system, Hermans of K, Ca, N and P decreased over time. and Overburden (12) in Arabidopsis thaliana and Hermans et al. (11) in spinach. However, Cakmak et al. (3, 4) found a similar Discussion increase in the growth of shoots of Mg-defi - cient plants of Phaseolus vulgaris L. and Eric- The symptoms of Mg defi ciency (Figure sson and Kahr (5) in birch. 3) were fi rst appeared on the basal mature The concentrations of K (22-26 mg g-1 leaves of the “Colt”. This re-distribution of DW), Ca (12-15 mg g-1 DW), N (31 -33 mg Mg was expected since it is generally re- g-1 DW) and P (3-4 mg g-1 DW) were with- garded as an easily redistributed nutri- in the range considered to be optimum for ent (20), although there is some confl ict- the growth of cherries (16). The unit ab- ing evidence (1). The results of the current sorption rates of K, Ca, N and P increased experiment showed that when the [Mg] in with increasing the external supply of Mg leaves were less than 2 mg g-1 DW the plants whereas their concentrations were not af- showed Mg defi ciency symptoms. fected signifi cantly by the Mg external Mg-defi cient “Colt” plants had a de- supply. This probably suggests that the creased stem diameter. Similar results were growth made in response to an increased found by Ford (7) in Mg-defi cient MM-102 external supply of Mg determined the up- apple rootstock. The LA was also reduced by take of K, Ca, N and P. decreasing the external Mg supply (Table 2). This reduction probably caused a reduction in the assimilate production from the Literature Cited leaves that could have aff ected the growth 1. Bucovak, M.J., Teubner, F.G. and Wittwer, S.H. of the stem since Harper (10) showed that 1960. Absorption and mobility of 28Mg in the the increase in the diameter of a stem, es- bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Proceedings of Ameri- pecially at its base, depended upon assimi- can Society for Horticultural Science, 75: 429-434. 2. Burns, I.G. 1992. Infl uence of the plant nutrient lates from active leaves and Proebsting (19) concentration on the plant growth: Use of a nu- found a cessation of the radial increase of trient interruption technique to determine the wood in defoliated apple trees. critical concentrations of N, P and K in young plants. Plant and Soil, 142: 221-233. In the current experiment the length 3. Cacmak, I., Hengeler, C. and Marschner, H. 1994a. of new shoots of cherry increased with in- Partitioning of shoot and root dry matter and car- creasing external supply of Mg. However, bohydrates in bean plants suff ering from phosphorus, potassium and magnesium defi ciency. in apple the extension growth of the new Journal of Experimental Botany, 45: 1245-1250. shoots and leaf production, as well as in- 4. Cacmak, I., Hengeler, C. and Marschner, H. ternode length, were unaff ected by Mg 1994b. Changes in phloem export of sucrose in leaves in response to phosphorus, potassi- defi ciency (8). um and magnesium defi ciency in bean plants. The severe Mg defi ciency (0 μmol Mg Journal of Experimental Botany, 45: 1251-125. l-1) probably altered the distribution of the 5. Ericsson T. and Kahr, M. 1995. Growth and nutrition of birch seedlings at varied relative assimilates between the shoot and root addition rates of magnesium. Tree Physiolo- of “Colt”. The root ÷ shoot ratio decreased gy, 15: 85-93. with a decreasing external supply of Mg im- 6. Fiske, C.H. and Subbarow, Y. 1925. Colorimet- ric determination of phosphorus. Journal of Bi- plying a relatively greater shoot growth in ological Chemistry, 66: 375-400. respect to root growth in the Mg-defi cient 7. Ford, E.M. 1960. The relation between growth, 88 Troyanos & Hipps

form and mineral composition of rooted apple 16. Leece, D.R. 1975. Diagnostic leaf analysis for shoots supplied with diff erent concentrations of stone fruit. Australian Journal of Experimental magnesium. Ph.D. thesis, University of London. Agriculture, 15: 118-121. 8. Ford, E.M. 1966. Studies in the nutrition of ap- 17. Loomis, W.E. 1935. Translocation and growth ple rootstocks. III. Eff ects of level of magnesium balance in woody plants. Annals of Botany, 49: nutrition on growth, form and mineral compo- 247-272. sition. Annals of Botany, 30: 639-655. 18. Maff , 1964. Soils and manures for fruit trees. 9. Genstat 5 Committee (1987). Genstat 5 reference Bulletin No 107, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisher- manual (New York, Oxford university press). ies and Food. 28-29. 10. Harper, A.G. 1913. Defoliation: its eff ects upon 19. Proebsting, E.L. 1925. The relation of stored the growth and structure of the wood of Lar- food to cambial activity in the apple. Hilgar- ix. Annals of Botany, 27: 621-642. dia, 1: 81-106. 11. Hermans, C., Burgis, F., Faucher, M., Strasser, 20. Steuce, G.L. and Koontz, H.V. 1970. Phloem mobil- R.J., Delrot, S. and Verbruggen, N. 2005. Mag- ity of magnesium. Plant Physiology, 154: 50-52. nesium defi ciency in sugar beets alters sug- 21. Troyanos, Y.E, Hipps N.A., Moorby J. and Ridout ar partitioning and phloem loading in young M.S. 1997. The eff ects of external magnesium mature leaves. Planta, 220: 541-549. concentration on the growth and magnesium in- 12. Hermans, C. and Verbruggen, N 2005. Physi- fl ow rates of micropropagated cherry rootstocks ological characterization of Mg defi ciency in “F. 12/1” (P. avium L.) and “Colt” (P.avium L. x P. Arabidopsis thaliana. Journal of Experimental Pseudocerasus L.). Plant and Soil, 197(1): 25-33. Botany, 56: 2153-2161. 22. Troyanos, Y.E, Hipps N.A., Moorby J. and King- 13. Hewitt, E.J. 1965. Sand and water culture meth- swell G. 2000. The eff ects of external potas- ods used in the study of plant nutrition. Com- sium and magnesium concentrations on the monwealth agricultural bureau, second edition. magnesium and potassium infl ow rates and 14. Hipps, N.A., Higgs, K.H., Collard, L.G. and Sam- growth of micropropagated cherry rootstocks uelson, T.J. 1994. Eff ects of irrigation and nitro- “F. 12/1” (P. avium L.) and “Colt” (P.avium L. x P. gen fertilizer on the growth and nutrient rela- Pseudocerasus L.). Plant and Soil, 225(1): 73-82. tions of P. avium L. and “Colt” (P. pseudocerasus 23. Varley, J.A. 1966. Automatic method for the de- x P. avium) in the nursery and after transplanta- termination of nitrogen, phosphorus, and po- tion. Annals Scientia Forestrie, 51: 433-445. tassium in plant material. Analyst, 91: 119-126. 15. Hunt R. 1982. Plant growth curves. Cambridge University Press. Received: 20 March 2008; Accepted: 23 June 2008

Επίδραση της τροφοδοσίας με Mg στην αύξηση και στη συγκέντρωση θρεπτικών στοιχείων σε ριζοβολημένα μοσχεύματα “Colt” (P. avium L. x P. pseudocerasus L.)

Γ.Ε. Τρωγιάνος και N.A. Hipps

Περίληψη Σε ένα πείραμα υδροπονίας μελετήθηκε η επίδραση του Mg στην αύξηση και συγκέντρωση του Mg, K, Ca, N και Ρ σε φυτά κερασιάς “Colt” (P. avium L. x P. pseudocerasus L.). Τα αποτελέσματα του πειράματος έδειξαν ότι ο ρυθμός αύξησης των φυτών ήταν μεγαλύτερος όσο η συγκέντρωση του Mg στο θρεπτικό διάλυμα αυξανόταν από 0 σε 1500 μmol l-1. Τα συμπτώματα της έλλειψης Mg παρατηρήθηκαν πρώτα στα ώριμα φύλλα της βάσης των νέων βλαστών σε φυτά που αναπτύσσονταν με 0 και 150 μmol Mg l-1. Στη τελευταία συγκομιδή των φυτών (ημέρα 92) όταν η συγκέντρωση του Mg στα φύλλα ήταν μικρότερη από 2 mg g-1 βάρος ξηρής ουσίας, συμπτώματα της έλλειψης του Mg εμφανίστηκαν επίσης και σε ώριμα φύλλα των φυτών που αναπτύσσονταν με 1500 μmol Mg l-1. Ο λόγος του ξηρού βάρους της ρίζας ÷ ξηρό βάρος του υπέργειου τμήματος του φυτού μειώθηκε με την μείωση τη συγκέντρωσης του Mg στο θρεπτικό διάλυμα. Επιπλέον, φυτά τα οποία παρουσίαζαν συμπτώματα έλλειψης Mg είχαν μικρή διάμετρο κορμού και μικρό μήκος νεαρής βλάστησης. Η συγκέντρωση του K, Ca, N και Ρ δεν επηρεάστηκε από την συγκέντρωση του Mg στο θρεπτικό διάλυμα. Ο μοναδιαίος ρυθμός της πρόσληψης του K, Ca, N και Ρ αυξήθηκε με την αύξηση της συγκέντρωσης του Mg στο θρεπτικό διάλυμα. Hellenic Plant Protection Journal 1: 79-88, 2008 Hellenic Plant Protection Journal 1: 89-91, 2008

SHORT COMMUNICATION

First record of Aceria cynodoniensis feeding on Bermuda grass in Greece

E.V. Kapaxidi1, D. Markoyiannaki-Printziou1 and P. Papaioanou-Souliotis1

Summary Aceria cynodoniensis Sayed was found feeding on Bermuda grass plants in a commer- cial turfgrass nursery in Aliartos (Viotia) and is reported for the fi rst time in Greece. Information on its morphology and the symptoms of damage is also provided. Additional keywords: Acari, Aceria neocynodonis, Cynodon dactylon, Eriophyidae, turfgrass

