TANG-W-77-003 C2 e cX~ S A&M UNIVERSITY SEA GRANT COLLEG

1 i

TAMU-SG-7B-502

"Humans are curious, inquisitive animals. Historically, it can- not be denied: if they have the technology and the ability to put themselvesinto a different environment, they will do it. This was true with aviation, with space, with terrestrial efforts. l think there is a definite future for humankindin the sea,"

Dr. Richard Heimbach

PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTH STUDENT CONFERENCE ON MARINE AFFAIRS

Texas ABM University's fourth Student Conference on MarineAffairs was a mediumfor exchangeand interactionamong students, academicians and professionals concerned with humankind's relationship to the sea. In panel and discussionses- sions, participantsexplored divergent branchesof the conference theme, "Living with the Sea." Informal meetingsand activities "Thirty yearsago if you wanted to study promoted eddies of discussion on personal, public and political oceanography, you had your choice of involvement with marine issues, two institutions. Theaverage age of most oceanographerswas high becausemost Sponsoredjointly by the TexasA&M SeaGrant College Pro- already were recognized scientists. They gram and the Link Foundation, the four-day symposium, held were people who, somewhere in mid- October16-19,1977, gathered together more than l00 individuals. career, decided to dedicate their knowl- Eighty-five students, from 11 out-of-state and 17 Texas universi- edge to studies of the sea... Today, we ties, were selectedto attend by university presidents,directors or !ook to the student not only as a source of respective institution coordinators. Fourteen professional scientific expertiseofthe next generation, panelists and speakers, representing governmental, industrial, but also as a source ofinput to the present private and educational marine-related interests, were invited by generation of science," conferencehosts. Meetingswere held at the La Quinta Royale Hotel in Corpus Christi, and social activities that included a port Dr. Robert Abel tour, a nature-oriented field trip and a beach cook-out afforded participantsa look at people and placesin the coastalcommunity.

Conference guests were welcomed to Texas A8 M at the "Backin 1971,we held our first meetingin opening session by Dr, Robert Abel, assistantvice president for College Station. It dealt primarily with the university'smarine programs, Noting the recent,rapid evolu- marine affairsinvolving federal ancl state tion of marine science education, Dr. Abel described Texas governments. The second conference was A8 M's role in the development of information and interaction in Galveston, with the theme of coastal about the sea. The conference and participants, he said, were zone resources. ln 7975, we again met in representative of the university's continued concern for marine Galvestonand talked about the develop- education, experience and exchange. ment and utilization of coastal resources," Mr, Willis Clark, associate director of A&M's Center for Marine Resources,also welcomed guests, briefly relating the his- Mr, Willis Clark tory of previous Student Conferences and the joint program cooperation with the Link Foundation. Mapping out the 1977 symposiumschedule, Mr, Clark introduced programspeakers and presenteda descriptivepreview of the coastalareas and top- ographicfeatures guests would see during plannedsocial ac- tivities. "Jt will not be enough for you merely to become superbly qualified technicians and highly-skilled specialists. You a/so must develop the ability to see yourselvesand your talentsin nationa/, if not global, perspective. You must be abie to communi cate the significance of what you are doing."

Keynote Address:

THE FUTURE OF MARINE EDUCATION

Dr. Jarvis Miller

Addressing the national and international framework marine-related problems exist, which often best are re- within which marine scienceeducation finds itself today, solved at local levels with local resources. Texas A8 M University President Dr. larvis Miller dis- The emergence of programs like the National Sea cussed some of the problems and demands facing stu- Grant Program and the Law of the Sea Conference, dents and professionalsin the field. Higher education, which Miller called one ot the most important ocean he said, increasinglyis being askedto account for what it activities of today, reflect the persistent concern of many does and the resources it administers; legislators and to develop a healthy policy toward the ocean. Because the public are seeking more decision-making involve- technology has rendered the sea vulnerable and acces- ment. An exciting task before the field, he suggested, sible, these and other programs exemplify mandatory is to communicate and to demonstrate that higher efforts to integrate world-wide cooperation in planning education has been a "wise and good steward" of the the usage of marine resources, Miller said. responsibilities and resourcesplaced in its trust. However, he noted that participation in marine education, research and management increasingly is Miller noted, however, that despite an increased being led by people and professionalsformerly not as- public call for accountability; despite an historic human sociated with the sea. This distinctive and important fascination with space and the sea, or the present popu- characteristic among these contributors has two conse- lar veneer ot understanding created by media, the actual quences: skills and occupations heretofore not obvi- national awareness of the ocean exists at a dim level of ously linked to the sea must be recognized, developed perception, Americans, he said, "tend not to appreciate and incorporated in a beneficial way; and that "an their basic and inescapableties to the sea" an irony in aware, informed and sensitive public" must become in- a time of space-age technology and in a country which volved in marine affairs through the representativepro- once had an acute appreciation for the sea, cess. Thesecircumstances provide marine education with Briefly tracing the national attitude toward marine a considerable challenge, said Miller, the challenge of resources since the mid-40's, Miller said the last 30 years communication within the discipline and to the outside of "fragmented spasms of ocean interest" were indica- world, "Ocean people" not only must do their work tive of the public's failure to recognize the significant wel!, but they also must export their knowledge and role that oceans play in daily life. Certain segments of skills outside the field, Theyactively must promote con- the federal government had contributed to the sporadic sensus, reason and dialogue among the users, tax- development trend, Miller suggested, by failing to payers, lawmakers and researchers, who all have a understand that not one but many unique, regional common bond in the future of the sea. FINDING HISTORY 0V 0

UNDER THE SEA CQ J. Richard Stefg 0

t/!

A luncheon address the first day took conference sponge", he said but also to maximizethe learning guests 90 feet below the Mediterranean to begin their experience for all participants. discussion of modern efforts in the sea. Mr. j. Richard To preparefor the actualreconstruction, Steffy and Steffy,lecturer for the TexasA8 M nauticalarchaeology crew members drafted plans and built a full-sizedmodel program and ship reconstructor for the Llniversity-based of the mid-sectionof the ship, exactlyas they believed Institute of Nautical Archaeology, used the excavation the ancientshipwright had done it. At the time, virtually and reconstruction of a 2,300-year-oldshipwreck to dis- nothing was known about 4th century B.C, ship con- cuss some of the techniques and logistics required to struction, said the reconstructor, so preparation of the wrest historyfrom the sea.Not only can such projects plans and the model required a combination of conven- yield remarkabledata about the technology,thinking tional draftingmethods, facts gleaned from the ship asit and needs of a previous civilization, said Steffy, but stu- was disassembledand studiecf, creative ingenuity and dent participation at INA- trial-and-error techniques. To directed sites also traditionally duplicate the original construc- has provided experience in tion process as closely as pos- state-of-the-art technology for "A ship really is the finest artifact that can sible, project members used future marine archaeologists. reproductions of ancient tools Steffy said the eight-year be excavated because it's just loaded with tool marks. We get the angle of a mark and when possible, usecf copper project at Kyrenia, Cyprus, on a for fasteners from ancient vessel believed to have sunk can tell what sort of blade the adze or chisel had; we can study the holes and tell what Cypriot mines, and cut trees of about 310 B.C., represented pine wood similar to the actual the oldest shipwreck ever to be sort of angle the drill had. We can tell by the way the ship is made the limits of the ex- vessel. raised and reconstructed, and From the model, the the first ancient ship to be re- pertise of the shipwright and the limits of his modern reconstructors learned constructed from an under- technology. AO these things come out of studying the hull." much about the ancient ship- water excavation. Because of wright's skill and knowledge; the age and delicate condition however, the incomplete rep- of the ship's remains, the lica could not answerquestions deep-water diving conditions, about sailing techniques, said and the ambitious plan to reassemble the excavated ves- Steffy. To deal with this problem, he constructed a 10- sel, the Kyrenia project presented many problems that foot plasticscale model of the 22-toncargo ship, which required conventional and unconventional solutions. his two sons learnedto sail usingthe ancientstyle of Artifactsand about 22 tons of cargoremoved during rigging and steerage. the first diving seasonin 1968included amphorae, al- Reconstruction began in 1972, and Steffy estimated monds, millstones and crew's pottery. From these, that by its completion in 'f97S,approximately 65 to 7S Steffysaid, project membersgleaned important clues percent of the original ship was reassembled on land. aboutthe ship the period,the type,the crewsize, the Althoughthe meticulousprocess integrated knowledge cargo, a probable route and began to assemble a from the previousfive yearsof study and preparation, framework of knowledge about it. Steffy said "because it was a first", the reconstruction However,Steffy stated that the minutelyrevealing presented many unanticipated problems. However, it details beganto emerge during the second seasonwhen proved to be the primary learning experience of the excavation of the hull began. Technique was critical in project, he said, since "seventy percent of what we the meticulousprocess, not only to minimizedamage to learnedon the Kyreniaship we learnedby takingit apart the delicatewood "which hadall the strengthof a wet and putting it back together again." "Saturation diving has become a little old hat. It's no longer spectacular;we can't claim to be doing new and better things. And there is the image; diving is still put down as a sport... But we haven't begun to apply what we can do inexpensively with habitats. I don't think people know what is at their fingertips."