Aceria cynodoniensis Sayed (=Aceria neo- clearing and mounting the individuals, cynodonis Keifer) (Acari: Eriophyidae) Hoyer’s medium was used (6). The identifi - is a mite infesting Bermuda grass [Cyn- cation was made by using the keys of Am- odon dactylon (L.) Pers.], causing a rosette rine et al. (1) and Keifer’s description of A. symptom to the plants. It was fi rst record- neocynodonis (4). ed in Egypt on grass (9). Since then it has A. cynodoniensis (Figures 1 and 2) is a been reported from the U.S.A. (Arizona, slender, wormlike, yellowish mite, 170-210 Georgia, Florida and California) as A. neo- μm long. The female has 6– and the male cynodonis Keifer (2, 3, 4, 13), South Africa 5- rayed featherclaws; the dorsal shield (7, 11) and Australlia (8). In all cases it was is marked with a distinctive design of 2 found infesting grass species of the genus scalloped, parallel ridges running the full Cynodon. length of the shield, with a straight, short In September 2007, symptoms of ab- ridge in between. The microtubercules are normal Bermuda grass growth were ob- elliptical; the coverfl ap of the female gen- served in a turfgrass nursery near Aliar- italia has 11-12 ribs, with the median ribs tos (region of Viotia). From plants brought longer than the lateral ones (5). to the laboratory twelve female and one The mites feed and seek shelter in the male mites were collected and identifi ed leaf sheaths. Mite feeding apparently in- as A. cynodoniensis. To our knowledge this hibits plant growth, thus the leaf sheaths is the fi rst time that this mite is reported become swollen, closely packed, thick- from Greece. ened, and bunched at the stem node, and Mites were observed using a stereo- the leaf blades become stunted. Aff ect- scopic microscope (Olympus SZ61) and ed stems have greatly deformed and en- then carefully collected from the infest- larged nodes and shortened internodes. ed leaves (rosettes) of Bermuda grass. For The infestation showing the characteristic injury becomes evident in the spring on 1 Laboratory of Acarology and Agricultural Zoolo- Bermuda grass grown in lawns; and then gy, Department of Entomology and Agricultur- browning and thinning out of the grass al Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta str., GR-145 61 Kifi ssia (Athens), Greece. follow. Corresponding author: [email protected] Data on the biology of A. cynodonien- 90 Kapaxidi et al.

Figure 2. Bermuda grass mite, A. cynodoniensis: microscope Figure 1. Aceria cynodoniensis Sayed: A. adult female, B. cox- photograph of a female propodosoma. al region and genital shield, C. empodium raylets, D. Micro- tubercules. Literature Cited sis is limited. Short and Buss (10) reported 1. Amrine, J.W., Stasny, T.A. and Flechtmann, that one generation can develop in 7 to 10 C.H.W. 2003. Revised Keys to World Genera of days and individuals may be active most Eriophyoidea (Acari: Prostigmata). Indira Pub- of the year in Florida (U.S.A). All life stages lishing House, Michigan, 244 p. 2. Barke, H.E. and Davis, R. 1971. Some eriophy- (eggs, nymphs, adults) live under the leaf id mites occurring in Georgia with descrip- sheath. The population grows during late tions of four new species. Journal of the Geor- spring and summer. Mites may disperse gia Entomological Society, 6: 157-169. 3. Davis, R. 1964. Some eriophyid mites occur- by the help of the wind, or on other in- ring in Georgia with descriptions of three sects and by grass clippings. Infestations new species. Florida Entomologist, 47: 17-27. usually develop in the taller grass (rough 4. Keifer, H.H. 1960. Eriophyid studies. B-1. Spe- cial Publication, State Bureau of Entomology, areas, around sand traps, along canals, California Department of Agriculture. 20 p. fence rows etc.). The population of mites 5. Keifer, H.H., Baker, E.W., Kono, T., Delfi nado, varies from a few to a hundred or more in- M. and Styer, W.E. 1982. An Illustrated Guide to Plant Abnormalities Caused by Eriophyid Mites dividuals in a single sheath. They are less in North America. United States Department abundant in lawns where fl ood irrigation of Agriculture, 178 p. nd is used. The variety of grass seems to be 6. Krantz, G.W. 1978. A manual of Acarology. 2 Edition. Oregon State University Bookstore, an important factor in susceptibility to at- Corvallis, Oregon, 509 p. tack, thus A. cynodoniensis is character- 7. Meyer, M.K.P. 1968. The grass stunt mite, Ace- ized as an extremely specifi c species (12). ria neocynodonis Keifer in South Africa. South African Journal of Agrcicultural Science, 11: Soil fertilization seems also to increase the 803-804. infestation (13). 8. Naumann, I.D. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Au- Aceria cynodoniensis in Greece 91

stralian Insect Names. Common and Scientifi c phyidae (Acari): The genus Aceria Keifer, 1944. Names for Insects and Allied Organisms of Eco- Phytophylactica, 13: 117-126. nomic and Environmental Importance. Mel- 12. Skoracka, A. 2006. Host specifi city of erio- bourne: CSIRO Australia 6th Edn, 200 p. phyoid mites: specialists or generalists? Bio- 9. Sayed, M.T. 1946. Three new eriophyid mi- logical Letters, 43: 289-298. tes from Egypt (Acarina, Eriophyidae). Bulle- 13. Tuttle, D.M. and Butler, G.D. 1961. A new erio- tin de la Societe Fouad 1er d‘ Entomologie, 30: phyid mite infesting Bermuda grass. Journal 149-154 of Economic Entomology, 54: 836-838. 10. Short, D.E. and Buss, E.A. 2005. Bermudagrass mite. UF University of Florida, ENY 328, 2 p. http://edis.ifas.ufl .edu/LH035. 11. Smith-Meyer, M.K.P. 1981. South African Erio- Received: 26 March 2008; Accepted: 23 June 2008

ΣΥΝΤΟΜΗ ΑΝΑΚΟΙΝΩΣΗ

Πρώτη καταγραφή στην Ελλάδα του Aceria cynodoniensis που προσβάλλει αγρωστώδη είδη γκαζόν του γένους Cynodon

Ε.Β. Καπαξίδη, Δ. Μαρκογιαννάκη-Πρίντζιου και Π. Παπαϊωάνου-Σουλιώτη

Περίληψη Στην παρούσα εργασία καταγράφεται για πρώτη φορά στην Ελλάδα το Aceria cynodoniensis (Acari: Eriophyidae), το οποίο προσβάλλει αγρωστώδη φυτά του γένους Cynodon (γκαζόν, ποικιλίες Bermuda grass). Δίνονται επίσης πληροφορίες για τη μορφολογία του ακάρεος και τη συμπτωματολογία της προσβολής του.

Hellenic Plant Protection Journal 1: 89-91, 2008

Hellenic Plant Protection Journal 1: 93-98, 2008

SHORT COMMUNICATION

Strong sorption of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid from methanolic solutions on glassware surfaces

C.N. Giannopolitis1 and V. Kati1

Summary In HPLC analyses with direct injection of aqueous and methanolic solutions of glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), it was observed that apparent recovery of the two analytes is signifi cantly lower from the methanolic (containing or not water up to 10%) than from the aqueous solutions. The reduced recovery is associated with a stronger adsorption of glyphosate and AMPA on the glassware surfaces in the methanolic solutions. The reduction correlates to the ratio of the solution volume against the total container volume and is increased when shaking the solutions. Determination of the two compounds, therefore, requires special attention if methanol is used for sample spiking or extraction. Additional keywords: AMPA, adsorption, recovery, quantitative determination, HPLC analysis

Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) gly- parent recoveries for both compounds cine] has been one of the most applied and this prompted an investigation for herbicides in the world since it came on the causes. The term “apparent recovery” the market in 1974 and its use is expand- is used in these studies as more appropri- ing dramatically in recent years with the ate to the term “recovery” (1). incorporation of resistance genes into sev- Glyphosate is insoluble in methanol eral crops grown in large acreage. Moni- and other organic solvents (2) and the toring for residues of glyphosate and its same is true for AMPA. Therefore, for the major metabolite aminomethylphospho- purpose of this investigation, the two nic acid (AMPA) in soils, natural waters compounds were fi rst dissolved in water and agricultural commodities is therefore and then transferred to methanol by add- of increasing importance. ing small volumes of the water solution to During a procedure of analytical per- it. formance optimization and method val- Aqueous stock solutions contain- idation in this laboratory, a methanolic ing 50 or 100 μg/ml of each, glyphosate solution of glyphosate and AMPA was re- and AMPA, were prepared using analyt- ceived as an external quality control ma- ical reference standards (Monsanto, cer- terial (LEAP Scheme of FAPAS). Quantita- tifi ed as 99.8 and 99.5% respectively) of tive determination of the analytes in this the two compounds and HPLC grade wa- material resulted in unexpected low ap- ter (Fisher Scientifi c). Working methanolic solutions were prepared by adding a 1 Laboratories of Chemical Weed Management and volume of 25, 50 or 100 μl of one of the Weed Biology, respectively, Department of Weed above aqueous stock solutions to meth- Science, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta str., GR-145 61 Kifi ssia (Athens), Greece. anol (same grade and origin as water) to Corresponding author: [email protected] obtain three concentration levels for gly- 94 Giannopolitis & Kati phosate and AMPA (125, 500 and 1000 ng/ apparent recovery was reduced to a level ml) and supplemental pure water to ob- varying between about 20% and 70%. The tain varying water percentages (0.5, 1, 2, reduction did not seem to correlate to the 3 or 4%) in a fi nal volume of 10 ml. A refer- concentration level of glyphosate while it ence solution in pure water was prepared correlated inversely to the concentration for each concentration level. Mixing and of AMPA, suggesting that solubility alter- preservation of these solutions was in 20- ations in the methanolic solutions cannot ml screw-capped clear glass bottles, un- account for the associated reductions in less described diff erently. apparent recovery. Glyphosate and AMPA in the methano- Many researchers involved in trace lic and the respective reference (aqueous) analysis of glyphosate and AMPA in wa- solutions were quantitatively determined soon after preparation and the next day. Analysis was performed using cation exchange HPLC and fl uorescence detection following post-column derivatization with hypochloride and o-phthalaldehyde (OPA), which is an improved version of the US EPA method 547 (5, 8). The instrumentation consisted of a solvent delivery system (LC-10ADVP, Shimad- zu), an auto-injector (SIL-10ADVP, Shimad- zu), a cation-exchange column 4x150 mm in the K+ form connected with a guard column 3x20 mm K+ form (both from Picker- ing Laboratories), a post-column derivatiz- er (PCX5200, Pickering Laboratories) and a fl uorescence detector (RF-10AXL, Shimad- zu). Each solution was fi rst fi ltered through a 0.22 μm disposable syringe fi lter with a PTFE membrane, into a 2 ml amber boro- silicate glass vial and then directly inject- ed into the HPLC system at 10 μl. All conducted tests were repeated three times and results from a typical run of each test are presented here. Apparent recovery of glyphosate and AMPA at the three concentration levels, from methanolic solutions containing up to 4% water, are summarized in Figure 1. Data indicate that there is a signifi cant reduction in the apparent recovery of both Figure 1. compounds from the methanolic solu- Apparent recovery of glyphosate and AMPA from methanol mixed with aqueous stock solutions at three ana- tions, compared to that from the respec- lyte concentration levels. The methanolic solutions (contain- tive aqueous solutions. Depending on the ing up to 4% water) were analyzed by directly injecting 10 μl analyte, the concentration level and the and compared to similarly treated pure water solutions of the water content of the methanolic solutions, same concentrations (taken as 100% recovery). Glassware sorption of glyphosate and AMPA 95 ters have suspected a tendency of these er in the glass bottles than in the propyl- compounds to adsorb on glass surfaces ene tubes. and have used polypropylene containers Results from a series of supplementa- during sample preparation and preserva- ry tests further verifi ed the apparent re- tion (3, 4, 6). It is reasonable, therefore, to covery reduction and provided additional assume that an increased sorption onto evidence that a stronger sorption of gly- the glass surfaces may account for the re- phosate and AMPA on glassware surfaces, duced apparent recovery associated with when they are in methanolic solutions, is the methanolic solutions. A fi rst evidence responsible for the reduced apparent re- for this assumption was obtained by com- covery from such solutions: paring the recovery reductions from 1. When apparent recovery of the two methanolic solutions prepared in the compounds was examined with so- same glass bottles as above and in poly- lutions prepared and kept in oth- propelene tubes (Figure 2). The apparent er types of clear glass containers (e.g. recovery reduction was signifi cantly high- 25-ml glass volumetric fl asks, 20-ml screw-capped glass tubes, 4-ml crimp- capped glass bottles), it was in all cases found to be signifi cantly lower from the methanolic solutions compared to that from aqueous solutions of the same concentration in the same type of container. Diff erences in apparent recovery reduction were observed among the various types of glassware suggesting that some may be more adsorptive than others. Polypropelene containers (a 250-ml polypropelene centrifuge bottle was used in these tests) do cause a recovery reduction with the methanolic solutions but generally seem to be less adsorptive than glass containers. Diff erences were also observed within a type of glass container depending on the ratio of the solution volume to the total volume of the container (results from a typical experiment in Table 1). This indicates a positive correlation of the apparent recovery reduction to the area of available glassware surfaces and provides further support to the adsorption ex- planation. 2. When apparent recovery of the two Figure 2. Apparent recovery of glyphosate and AMPA from compounds was examined at vari- methanolic solutions prepared and kept for 24 h either in poly- ous time intervals after preparation of propelene tubes or in glass bottles. Similarly prepared pure the methanolic solution in a glass con- water solutions served as controls (100% recovery). tainer, it was realized that recovery de- 96 Giannopolitis & Kati

creased with time for an equilibration typical chromatogram obtained with period of about 2-3 hours and in any the fi rst water wash of a glass bot- case it had reached the lowest level by tle that contained a methanolic solu- the next day (at room temperature). tion (apparent recovery about 50%) Shaking the solution always increased is shown against the same chromato- or accelerated the apparent recovery gram from the reference glass bottle reduction (results from a typical ex- that contained a similar aqueous so- periment in Table 2) and this provides lution (apparent recovery 100%). So- further support for the adsorption ex- lutions from both bottles had been as planation. thoroughly as possible removed and 3. When recovery of missing quantities the bottles left to dry of methanol be- of both compounds was attempted, fore an equal volume of deionized wa- it was succeeded by a washing of the ter was added. The water was ana- container with water. In Figure 3, the lyzed after a vigorous hand shaking

Table 1. Apparent recovery of glyphosate and AMPA from an aqueous and a methanolic solution prepared and kept in two types of containers at three volume ratios.

Recovery % Solution1 Container2 Volume ratio3 Glyphosate AMPA Aqueous PP bottle 0.25 102 101 Glass test tube 1.00 103 102 0.50 103 102 0.25 102 101 Methanolic PP bottle 0.25 98 88 Glass test tube 1.00 66 64 0.50 58 56 0.25 55 41 1 The solutions contained 500 ng/ml of glyphosate and AMPA in pure water (aqueous) or in methanol + 1% water (methanolic). 2 Results presented here are with a 250-ml, all-polypropylene, screw-cap, centrifuge bottle and a 20-ml, glass, screw cap, test tube. 3 The ratio of the solution volume to the total container volume.

Table 2. Eff ect of shaking on glyphosate and AMPA apparent recovery from a methanolic solution.

Recovery (%) Treatment Glyphosate AMPA No shaking 41 46 Hand shaking, 5 min 30 40 Ultra sonic, 5 min 31 40 Ultra sonic, 10 min 28 28 The methanolic solution (500 ng/ml each of glyphosate and AMPA and 1% water) was prepared in the 20-ml screw-capped glass bottles (5 ml of solution/bottle) and kept at room temperature until analyzed the next day. Shaking was done just before analysis. A similar solution in pure water was used as reference (100% recovery). Glassware sorption of glyphosate and AMPA 97

5% had little eff ect on the apparent recovery, while at 10% or more had an improv- ing eff ect on it and resulted in a complete recovery at water percentages of 50% in the methanol. Other researchers have used methanol as a leaf wash for removing unab- sorbed 14C-labeled glyphosate, in studies of herbicide penetration into leaves and, as shown later, recovery is much better Figure 3. Chromatograms of the fi rst water wash of two 20- with water (7). ml glass bottles after removal of the solutions they contained. In analytical work with glyphosate and The methanolic solution consisted of 500 ng/ml glyphosate, AMPA, therefore, methanol is not a good 500 ng/ml of AMPA and 1% water in methanol while the solvent to be used either in the prepara- aqueous solution consisted of the same concentrations of gly- tion of spiking stock solutions for calibra- phosate and AMPA in pure water. Bottles had been fi lled with 5 ml of the respective solution and stood at room temperature tion purposes or as an extractant for res- for about 16 hrs, before the solutions were removed and the idue determination in various matrices. bottles were washed with 5 ml of deionized water. Strong adsorprion on surfaces of glass containers and to a less extent to plastic of the bottles. The fi rst water washing containers should be expected with meth- yielded about 80% of the missing gly- anolic solutions regardless if they contain phosate and AMPA from the methan- water (up to 50%). This certainly leads to olic solution. A second water washing low apparent recoveries for both com- with half the volume was needed for pounds and may lead to erratic results if an almost complete recovery. measures are not taken. This adsorption All the above results clearly demon- and reduced recovery problem associat- strate the reduced apparent recovery of ed with the use of methanol is expected glyphosate and AMPA from methano- to become even more important in cases lic solutions prepared by mixing metha- where the determination of the two com- nol with an aqueous solution of the two pounds is at trace concentrations. compounds, thus containing a low per- centage of water (from 0.25 to 4%). In other tests, using solutions of the two com- Literature Cited pounds in pure methanol, it was shown 1. Burns, D.T., Danzer, K., and Townshend A. that the presence of water is not neces- 2002. Use of the terms “recovery” and “appar- sary for the recovery reduction to occur. ent recovery” in analytical procedures (IUPAC Recommendations 2002). Pure Applied Chem- In these tests, a low concentration solu- istry, 74: 2201-2205. tion of glyphosate and AMPA in metha- 2. California EPA. 1997. Chemical profi le, p. 2, in nol was prepared by directly dissolving Public Health Goal for Glyphosate in Drinking Water. Pesticide and Environmental Toxicol- small quantities of the two compounds ogy Section, Offi ce of Environmental Health in pure methanol with repeated stirring Hazard Assessment, California Environmen- and light heating in a polypropylene bot- tal Protection Agency, pp. 14. 3. Nedelkoska, T.V. and Low, G.K-C. 2004. High- tle. When this solution was transferred to performance liquid chromatographic deter- glass bottles and analyzed as in the previ- mination of glyphosate in water and plant ous tests, a signifi cant reduction of appar- material after pre-column derivatisation with 9-fl uorenylmethyl chloroformate. Analytica ent recovery (to levels about 50%) was ob- Chimica Acta, 511: 145-153. served. Adding water to methanol at up to 4. Patsias, J., Papadopoulou, A. and Papado- 98 Giannopolitis & Kati

poulou-Mourkidou, E. 2001. Automated trace 7. White, A.D., Heaverlo, C.A. and Owen, M.D.K. level determination of glyphosate and amin- 2002. Evaluation of methods to quantify her- omethyl phosphonic acid in water by on-line bicide penetration in leaves. Weed Technolo- anion-exchange solid-phase extraction fol- gy, 16: 37-42. lowed by cation-exchange liquid chromatog- 8. Winfi eld, T.W., Bashe, W.J. and Baker, T.V. 1990. raphy and post-column derivatization. Jour- Environmental Protection Agency Method nal of Chromatography A, 932: 83-90. 547: Determination of glyphosate in drink- 5. Pickering Laboratories. 1998. Glyphosate, Us- ing water by direct-aqueous injection HPLC, er’s Manual, version 1.0, Cat. No. UM-5200. post-column derivatization and fl uorescence 6. Vreeken, R.J., Speksnijder, P., Bobeldijk-Pasto- detection. In Methods for the Determination rova, I. and Noij, Th.H.M. 1998. Selective anal- of Organic Compounds in Drinking Water, Sup- ysis of the herbicides glyphosate and amin- plement I, EPA/600/4-90/020, p. 63-80. omethylphosphonic acid in water by on-line solid-phase extraction – high performance liquid chromatography – electrospray ion- ization mass spectrometry. Journal of Chro- matography A, 794:187-199. Received: 27 March 2008; Accepted: 10 June 2008

ΣΥΝΤΟΜΗ ΑΝΑΚΟΙΝΩΣΗ

Ισχυρή προσρόφηση του glyphosate και του AMPA, από μεθανολικά διαλύματα, στις επιφάνειες των υαλικών

Κ.Ν. Γιαννοπολίτης και Β. Κατή

Περίληψη Σε αναλύσεις με υγρή χρωματογραφία υψηλής πίεσης (HPLC), με απευθείας έγχυση υδατικών ή μεθανολικών διαλυμάτων του ζιζανιοκτόνου glyphosate και του μεταβολίτου του AMPA, διαπιστώθηκε σημαντικά μειωμένη ανάκτηση των δύο ενώσεων από τα διαλύματα που περιείχαν μεθανόλη είτε καθαρή είτε με ένα χαμηλό ποσοστό (μέχρι 10%) ύδατος. Η μειωμένη αυτή ανάκτηση οφείλεται στην ισχυρή προσρόφηση του glyphosate και του AMPA στις επιφάνειες των υάλινων δοχείων η οποία συμβαίνει στα μεθανολικά και όχι στα υδατικά διαλύματα. Η μείωση της ανάκτησης συσχετίζεται με την αναλογία του όγκου διαλύματος προς το συνολικό όγκο του δοχείου και επιτείνεται με την ανάδευση των διαλυμάτων. Τα αποτελέσματα δείχνουν ότι για την ακριβή μέτρηση των δύο ενώσεων, όταν έχει χρησιμοποιηθεί μεθανόλη για την προετοιμασία των δειγμάτων ή την εκχύλιση, χρειάζονται να παρθούν ιδιαίτερα μέτρα για αποφυγή απωλειών λόγω προσρόφησης.