Dr. J. Morgan Wells

"We have changed the land dramatically and gotten away with it because the sea has been there as an immense stabilizing force. Now we have started to change that too; I think things are going to happen at a rate that will sur- prise all of us,"

Dr. Sylvia Earle

MAN'S FUTURE IN THE SEA

DR. SYLVIA EARLE DR. j, MORGAN WEI.LS Curator of Phycology and Research Biologist Manned Undersea Science and Technology California Academy of Science National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin.

During their joint discussion of future human ac- Wells and Earle described necessary support tivity in the sea, Drs. Earle and Wells reviewed the past equipment which was developed, tested and improved technologic and scientific progress that has given hu- during early saturation dives. Accommodations inside mans an entree into the ocean. habitats also underwent change as the psychological pa- Thinkers and coast dwellers undoubtedly always rameters of living and working in a confined area at have been curious about the sea, and for centuries have depth for a prolonged period became known. Scientific used free diving to harvest or explore depths "within operations during early missions were relatively simple, a lung-full's reach", said Earle. The history of real but Earle noted that the important aspect of saturation oceanography began in 1872 with the four-year study of diving was the new perspective researchers received as the world's oceans by the British vessel, Challenger. De- underwater residents, a perspective that put them on spite the rapid evolution of marine knowledge since, the same footing as terrestrial scientists. Earle said many modern data-gathering techniques are little changed from those of Challenger days. For ten years, development and testing of various habitat systemscontributed knowledge and information The advent of scuba generated a rapid and timely to oceanography, marine biology, diving physiology and advance in oceanographic knowledge by allowing scien- medicine, and marine engineering. The Tektite II project tists to know plants and animals on their own terms. in 1969, in which Earle was one of five women partici- Earle noted that the benefits of scuba to research are pants, represented a certain culmination in sophistica- tempered by physical effects on the human body; in tion of equipment and extent of scientific endeavor, and most scientific study using scuba, decompression is the subsequent programs strived for simplicity, lower cost, penalty for an intimate peek at the ocean environment. greater mobility and more efficient decompression Despite this hazard and inconvenience, scuba and sub- methods, said Wells. sequent submergence techniques have yielded remark- able discoveries about the nature, content and potential Both speakersattributed the demise of habitat pro- of the sea, said Earle, particularly concerning ocean re- grams in the 70's to a loss of funding and "the image of sponsesto the last century of human influence. the spectacular"; and primarily to a lack of awarenessof The development of saturation diving in the early this as a valid approach to learning about the sea. Earle 60's, said Wells, represented a change in diving tech- suggested that early researchers have failed to com- nique as well as technology. The conventional short rnunicate the importance of habitats as a researchtech- dive-decompression sequence was amended such that nique and their potential simplicity and availability. She divers remained underwater for the duration of the urged the scientistsand students in the group to recog- project, working out of a habitat whose internal pres- nize the potential, use the systems and communicate sure was equal to the ambient pressure, the results. The use of scuba, surface supplied and saturation diving techniques has become an important tool in oceanographic and marine biological research. The humanbody in a divingsituation is undermany physical and psychological stresses.To establish a