Hellenic Plant Protection Journal 1: 93-98, 2008 Hellenic Plant Protection Journal 1: 99-105, 2008

Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water by GC/MS/MS

K. Liapis1, E. Bempelou1 and P. Aplada-Sarlis1

Summary In the present study the development and validation of an analytical method for the determination of 8 compounds of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons group [naphthalene, fl u- oranthene, anthracene, benzo [b] fl uoranthene, benzo [a] pyrene, benzo [k] fl uoranthene, benzo [g,h,i] perylene and indeno [1,2,3-cd] pyrene] by GC/MS/MS was carried out in water samples. The method was applied to ground waters from Greece. The method was validated in three fortifi cation levels and the observed evaluation parameters were found to be acceptable. The limit of quantifi cation was equal to the lowest level of fortifi cation (LOQ: 0.05 μg/l) indicating that the method has adequate sensitivity for monitoring purposes. Additional keywords: analytical method, gas-chromatography, PAHs, tandem mass spectrometry

Introduction This fact makes necessary the development of analytical methods for the deter- Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) mination of these pollutants in environ- are organic compounds with 2-10 aromatic mental substrates as well as in products rings, readily formed during many pyroly- of plant and animal origin involved in hu- sis and incomplete combustion processes man diet. of organic materials. Potential sources of In the environment, PAHs can be de- PAHs are vehicle exhaust emissions from tected in air, water and soil, while they gasoline and diesel engines, combustions have also been found in areas far away of timber, coal, oil, gas and wood, industrial from their possible source of emission (1, activity etc. (2). Some PAHs have been clas- 6, 7, 9). In natural waters they are often de- sifi ed as priority pollutants (4). This classi- tected in sediment and biota, because of fi cation has been set by both the Environ- their low polarity, where carciginogenesis mental Protection Agency (EPA) of U.S.A. or metallaxigenesis have been observed. and the European Union. Sixteen of these PAHs are rapidly metabolized in fi sh but substances are of interest for their action not in invertebrates (1). in the environment, while 6 of them have Published results of PAHs have been been characterized as potentially carcino- mainly determined by gas chromatogra- genic compounds: benzo [a] anthracene, phy coupled with mass spectrometry. Ac- benzo [b] fl uoranthene, benzo [k] fl uoran- cording to the offi cial method of the En- thene, benzo [a] pyrene, dibenzo [ah] an- vironmental Protection Agency, PAHs are thracene and indeno [1,2,3-cd] pyrene (1). determined in potable water by GC/MS using internal standard, the limit of quan- 1 Laboratory of Pesticide Residues, Department of tifi cation being equal to 0.2 μg/l (5). Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phy- Shackelford and McGuire have also topathological Institute, 8 St. Delta str., GR-145 61 Ki- fi ssia (Athens), Greece. used the GC/MS technique for the deter- Corresponding author: [email protected] mination of priority pollutants, including 100 Liapis et al.

PAHs (11). Volkers and Pouwels, on the oth- 2. Standard Solutions er hand, have presented a method for de- Analytical standard stock solutions of termination of PAHs in water samples by each compound at 1000 μg/l were made high performance liquid chromatography in acetone and working standard solutions with a fl uorescence detector (HPLC/FLD) were obtained at various concentrations after an optimization of the solid phase by dilution of the stock solution in eth- extraction procedures (12). yl acetate. All these solutions were stored The European Union has established at -20oC. Three standard spiking solutions parametric values (maximum acceptable containing all the compounds at the con- limits) only for 5 of the PAHs, according centration of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 μg/ml were to the directive 98/83/EC. For benzo [a] used for the fortifi cation purposes. pyrene this value is 0.01 μg/l, while for the sum of benzo [b] fl uoranthene, benzo [k] 3. Sample procedure fl uoranthene, benzo [g,h,i] perylene and The extraction procedure applied was indeno [1,2,3-cd] pyrene the respective as previously described by Miliadis et al. parametric value is 0.1 μg/l. (10) for the determination of pesticide res- The aim of this study was to develop idues in water. Sample preparation was and validate a robust method for the de- performed by solid phase extraction with termination of 8 PAHs (naphthalene, fl u- pre-packed reversed-phase octadecyl oranthene, anthracene, benzo [b] fl uo- (C-18) bonded silica contained in cartridg- ranthene, benzo [a] pyrene, benzo [k] es. Isolute cartridges (International Sor- fl uoranthene, benzo [g,h,i] perylene and bent Technology), containing 500 mg of indeno [1,2,3-cd] pyrene) in water sam- packing material were conditioned prior ples with GC/MS/MS, using 2 transitions to loading the sample, by passing succes- for each compound. It has to be men- sively 1ml/100 mg sorbent (5 ml) ethyl ac- tioned that fl uoranthene functions as an etate, 5 ml methanol and 10 ml of organ- indicator of the existence of PAHs in water ic free water, with a glass syringe. Volumes (3). The method has been used to moni- of 500 ml of water sample were cleaned tor presence of PAHs in ground and sur- by removal of any fl oating or insoluble face water samples. material and were passed through the cartridge. A SPE large volume sampler was connected to a vacuum source equipped Materials and Methods with a gauge and a balast valve to adjust the vacuum, for the extraction of the sam- 1. Chemicals and reagents ples in order to obtain a sampling rate of Analytical standards of benzo [b] fl u- 15 ml water/ml. Tefl on tubes were insert- oranthene (99%), benzo [k] fl uoranthene ed to the sample containers and adapt- (98%), benzo [g,h,i] perylene (99,4%) and ers to the cartridges connected the other indeno [1,2,3-cd] pyrene (99,5%) were pur- ends. In this way, up to eight water sam- chased from ChemService (West Chester, ples could pass through cartridges simul- UK). Naphthalene (99,5%), fl uoranthene taneously. After passing the sample, suc- (99%), benzo [a] pyrene (98,5%) and anthra- tion continued for 30 min to dry out the cene (99,5%) were obtained from Dr Ehren- packing material. The cartridges were dis- stofer (Augsburg, Germany). Ethyl acetate, connected and the adsorbed compounds methanol and acetone were of pesticide were eluted with ethyl acetate into 1 mL residues grade and water of HPLC grade, all volumetric fl asks. The extract was then in- obtained from Lab Scan (Dublin, Ireland). jected to the GC/MS/MS system. GS/MS/MS determination of PAHs in water 101

4. Instrumentation was 200oC, the interface temperature at A Varian CP-3800 gas chromatogra- 290oC and the solvent delay 5 min. phy system, interfaced to a triple quadru- Quantifi cation in this method was pole mass spectrometer (Varian 1200 L) made by comparing the peak areas of the was used for the residues identifi cation sample solutions to the peak areas of two and quantifi cation. The identifi cation and analytical standard solutions bracketing quantifi cation of the studied analytes was the area of the sample and not diff ering in carried out, based on the technique of MS/ concentrations more than 20% from each MS using the transitions (precursor ion – other, thus not using a calibration curve. product ion, Multiple Reaction Monitoring – MRMs), which are presented in Table 1. The GC was equipped with a split/splitless Results and Discussion injector operating in the splitless mode and an autosampler CP-8400. The analyti- The substances benzo [a] anthracene, cal capillary column used was a 30 m x 0.25 benzo [b] fl uoranthene, benzo [k] fl uoran- mm I.D., coated with 0.25 μm fi lm thick- thene, benzo [a] pyrene and indeno [1,2,3- ness, VF-5 ms (Varian 25200 Commercen- cd] pyrene have been classifi ed as priority tre Drive, Lake Forest, CA, U.S.A.). The oven pollutants (4), a fact that makes their de- temperature program consisted of 2 min tection and determination in water nec- hold at 70oC, ramp at 30oC/min to 180oC, essary. Furthermore fl uoranthene is an 1.8oC/min to 230oC, 30oC/min to 280oC and indicator substance and its presence in a a fi nal hold for 30min. The injector was op- water sample is taken as evidence for a erated at 300oC, pulse pressure 10 psi and PAHs contamination of the water. pulse duration 0.25 min. The carrier gas In the present study an eff ort has been was He at 1ml/min. The injection volume made to adjust an already existing meth- was 1 μl. The temperature of the source od, routinely used in our laboratory for Table 1. Retention times (min) of the PAHs, transitions (the quantitative ion is marked in bold) and collision energy (V).

Analyte Retention time (min) MRMs Collision Energy (V)

Naphthalene 5.5 128 > 128 10 128 > 102 30 Anthracene 11.8 178 > 178 10 178 > 152 30 Fluoranthene 18.2 202 > 202 10 202 > 200 30 Benzo [b] fl uoranthene 36.5 252 > 252 10 252 > 250 30 Benzo [k] fl uoranthene 37.1 252 > 252 10 252 > 250 30 Benzo [a] pyrene 38.2 252 > 252 10 252 > 250 30 Indeno [1,2,3-cd] pyrene 43.9 276 > 276 10 276 > 274 30 Benzo [g,h,i] perylene 45.5 276 > 276 10 276 > 274 30 102 Liapis et al. pesticide residue analysis, to the GC/MS/ MS determination of PAHs in water. This would allow determination of pesticides as well as PAHs using one single extraction and thus reducing the sample preparation time. Performance of the method was eval- uated by determining the basic validation parameters, i.e. accuracy, precision and sensitivity. The accuracy was assessed from the attained recoveries, the precision from the relative standard deviation (RSD) values, and the sensitivity by estimating the limits of quantifi cation (LOQs). The method did not provide satisfac- tory resolution between benzo [b] fl uoranthene and benzo [k] fl uoranthene and for this reason they were treated as one peak in the calculation of the obtained recover- Figure 1. Chromatogram of a fortifi ed water sample at ies (Figure 1). Since the maximum accept- 0.05μg/L with (1) naphthalene, (2) anthracene, (3) fl uoran- able limit set for these compounds is ex- thene, (4) benzo [b] fl uoranthene, (5) benzo [k] fl uoranthene, pressed as the sum of the four compounds (6) benzo [a] pyrene, (7) indeno [1,2,3-cd] pyrene and (8) benzo [g,h,i] perylene. (benzo [b] fl uoranthene, benzo [k] fl uoranthene, indeno [1,2,3-cd] pyrene and benzo [a] anthracene (3), actually there is no prob- ations ranged from 10.3 to 17.8%). For the lem from the poor resolution of the two. other PAHs, as shown in Table 2, the aver- Recoveries (Table 2) for anthracene age recovery values were 50.7%-84% in were high, 146-160%, but with an accept- the lower level of fortifi cation (0.05 μg/l), able repeatability (relative standard devi- 58.4-81.7% in the second fortifi cation lev-

Table 2. Mean recoveries (%) and relative standard deviation values (RSD, %) after fortifi cation of water samples in 3 fortifi cation levels with 6 replicates/level.

1st level (n=6) 2nd level (n=6) 3rd level (n=6)

Compound C (μg/l) C (μg/l) C (μg/l) RSD (%) RSD (%) RSD (%) RSD Recovery (%) Recovery (%) Recovery (%) Recovery Naphthalene 0.05 84 9.8 0.1 81.7 12.1 0.2 86 13.7 Anthracene 0.05 146 13.5 0.1 160 10.3 0.2 148 17.8 Fluoranthene 0.05 82.4 11.8 0.1 80.1 13.6 0.2 80.6 12.4 Benzo [b] fl uoranthene 0.05 0.1 0.2 Benzo [k] fl uoranthene 0.05 62.1 7.9 0.1 73.6 13.6 0.2 51.9 20.2 Benzo [a] pyrene 0.05 58.4 16.8 0.1 59.4 14.9 0.2 52.4 21.8 Indeno [1,2,3-cd] pyrene 0.05 61.7 18.6 0.1 58.4 16.8 0.2 60.7 23.4 Benzo [g,h,i] perylene 0.05 50.7 18.4 0.1 67.8 15.5 0.2 52.94 14.5 GS/MS/MS determination of PAHs in water 103

Figure 2. Chemical structures and mass spectra of 8 PAHs after injection in the GC/MS/MS system. el (0.1 μg/l) and 51.9-86% in the third for- el respectively (Table 1), indicating a good tifi cation level (0.2 μg/l). The relatively low precision of the method. The limit of quan- recovery values for some of the examined tifi cation (LOQ) is equal to the lowest fortifi - PAHs may be due to their lower solubility cation level (LOQ: 0.05 μg/l). At this level ac- in water (8), a fact that has also been ob- curacy and precision were acceptable. served with the offi cial EPA method (5). During the quantitative analysis 2 mul- Relative standard deviation values were tiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of 2 ions 7.9-18.6%, 10.3-16.8% and 12.4-23.4%, in from separate transitions of the molecular the fi rst, second and third fortifi cation lev- ion were used. The 8 tested compounds 104 Liapis et al. did not present intense fragmentation, as Literarure Cited it can be seen in Figure 2, and therefore 1. Barra R., Castillo C. and Machado Torres J. P. the molecular ion was the one used for 2007. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in quantifi cation purposes. These quantifi ca- the South American environment. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, tion ions are presented in Table 1 in bold. 191:1-22. In this Table, the retention time of each 2. Bjorseth A. and Rahmdahl T. 1985. Sources analyte is also provided, as well as the col- and emissions of PAH. In: Handbook of Poly- cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Vol. II. pp. 1-20. lision energy used for the fragmentation Marcel Dekker, New York. of the precursor ions. 3. Council Directive 98/83/ΕΚ of the European Quantifi cation and confi rmation of re- Council of 3rNovember 1998. On the quality of water intended for human consumption. sults by monitoring further reaction prod- Offi cial Journal of the European Communi- ucts of selected ions by tandem mass ties L330, 5.12.1998, p. 32-54. spectrometry (MS/MS using triple quadro- 4. Decision No 2455/2001/EC of the Europe- an Parliament and the Council of 20 No- pole systems) off ers a greater confi nd- vember 2001. Establishing the list of prior- ence of results, compared to MS in a single ity substances in the fi eld of water policy stage, according to principles on analyti- and amending Directive 200/60/EC. Offi cial Journal of the European communities L331, cal chemistry by adding one more step in 15.12.2001, p. 1-5. the total analytical procedure. 5. Eichelberger J.W., Behymer T.D. and Budde As far as benzo [a] pyrene is concerned, W.L. 1991. Determination of organic compounds in drinking water by liquid-solid ex- the analytical method was validated in the traction and capillary column Gas Chroma- fortifi cation level of 0.05 μg/l, while the tography/ Mass Spectrometry. Revision 2.2. maximum acceptable limit is 5 times low- 6. Halsall, C.J., Barrie, L.A., Fellin, P., Muir, D.C.G., Billeck, B.N., Lockhart, L., Rovinsky, E.Y.A. and er. In our next research work, we are go- Pastukhov, B. 1997. Spatial and temporal vari- ing to focus to this compound in order to ation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in achieve a LOQ at the required maximum the Arctic atmosphere. Environmental Science & Technology, 31: 3593-3599. acceptable limit. 7. Harner, T., Kylin, H., Bidleman, T.F., Halsall, The suitability of the present analyti- C., Strachan, W.M.J., Barrie, L.A. and Fellin, P. cal method for the determination of PAHs 1998. Polychlorinated naphthalenes and co- planar polychlorinated biphenyls in arctic air. in ground water samples was proved from Environmental Science & Technology, 32: 3257- the successful participation of our labora- 3265. tory in the profi ciency test “IMEP-23: the 8. Mackay Donald, Shiu Wan Ying and Ma Kuo Ching. Illustrated Handbook of Physical-chem- eight WFD PAHs in water in presence of ical Properties and Environmental Fate for Or- humic acid”, organized by the Institute for ganic Chemicals, Volume III, Lewis Publishers. Reference Materials and Measurements 9. March, B.G.E., de Wit, C.A. and Muir, D.C.G. 1998. AMAP. Chapter 6: Persistent Organic (IRMM) within the Scheme of Internation- Pollutans. In: AMAP Assessment Report: Arctic al Measurement Evaluation Programme Pollution Issues, Arctic Monitoring and Assess- (IMEP). The test material of this interlabo- ment Programme (AMAP), Oslo (Norway), pp. 183-371. ratory comparison was ground water. 10. Miliadis G.E. and Malatou P. 1997. Monitor- The described method was further ing of the pesticide levels in natural waters of used for the analysis of ground water sam- Greece. Bulletin of Environmental Contamina- tion & Toxicology, 59:917-923. ples from the regions of Volos (Magnesia) 11. Shackelford W.M. and McGuire J.M. 1986. and Rodos in Greece. A total of 15 samples Analysis of Extractable Priority Pollutans in were analysed and no PAHs were detect- Water by GC/MS. Spectra, 10 4): 17-21. 12. Volkers J. and Pouwels A. FocusTM on PAH: On- ed in any sample. line SPE of PAHs from water samples. Appli- cation Note. Varian brochure.

Received: 2 June 2008; Accepted: 18 July 2008 GS/MS/MS determination of PAHs in water 105

Προσδιορισμός πολυκυκλικών αρωματικών υδρογονανθράκων στο νερό με GC/MS/MS

Κ. Λιαπής, Ε. Μπεμπέλου και Π. Απλαδά-Σαρλή

Περίληψη Στην παρούσα μελέτη πραγματοποιήθηκε η ανάπτυξη και επικύρωση της αναλυτικής μεθόδου προσδιορισμού 8 ουσιών PAHs, των naphthalene, fl uoranthene, benzo [a] pyrene, anthracene, benzo [b] fl uoranthene, benzo [k] fl uoranthene, benzo [g,h,i] perylene και indeno [1,2,3-cd] pyrene σε δείγματα νερού με την τεχνική GC/MS/MS και η εφαρμογή της σε δείγματα ελληνικών υπογείων υδάτων. Η μέθοδος επικυρώθηκε σε τρία επίπεδα εμβολιασμού, το ένα εκ των οποίων αντιστοιχεί στο θεσπισθέν από την Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση για τις ουσίες αυτές ανώτατο αποδεκτό όριο (0,1 μg/l) και παρατηρήθηκαν αποδεκτές τιμές των παραμέτρων αξιοπιστίας της μεθόδου. Το όριο αναλυτικού προσδιορισμού της μεθόδου ισούται με το κατώτατο επίπεδο φόρτισης, LOQ=0,05 μg/l, βεβαιώνοντας πως η μέθοδος διαθέτει την απαιτούμενη ευαισθησία για μετρήσεις δειγμάτων ως προς τη συμμόρφωσή τους με τα απαιτούμενα όρια.