general understanding of how it is affected, Heimbach discussed diving physics, physiology and safety. He described the behaviors of gases in a diver' s DIVING breathing mixture which, under pressure,can havetoxic or narcotic properties that place limitations on the diver or require his careful attention. DR. IvlICHAEL HEEB Heimbach also explained how, as a diver descends, Alational Sea Grant Advisory Service the body "saturates"with nitrogenas increasingwater pressure forces higher-than-normal levels into the tis- DR. RICHARD HEIIVIBACH Chief, Hyperbaric Medicine sues at a rate depending on the time spent at different Brooks Air Force Base depths."Decompression stops" may be requiredduring School of Aerospace Medicine ascent to allow excess nitrogen to be vented off, and decompression sickness, also known as the bends, can occur if thesestops are missedor if ascentis too rapid. The physiologistalso detailed other diving hazarcfsand ailmentsand discussedthe principlesof recompression therapywhich is usedto treat manyof them. Heebreviewed the developmentof saturationsys- temswhich servedas prototypesfor the efficientdesign of habitatsand for the conceptof applyingsaturation technique to scientific diving. The value of saturation technique, he said, is in removing decompression- related constraints on diving; becausea habitat's inter- nal pressureis equal to ambient pressure,divers can live and work at depth indefinitely,their bodiesfully satu- rated with nitrogen, and take one long decompression at the end of the mission. The Hydrolab habitat, developed by Perry Sub- marine Builders and used initially in 1970 off Grand BahamaIsland at 50 feet, was simple and spartan, al- though some of its auxiliary equipment was quite sophisticated, Heeb noted. Attached by an umbilical to the surface vessel outfitted with support gear, its con- crete base was permeated with tubing for ballast. De- compression on the bottom in the habitat, with a swim- ming ascent to the surface at the end, represented a breakthroughin simpleand efficientdecompression. In 1969, the U,S. Navy's Tektite system was tested during a four-person project conducted at 50 feet for 60 "A 50-megaton thermonuclear weapon, deto- days, off St. Johns, U.S. Virgin Islands. Resultswere so nated directly overhead,gives a blast overpres- satisfactorythat the Tektite II mission, an experimental sure of about 30 pounds per squareinch project to involve teams of civilian scientists for two-to- which is the pressure differential exerted by four week visitations in the habitat, was carried out. A water at 66 feet, Of course, water pressureis more massiveand expensivesystem than Hydrolab, Tek- transmitted evenly through a diver so he isn' t tite's surface support was shore-based,provided via an crushed, butit still gives anidea of the umbilical that ran along the sea bottom. A 24-hour de- pressures involved," compression was completed in a surface chamber which Dr. Richard Heimbach saturated divers reached by ascending in a pressurized transfer capsulethat could be matedto the topside unit. Heeb briefly acquainted the group with several "Diving is a tool you use to get at information other systemstested during the late 60's and early 70's, you are seeking from another source. It's a including the Puerto Rican International Underwater Lab meansof putting you where you need to be to PR!NUL!, developed in 1973 to incorporate the best and learn something." most economic features of Hydrolab and Tektite; La Dr. Michael H eeb Chalupa, a four-person habitat which operated for 1'/~ years off Puerto Rico; a Perry wet submersible used for diver propulsion underwater; and a "deep diver" lock- out submersible for use at 600to 1000foot depths, WILLIAM P. JENSEN National Marine Fisheri es Service SEAFOOD Marine Mammals Species Division

"The tuna-porpoise conflict is no longer just a INDUSTRY U.S. problem; itis an international problem be- cause of theincreased attractiveness of tuna CONFLICTS fishing to under-developed countries."