Hellenic Plant Protection Journal 1: 99-105, 2008

Hellenic Plant Protection Journal 1: 107-112, 2008

Wild oat variability in wheat fi elds of Viotia in Central Greece

I.S. Travlos1, C.N. Giannopolitis2 and E.A. Paspatis1

Summary Wild oat variability in wheat fi elds of Greece was examined by conducting a two- year fi eld survey in Viotia, a typical wheat producing region in the central part of the country, and greenhouse experiments to compare seedlings grown from wild oat accessions of this region under the same conditions. The fi eld survey indicated that, despite the widely adopted practice of using herbicides, wild oats were found at the time of maturation to be present in most of the wheat fi elds (83-91%). The species present in all cases was Avena sterilis while A. fatua was found to coexist in small patches and at lower densities only in 11-15% of the surveyed fi elds. For the safe in situ recognition of the species, a set of selected characters based on the mature spikelets is proposed. In the greenhouse experiments great variability was observed with regards to growth habit and tillering in seedlings of the A. sterilis but not of the A. fatua accessions. Seedlings of the A. sterilis accessions exhibited an erect, a semi-erect or a prostrate growth habit, the latter being associated with a larger number of tillers per plant. Additional keywords: Avena sterilis, Avena fatua, biotypes, ecotypes, growth pattern, phenotypic variation, weeds

Introduction on the species present and secondly on morphological and physiological variation Of the various Avena species (wild oats) within each species. There are reports in known to occur in Europe (15), two are the literature describing A. fatua as a high- commonly found in crops and are regard- ly polymorphic species exhibiting wide ed as important weeds, Avena fatua L. and variability (11, 12). In the case of A. sterilis, Avena sterilis L. (5, 10, 14). These two spe- there have also been reports of wide varia- cies are particularly competitive in cereal bility for several traits, including number of crops, A. fatua being widespread in North spikelets per panicle and seed traits (8, 12). West Europe or the cooler regions of Eu- In Greece, much of the area under cere- rope and A. sterilis usually found in warm- als is invariably infested with wild oats. The er regions of Southern Europe and the main species is said to be A. sterilis while A. Mediterranean basin (9, 13). fatua is thought to be of minor importance Wild oat variability in a region is an im- and confi ned to the north of the country portant parameter which must be consid- (13). In a survey conducted by Damana- ered in evaluating effi cacy of control strat- kis in 1982 in the wheat fi elds of Central egies. This variability is fi rstly dependent Greece, there was no presence of A. fatua recorded while A. sterilis was so abundant Laboratory of Integrated Weed Management & Plant to rank as the most widespread and trou- Growth Regulators (1) and Laboratory of Chemical blesome weed in cereals of the area (1). Weed Management (2), Department of Weed Science, Morphological and physiological variation Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta str., GR- 145 61 Kifi ssia (Athens), Greece within A. sterilis in Greece has already been Corresponding author: [email protected] documented by Efthimiadis et al (3). 108 Travlos et al.

The purpose of this study was to obtain a better picture of the currently existing wild oat variation, both intra- and inter-specifi c, in wheat fi elds of Greece. This information was thought as exceptionally useful on undertaking studies for the evaluation of actual control effi ciency and herbicide resistance problems in cereal crops of the country. Therefore, crops in a selected Figure 1. Locations of the wheat fi elds surveyed in Viotia re- typical wheat producing region of Greece, gion, Greece: (A) Thiva to Chalkida, (B) Thiva to Mouriki, (C) Schimatari, (D) Thiva, (E) Agios Thomas, (F) Asopia, (G) Thes- namely Viotia, were surveyed for two grow- pies-Elopia and (H) Orchomenos. ing seasons with the main objectives to determine the wild oat species competing stored in paper bags at room temperature with the crop, their relative frequency of until used. occurrence and the main variations in seedling morphology and growth habit. Plant growth experiments To examine variability within the species, the collected wild oat accessions Materials and Methods were grown under the same conditions, in pot experiments conducted in the green- Field survey and seed collection house in December of 2007. Five seeds of The region of Viotia, which is a typical each accession collected during the fi rst wheat producing area in Greece, was se- year of the survey were sown in a 9-cm lected for the wild oat survey and the col- pot. Each accession was sown in ten repli- lection of seeds. To facilitate recording and cates (pots). Following germination, seed- for a better distribution of the sampling lings were thinned to three per pot. In the sites, the region was divided into 8 distinct greenhouse, the minimum and the maxi- subregions: (A) Thiva to Chalkida, (B) Thiva mum temperature were 15 and 37° C, re- to Mouriki, (C) Schimatari, (D) Thiva, (E) Ag- spectively. Throughout the experiment, ios Thomas, (F) Asopia, (G) Thespies-Elopia the pots were watered as needed and and (H) Orchomenos (Figure 1). A number supplied with 50 ml/pot of modifi ed Ho- of wheat fi elds, corresponding to about 1% agland’s solution (0.25 strength) every 10 of the total wheat area in each subregion, days (4). were randomly surveyed. The survey was The following characteristics were re- conducted during a two week period at the corded for each accession: growth hab- beginning of maturity, in the fi rst weeks of it, plant height, tillering and fi rst pani- June 2007 and the last weeks of May 2008. cle emergence. Statistical analyses were Each surveyed fi eld was walked through performed using the Statistica software by the two diagonals and records were package (StatSoft Inc. 1999). Diff erenc- kept of the wild oat species present and of es between means were compared using their density. Furthermore, a representative Fisher’s least signifi cant diff erence (LSD) sample of panicles and seeds were collect- test at p< 0.05. ed and transferred to the laboratory. The collected wild oat panicles and seeds were further examined in the lab- Results and Discussion oratory to verify species identifi cation; the seeds were separated, air-dried and The results of the 2-year survey (Table 1) in- Wild oat variability in Greece 109 dicate presence of wild oats in 91% (2007) the most frequent grassy species (being and 83% (2008) of the wheat fi elds in Vi- present in 65% of the surveyed fi elds) and otia. Not shown in the table but impor- A. fatua was hardly found at all (9). tant to note is that the density of wild oats The presence of A. fatua in cereal crops in these fi elds, although usually moderate in Greece has for long been questionable. to light, was at times very high. The high Thus, in previous weed surveys conduct- frequency of occurrence (83-91%), even ed in Central Greece it was not found at all in moderate or light densities at a time (1) while in other publications its presence near harvest, shows that wild oats are an in the country was reported to be rather important weed for wheat crops in Viotia limited (2, 3) or doubtful (15). The results taking into account that the results of this of this survey prove the actual presence of survey refl ect plants having escaped the A. fatua in cereal crops of Greece at low, use of herbicides which is a widely adopt- but probably increasing, frequencies and ed practice in the region. densities. The results of the survey also show The recognition of the Avena species, that A. sterilis is the species occurring in especially the distinction of A. fatua from all wheat fi elds in which presence of wild A. sterilis, is not easy and seems rather im- oats was recorded (83-91% of the surveyed possible at growth stages before matura- fi elds) while A. fatua was found only in 11- tion. A detailed study of the mature spike- 15% of the surveyed fi elds, always coexist- let characters as they appear at the time ing with A. sterilis (Table 1). In fact, A. fatua, of shedding indicated that the two spe- whenever found, was in small patches and cies have some clear diff erences (Table 2) low plant densities within a more spread which can be used for the in situ recogni- and dense population of A. sterilis. tion of the species. Our results on the relative abundance The spikelet characters used for the in of the two wild oat species are consistent situ species recognition (Table 2) were se- with results from similar surveys conduct- lected after many appropriate compared several years ago in Spain which indi- isons of mature spikelets from the sur- cated frequencies of 32 and 8%, for A. ster- veyed wheat fi elds and standard samples ilis and A. fatua, respectively (7), while in of the two species kept in the Herbarium another survey in Andalusia, A. sterilis was and the weed seed collection of the Weed

Table 1. Frequency of presence of Avena species in wheat fi elds in the Viotia region (8 subregions, A-H) during 2007 and 2008.

Number of wheat fi elds surveyed in each subregion Frequency Year Avena species (%) A B C D E F G H Total Surveyed fi elds 8 6 5 3 6 6 4 7 45 Avena-free fi elds 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 4 8.9 2007 Avena sterilis 7 5 5 3 6 5 4 6 41 91.1 Avena fatua 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 5 11.1 Surveyed fi elds 5 8 7 5 5 6 4 8 48 Avena- free fi elds 1 0 1 1 1 2 0 2 8 16.7 2008 Avena sterilis 4 8 6 4 4 4 4 6 40 83.3 Avena fatua 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 3 7 14.6 110 Travlos et al.

Table 2. Mature seed characters discriminating A. fatua from A. sterilis in the fi eld.

Character Avena sterilis Avena fatua Maturity Earlier maturing Later maturing Awn length (cm) 3-7 3-4 Awn attachment Below middle of fl oret Above middle of fl oret Floret length (cm) 1.7-3.0 1.4-2.1 Basal scar shape Large, elongated Absent or small round Hair covering 50-80% of fl oret surface 30-60% of fl oret surface

Science Department at the Benaki Phy- seedlings had an erect growth pattern, in topathological Institute. These characters some others a semi-erect pattern and in can provide a safe recognition of the spe- others a prostrate growth pattern (Figure cies. In actual measurements of spikelets 2). In all A. fatua accessions from Viotia the in the fi eld the mean length of the awns, seedlings exhibited only the erect growth for example, was 5.514 cm for A. sterilis habit. The peculiar prostrate pattern of and 3.625 cm for A. fatua. Also, the mean growth for some A. sterilis accessions has length of the fl orets was 2.392 and 1.85 also been observed by other researchers cm for A. sterilis and A. fatua, respective- in Greece (3) as well as in other countries ly. Moreover, a diff erence was observed in (12, 16). the time of maturation, A. fatua maturing Signifi cant diff erences among wild about 10-15 days later than A. sterilis, and oat accessions were also observed when this is likely associated with diff erent tem- plant height and tillering were compared perature requirements for germination; (Table 3). Tillering, measured as the num- optimum germination temperatures for A. ber of tillers per plant, seems to correlate sterilis are reported to be lower than those negatively with plant height and posi- for A. fatua (6, 17). tively with the growth habit, being high- It is worthy to mention that the above er in plants of semi-erect and highest in characters can provide a safe recognition plants of the prostrate growth pattern, in of the species if used on the seeds as they the A. sterilis accessions. In the A. fatua ac- are shedding. However, processing of the cessions, in which only the erect growth seeds after shedding, which may cause pattern was observed, tillering was mini- breaking of awns, rubbing off the hairs, breaking of fl orets or bases etc. is expected to reduce the diagnostic value of these characters. The wild oat accessions from the Viotia region, when grown under the same conditions in pots in the greenhouse, exhibited a signifi cant variation in growth habit and other parameters of seedling development (Table 3). Variability was wide in the A. sterilis accessions but very limited in the A. fatua accessions. The most important variation found Figure 2. Growth habit of A. sterilis accessions from the Vi- was related to the growth habit of the A. otia region in Greece. Erect (A), Semi-erect (B) and Prostrate sterilis accessions, in some of which the (C) seedling growth pattern . Wild oat variability in Greece 111

Table 3. Vegetative growth parameters of A. sterilis and A. fatua accessions from Viotia, grown in pots for 40 days after seedling emergence.