In 1972, vigorous efforts to impede the exploitation of marine mammals culminated in the Marine Mammal Protection FRANKLIN C. ALVERSON Act which banned nearly all commercial utilization. By afford- Vice President ing special protection to a single species, the Act forced a Li vi ng Marine Resources, inc. stringent review of many resource management concepts. It "The opportunities for conflict in the fisheries also brought into full view an intense controversy concerning porpoise mortality associatedwith the purse seining method of industry are innumerable and growing. Unless catching yellowfin tuna in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. some common sense is reintroduced, all par- ties public, government, environmentalists The reasons for the fish-mammal association are unclear, but andi ndustry and the very resourceswe hope fishermen of the 140-vessel U.S. purse seining fleet for years have used the active, visible porpoises who travel with tuna to preserve stand to lose." schools to locate their catches. Alverson explained the industry background and eco- nomic priorities that have produced fishing technology which, while improving commercial success, also have Increased mammal mortality by entrapping and drowning porpoises in the tuna nets, Foreign competition in the late 50's necessitated conversion to the purse seining technique, and as increasing numbers of porpoises died, fishermen even then took stepsto reduce the incidental kill, Over a ten-year period, they incor- porated several porpoise-saving techniques, including the "backdown" method, which literally pulls the net from under the porpoise before the catch is brought aboard; the Medina panel, a section of fine mesh inserted into the net to inhibit entanglement; and methods of hand removal by swimmers and net tenders in speed boats. Noting that no species of porpoise is now endangered, Alverson cited federal statisticswhich indicate population in- creasesamong the two species primarily involved in the kills, Cr Although zero kill is impractical, he said, the tuna fishing in- 0 dustry will continue to reduce mortality, even though it already Vr has reduced it to well below legal and biological impact levels. ID The rate of reduction remainsthe primary issueof the conflict, i said Alverson, but any future solutions must consider not only the protection of the animals but also economic factors of the in du s try. Jensen described attempts by government, industry and environmentalists to find compromise between the resource users, whose livelihood depends on tuna fishing, and the re- source protectors, who believe porpoise populations are endangered. Federal interests, he said, believe improved technology is the answer to reducing porpoise kills, and the development and correct usageof porpoise releasinggear and procedures by tuna fishermen "have accounted for progres- sive reductions" that have not seriously altered fishing strategy or success, he said. The problem now requires world-wide attention since 30 percent of the purse seine, yellowfin fishing is done by foreign vessels. He cited a resolution passed during an international meeting in 1977 to fund porpoise research and observer and education programs,which hopeful!y will help developing fi sh- ing countries to retard mammal mortality rates. RECREATIONAL FISHING