Plant height Tillering First panicle Species Accessions Growth habit (cm) No/plant emergence A. sterilis A6 25 b 1.3 d Erect No B4 12 cd 3.3 c Semi-erect No C3 19 b 1.6 d Erect Yes D2 21 b 1.5 d Erect No E6 5 e 5.1 a Prostrate No F2 6.5 de 4.2 b Semi-erect No G3 18 bc 1.4 d Erect Yes H4 17 bc 2.0 cd Erect Yes A. fatua A1 36 a 0 e Erect No B1 39 a 0 e Erect No D1 34 a 0 e Erect No H2 37 a 0 e Erect No mal (0 tillers/plant) under the conditions physiological variations which seem to of the experiments. be quite evident within A. sterilis and not Regarding the time from seedling within A. fatua. emergence to the emergence of the fi rst panicle, there seems to be a clear tendency of the A. sterilis accessions to reach the Literature Cited fl owering stages earlier than the A. fatua 1. Damanakis, M.E. 1982. A grass weed survey of accessions (Table 3). the wheat fi elds in Central Greece. Zizaniolo- The intraspecifi c variability regarding gy, 1: 23-27. 2. Damanakis, M.E. 1983. Weed species in wheat the two species of wild oats is quite inter- fi elds of Greece-1982, 1983 survey. Zizaniolo- esting. Previous reports describe A. fat- gy, 1: 85-90. ua as a highly polymorphic species ex- 3. Efthimiadis, P., Skorda, E., Adamidis, T. and Efthimiadou, E. 1993. Morphological and hibiting wide variability (12, 16) but in our physiological variation in wild oat. Proceed- study there was no signifi cant phenotypic ings, Brighton Crop Protection Conference, variation among the Greek A. fatua acces- Weeds, Brighton (UK), 22-25 November 1993, pp. 287-292. sions. On the other hand, signifi cant vari- 4. Hoagland, D.R. and Arnon, D.I. 1950. The wa- ation was found within A. sterilis when the ter-culture method for growing plants with- Greek accessions from Viotia were exam- out soil. California Agricultural Experimental Station Circular, 347. ined and this is in agreement with previ- 5. Kirkland, K.J. 1993. Spring wheat (Triticum ous reports describing a wide variability aestivum) growth and yield as infl uenced by also within this species (3, 12, 16). duration of wild oat (Avena fatua) competition. Weed Technology, 7: 890-893. The results of these studies show that 6. Quail, P.H. and Carter, O.G. 1969. Survival and wild oat variability in the wheat fi elds of seasonal germination of seeds of Avena fatua Viotia is signifi cant as expected. The pres- and A. ludoviciana. Australian Journal of Agri- cultural Research, 19: 721-729. ence of A. fatua, which was questionable 7. Recasens, J., Aibar, J., Fom, R., Riba, F., Tabern- so far, is now verifi ed and part of the vari- er, A., Izquierdo, J. and Ochoa, M.J. 1990. Dis- ability derives from the coexistence of the tribution and abundance of the genus Avena L. as weeds in winter cereals in the north east two species. Most of the variability, how- of Spain. Proceedings of an EWRS Symposium, ever, derives from morphological and “Integrated Weed Management in Cereals”, 112 Travlos et al.

Helsinki, Finland, 4-6 June 1990, pp. 77-83. tribution. In: D. Price Jones (ed.), Wild oats in 8. Rezai, A. and Frey, K.J. 1988. Variation in re- World Agriculture, pp. 19-51. Agricultural Re- lation to geographical distribution of wild search Council, London, 296 p. oats-seed traits. Euphytica, 39: 113-118. 14. Torner, C., Gonzalez Andujar, J.L. and Fernan- 9. Saavedra, M., Cuevas, J., Mesa-Garcia and dez-Quintanilla, C. 1991. Wild oat (Avena ster- Garcia-Torres, L. 1989. Grassy weeds in win- ilis L.) competition with winter barley: plant ter cereals in southern Spain. Crop Protection, density eff ects. Weed Research, 31: 301-307. 8: 181-187. 15. Rocha Afonso M.L. 1980. In: Tutin, T.G. et al. 10. Satorre, E.H. and Snaydon, R.W. 1992. A com- (eds) Flora Europea, vol. 5, pp. 206-208. Cam- parison of root and shoot competition be- bridge University Press, Cambridge, 452 p. tween spring cereals and Avena fatua L. Weed 16. Whalley, R.D.B. and Burfi tt, J.M. 1972. Ecotyp- Research, 32: 45-55. ic variation in Avena fatua L., A. sterilis L. (A. lu- 11. Somody, C.N., Nalewaja, J.D. and Miller, S.D. doviciana), and A. barbata Pott. in New South 1984. Wild oat (Avena fatua and Avena sterilis) Wales and Southern Queensland. Australian morphological characteristics and response Journal of Agricultural Research, 23: 799-810. to herbicides. Weed Science, 32: 353-359. 17. Whittington, W.J., Hillman, J., Gatenby, S.M., 12. Thurston, J.M. 1957. Morphological and phys- Hooper, B.E. and White, J.C. 1970. Light and iological variations in wild oats (Avena fatua temperature eff ects on the germination of L. and A. ludoviciana Dur.) and in hybrids be- wild oats. Heredity, 25: 641-650. tween wild and cultivated oats. Journal of Ag- ricultural Science, Cambridge, 49: 259-274. 13. Thurston, J.M. and Phillipson, A. 1976. Dis- Received: 22 June 2008; Accepted: 18 July 2008

Παραλλακτικότητα αγριοβρώμης σε σιταγρούς της Βοιωτίας στην Κεντρική Ελλάδα

Η.Σ. Τραυλός, Κ.Ν. Γιαννοπολίτης και Ε.Α. Πασπάτης

Περίληψη Η παραλλακτικότητα της αγριοβρώμης σε σιταγρούς της Ελλάδας εξετάσθηκε με επισκόπηση του ζιζανίου για δύο χρόνια σε αγρούς της Βοιωτίας, η οποία είναι μια τυπική σιτοπαραγωγική περιοχή στο κεντρικό τμήμα της χώρας, και με πειράματα θερμοκηπίου στα οποία συγκρίθηκε η ανάπτυξη των σποροφύτων βιοτύπων αγριοβρώμης που συλλέχθηκαν από την περιοχή αυτή. Η επισκόπηση των σιταγρών έδειξε ότι, παρά την ευρέως διαδεδομένη πρακτική της χρήσης ζιζανιοκτόνων, αγριοβρώμη βρέθηκε κατά το χρόνο της ωρίμασης να υπάρχει στους περισσότερους αγρούς (83-91%). Το είδος αγριοβρώμης που υπήρχε ήταν σ’ όλες τις περιπτώσεις Avena sterilis και μόνο στο 11-15% των αγρών συνυπήρχε και η A. fatua κατά μικρές κηλίδες και σε χαμηλότερη πυκνότητα. Για την ασφαλή «επί τόπου» αναγνώριση του είδους προτείνεται ένας επιλεγμένος αριθμός χαρακτήρων των ώριμων σταχυδίων. Στα πειράματα θερμοκηπίου βρέθηκε μεγάλη παραλλακτικότητα όσον αφορά τον τύπο ανάπτυξης και το βαθμό αδελφώματος στα σπορόφυτα των βιοτύπων της A. sterilis αλλά όχι εκείνων της A. fatua. Τα σπορόφυτα των βιοτύπων της A. sterilis είχαν ανάπτυξη όρθια, ημι-όρθια ή πλάγια (έρπουσα), με τον τελευταίο τύπο να παρουσιάζει και το μεγαλύτερο αριθμό αδελφιών ανά φυτό.

Hellenic Plant Protection Journal 1: 107-112, 2008 113

Instructions to Authors

General The Hellenic Plant Protection Journal (HPPJ) is a scientifi c publication of the Benaki Phytopatho- logical Institute (BPI) which publishes scientifi c work on any aspect of plant protection in the Mediterranean region. Only original articles which have not been published or submitted for publication elsewhere are considered for publication in the journal. Upon publication all articles are copyrighted by the BPI and the HPPJ.

Types of papers accepted Papers submitted for publication can be either in the form of a complete research article or in the form of a suffi ciently documented short communication. New records of diseases, pathogens, pests and weeds can also be submitted in either form. Review articles in related topics, either submitted or invited by the Editorial Board, are also published, normally one article per issue.

Manuscript submission and review Submit your manuscript to the Editorial Board in an electronic form by e-mail at the address ed- [email protected] or on a disk by post to the following address: Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta str., GR-145 61, Kiphissia (Athens), Greece. Text including tables, footnotes, legends for fi gures and references must be in one MS Word fi le in the format of doc or RTF. Figures must be in separate fi les (not incorporated into the text) as explained under Figures. The Editorial Board assigns the manuscript to an associate editor and two anonymous reviewers who evaluate its content and presentation. It is the associate editor’s responsibility to forward the review process and report to the Editorial Board who decides on acceptance or rejection of the manuscript notifying the author(s). The review process is completed with the submission by the author(s) of the revised manuscript to the Editorial Board.

Preparation of manuscripts Authors are advised to refer to a recent issue of the journal, as a guide to the required text lay- out, heading and table settings etc. Use single-line spacing on an A4 page (297x210 mm) size.

Page limits, page charges and reprints Full-length research papers and review articles should not exceed 25 typewritten pages including tables, fi gures and references. Short communications should not exceed 5 pages in total. There is no page charge for authors. Thirty (30) reprints of each paper are provided free of charge to the fi rst author and 15 to each of the other authors.

Arrangement of the text Major sections of each full paper should be arranged in the following order: title, author(s) name, summary, additional keywords, main text, acknowledgements, literature citations, a title and a summary in Greek. Title: The title should be short and refl ect at the best the content of the article. Running head: A short title of less than 65 characters including spaces should be typed in a separate line after the title. Author(s) names and addresses: Authors names should be listed under the title and the addresses of the place(s) where the work has been carried out, with the appropriate numbering, should be provided in a footnote. 114

Summary: The english summary should describe concisely (in no more than 200 words) the aim and main conclusions of the paper. There is no summary in short communications. Additional keywords: Only words not contained in the title, which are essential in indexing and retrieval systems, are listed in alphabetical order. They should be nouns and not more than six. Main text: Major sections should be arranged in the following order: Introduction, Materials and methods, Results, Discussion and Conclusions (or Results and discussion). Short communications may include the same sections of the main text. Acknowledgments: They follow the text without a heading. Title and Summary in Greek: A title and a summary in Greek, not exceeding one page, should give a concise presentation of the main points of the paper. For non Greek-speaking authors the Editorial Board will provide the appropriate Greek title and summary. Literature cited: References should be listed in alphabetical order of the name of the fi rst author. The listed references should be numbered and cited in the text with the corresponding numbers in brackets. They should be set out (according to ISO 690, 1987) in the style shown below.

Units ISO 31 units should be used e.g. mg, km, mm, cm, m, l (liter), s (second). Units should be prefer- ably explicit, e.g. 1 g/l rather than 0.1% w/v.

Tables Each table should be self explanatory and typed on a separate page following Literature cited.

Figures Legends for fi gures should be self explanatory. They are grouped together and typed on a separate page following the table pages. Photographs should be black and white, well-contrasted, high resolution images. Colour images may be accepted in certain cases providing they are of good quality and of best resolution for printing. Do not place photographs in the text, submit them as independent fi les in an appropriate format (usually in separate JPG or TIFF fi les). Drawings and graphs must be in black and white and may be submitted either in the form of images of an appropriate size and resolution for printing (similar to photographs) or as independent XLS fi les prepared using MS Excel.

Reference styles for Literature cited A. Monographs 1. Katsoyannos, P. 1996. Integrated Insect Pest Management for Citrus in Northern Mediterranean Coun- tries. Kifi ssia - Athens: Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 110 p. 2. Velissariou, D. 1993. Ozone Sensibility of Important Crop Plants around Athens, Greece. Newcastle upon Tyne (UK) : University of Newcastle, 100 p. PhD Thesis. B. Articles in serials or monographs 1. Chitzanidis, A. 1988. Penicillium digitatum Sacc. In SMITH, IM. et al. (eds). European Handbook of Plant Diseases. Oxford: Blackwell Scientifi c Publications, p. 251-252. 2. Giannopolitis, C.N. and Vassiliou, G. 1989. Propanil tolerance in Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Tropical Pest Management, 35: 6-7. 3. Georgiou, P.P., Liapis, K.S., Miliadis, G.E. and Siskos, P.A. 2004. Solid phase extraction cleanup of tomato samples for the determination of pesticide residues by Gas Chromatography-Electron Cap- ture Detection. In Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference of Pesticides and Related Organic Micro- pollutants in the Environment, Halkidiki, Greece, 7-10 Oct. 2004, p. 276-280. Hellenic Plant Protection Journal Volume 1, 2008 Contents

K. Elena, A.S. Alivizatos & C. Varveri New plant pathogens reported in Greece, 1990-2007 1-25

A. Assimakopoulou, Y.E. Troyanos & Ch. Tsougrianis Eff ect of diff erent rates of nitrogen application on the concentration of micronutrients in lettuce and spinach plants 26-31

P.G. Milonas, F. Kozár & D.C. Kontodimas New data on the scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) of the Greek Entomofauna 32-34

P.G. Milonas & F. Kozár Check list of mealybugs (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) in Greece: three new records 35-38

C. Souliotis, N.E. Papanikolaou, D. Papachristos & N. Fatouros Host plants of the planthopper Metcalfa pruinosa (Say) (Hemiptera: Flatidae) and observations on its phenology in Greece 39-41

C. Souliotis First record of Αcalles barbarus (Lucas) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Greece. A serious pest of caper in the island of Ios 42-45

K. Elena & A. Grigoriou First report of Phytophthora primulae in Greece: identifi cation based on morphology and DNA analysis and determination of its host range 46-54

M. Anagnou-Veroniki, P. Papaioannou-Souliotis, E. Karanastasi & C.N. Giannopolitis New records of plant pests and weeds in Greece, 1990-2007 55-78

Y.E. Troyanos & N.A. Hipps Eff ect of Mg supply on the growth and mineral composition of pre-rooted hardwood cuttings of “Colt” (P. avium L. x P. pseudocerasus L.) 79-88

E.V. Kapaxidi, D. Markoyiannaki-Printziou & P. Papaioannou-Souliotis First record of Aceria cynodoniensis feeding on Bermuda grass in Greece 89-91

C.N. Giannopolitis & V. Kati Strong sorption of glyphosate and aminomethylphosponic acid from methanolic solutions on glassware surfaces 93-98 K. Liapis, E. Bempelou & P. Aplada-Sarlis Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water by GC/MS/MS 99-105

I.S. Travlos, C.N. Giannopolitis & E.A. Paspatis Wild oat variability in wheat fi elds of Viotia in Central Greece 107-112

Instructions to authors 113-114

Κ. Ελένα, Α.Σ. Αλιβιζάτος & Χ. Βαρβέρη Νέες αναφορές παθογόνων των φυτών στην Ελλάδα, 1990-2007 1-25

Α. Aσημακοπούλου, Γ.Ε. Τρωγιάνος & Χ. Tσουγκριάνη Επίδραση διαφόρων επιπέδων αζωτούχου λίπανσης στη συγκέντρωση ορισμένων ιχνοστοιχείων στο μαρούλι και σπανάκι 26-31

Π.Γ. Mυλωνάς, F. Kozár & Δ.Χ. Κοντοδήμας Νέα είδη κοκκοειδών εντόμων (Homoptera: Coccoidea) για την ελληνική εντομοπανίδα 32-34

Π.Γ. Μυλωνάς & F. Kozár Κατάλογος ειδών ψευδοκόκκων (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) στην Ελλάδα: τρία νέα είδη 35-38

Κ. Σουλιώτης, N.E. Παπανικολάου, Δ. Παπαχρήστος & Ν. Φατούρος Ξενιστές του εντόμου Metcalfa pruinosa (Say) (Hemiptera: Flatidae) και παρατηρήσεις επί της φαινολογίας του στην Ελλάδα 39-41

Κ. Σουλιώτης Πρώτη καταγραφή του Αcalles barbarus (Lucas) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) στην Ελλάδα. Ένας σοβαρός εχθρός της κάππαρης στη νήσο Ίο 42-45

Κ. Ελένα & Α. Γρηγορίου Πρώτη αναφορά του Phytophthora primulae στην Ελλάδα: ταξινόμηση με βάση τους μορφολογικούς χαρακτήρες και την rDNA ανάλυση και καθορισμός των ξενιστών του παθογόνου 46-54

Μ. Ανάγνου-Βερονίκη, Π. Παπαϊωάννου-Σουλιώτη, Ε. Καραναστάση & Κ.Ν. Γιαννοπολίτης Νέες καταγραφές εχθρών των φυτών και ζιζανίων στην Ελλάδα, 1990-2007 55-78

Γ.Ε. Τρωγιάνος & N.A. Hipps Επίδραση της τροφοδοσίας με Mg στην αύξηση και στη συγκέντρωση θρεπτικών στοιχείων σε ριζοβολημένα μοσχεύματα “Colt” (P. avium L. x P. pseudocerasus L.) 79-88

Ε.Β. Καπαξίδη, Δ. Μαρκογιαννάκη-Πρίντζιου & Π. Παπαϊωάννου-Σουλιώτη Πρώτη καταγραφή στην Ελλάδα του Aceria cynodoniensis που προσβάλλει αγρωστώδη είδη γκαζόν του γένους Cynodon 89-91 Κ.Ν. Γιαννοπολίτης & Β. Κατή Ισχυρή προσρόφηση του glyphosate και του AMPA, από μεθανολικά διαλύματα, στις επιφάνειες των υαλικών 93-98

Κ. Λιαπής, Ε. Μπεμπέλου & Π. Απλαδά-Σαρλή Προσδιορισμός πολυκυκλικών αρωματικών υδρογονανθράκων στο νερό με GC/MS/MS 99-105

Η.Σ. Τραυλός, Κ.Ν. Γιαννοπολίτης & Ε.Α. Πασπάτης Παραλλακτικότητα αγριοβρώμης σε σιταγρούς της Βοιωτίας στην Κεντρική Ελλάδα 107-112

Οδηγίες προς τους συγγραφείς 113-114

Περιεχόμενα

Κ.Ν. Γιαννοπολίτης & Β. Κατή Ισχυρή προσρόφηση του glyphosate και του AMPA, από μεθανολικά διαλύματα, στις επιφάνειες των υαλικών 93-98

Οδηγίες προς τους συγγραφείς 113-114

Περιεχόμενα Τόμου 1 (2008) 117

Hellenic Plant Protection Journal www.bpi.gr © Benaki Phytopathological Institute Volume 1, Issue 2, July 2008 ISSN 1791-3691 H Hellenic Plant Protection Journal

Contents e l l

M. Anagnou-Veroniki, P. Papaioannou-Souliotis, E. Karanastasi & e

C.N. Giannopolitis n New records of plant pests and weeds in Greece, 1990-2007 55-78 i c

Y.E. Troyanos & N.A. Hipps P Eff ect of Mg supply on the growth and mineral composition of l pre-rooted hardwood cuttings of “Colt” (P. avium L. x a

P. pseudocerasus L.) 79-88 n t

E.V. Kapaxidi, D. Markoyiannaki-Printziou & P. Papaioannou-Souliotis P

First record of Aceria cynodoniensis feeding on Bermuda grass in r Greece 89-91 o t

C.N. Giannopolitis & V. Kati e

Strong sorption of glyphosate and aminomethylphosponic acid c from methanolic solutions on glassware surfaces 93-98 t i o K. Liapis, E. Bempelou & P. Aplada-Sarlis n Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water by

GC/MS/MS 99-105 J o

I.S. Travlos, C.N. Giannopolitis & E.A. Paspatis u Wild oat variability in wheat fi elds of Viotia in Central Greece 107-112 r n Instructions to authors 113-114 a l Contents of Volume 1 (2008) 115