HOWARD LEE wide vessels, which might settle on their keel or sides, Texas Coastal and Marine Council had to provide 50 feet of clearance with the surface. Bottom substrate also was important: if the ships came "Before we could have the ships, we had to to rest on mud, not only might they sink, but the reefs certify that we would clean them according to also might be subject to turbidity problems. Finally, safe EPArequirements before we sank them, Every depths for scuba divers was a consideration. one was inspected before it went down." Lee said the range of 83 to 110 feet of water, no more than 30 miles offshore, were the restrictions which ultimately guided the selection of four sites off Freeport, An artificial reef project, one Texas effort to improve Matagorda Island, Port Aransas and South Padre Island. recreational fishing in the Gulf of Mexico, was discussed Each vessel intended for reef construction had to be by panelist Lee, who described the background and prepared and sunk in compliance with federal and state logistics of establishing the new habitats. laws, said Lee, Preparation included removal of the In !972, when 33 World War II liberty ships were superstructure, doors and hatches, and flotable mate- made available for the construction of artificial reefs or rials. Large holes were cut into all compartments and for sale as scrap, 18 of the vessels were located at the holds to allow the escape of trapped gases and also to Texas port of Beaumont. Lee stated that initially the state insure sufficient light for biological activity. In addition, Parks and Wildlife Department declined the offer to use fuel and oil had to be cleaned from all tanks, holds and them, however, pressure from a group of divers lines. Before each ship was sunk, it was inspected by an prompted the development of a plan for the sinking of EPA representative, Lee noted. 12 ships. Many of the fittings, internal equipment and uten- Because the stimulation of recreational fishing was a sils were left on board as collector's items for divers, he primary basis for the artificial reef construction, said said. Local researchers requested that one ship at each Lee, intended sites had to be convenient to ports and site be outfitted with a rack on which underwater in- accessible by small boats. They could not interfere with struments could be mounted. For the benefit of divers, a trawling shrimp nets, shipping fairways, oil well struc- small communication dome which could be filled with tures and pipeline routes, and to meet requirements re- air from regulators to permit conversation underwater garding navigational hazards, the 25-foot high, 50-foot also was positioned.

AL GREEN all species per unit of effort at each strata in each bay Texas Parks and Wildlife Department system. Survey results varied within each bay system; how- "Proper management of the coastal resources ever, on a coast-wide basis, anglers working at boat no longer can be regarded as a simple and to- ramps had the highest harvests 60 percent of total tally biological response. Resource managers catch surveyed with pier and wade/bank areas follow- must be aware that there are resource users ing at 24 and 15 percent respectively. On a catch per who have to be considered." effort basis, the breakdown was similar. These and other statistics gathered during the creel survey, said Creen, have been and can be applied in Efficient conservation and utilization of coastal several valuable areas of fisheries resource rnanage- fisheries resources was the object of a finfish creel sur- ment. Because recreational and commercial data vey discussed by Al Green. Green said the 1974 survey provide an estimate of total harvest of resource by conducted by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department species, standard fisheries management procedures can was important in yielding statistics about recreational be implemented to restrict or liberalize harvests based fishing activity, to balance the more abundant data al- on the availability of each species. The information can ready on hand about commercial usage, Because both also be used legislatively in the allocation of resources; fishing groups harvest the same species, said Green, regulations which limit daily or yearly catch or which resource management must consider both user groups. impose fees on the harvest of certain species are exam- During the two-year survey, data were collected for ples of this use, said Green, three fishing strata boat ramp, lighted pier, and wade Survey statistics can be used in developing pro- surf! and bank fishermen at four Texas bay systems, grams to educate resource users. From information The survey did not include anglers using commercial or about the habits of fishermen, state agencies can plan private boats or charters. The object of the project, seminars, educational programs and publications which Green said, was to determine both the total recreational tell anglers about the species they are after and methods fishing pressure and the average recreational harvest of for improving recreational success. CONFERENCE WRAP-UP

The last meeting of the confer- lespie mentioned that commercial- ence, moderated by Dr. Dan Kamp recreational conflicts also will re- of the Texas A8 M Sea Grant Pro- quire continued problem-solving gram, was used to summarize issues attention, as will conflicts in the and attitudes raisedduring the meet- intermediary trades, which include and regulations. Unfortunately, Lee ings, Student representatives and improved seafood marketing by re- said, data-gatherers often are asked speakers from each panel shared in- tailers and wholesalers. to provide information for "precon- formation about their sessions and ceived notions of end results." He Peter Burbridge,Cornell University. suggested that an informed public related group reactions to the top- Although group members did not ics, speakers and the perspective of making the decisions was a way to believe panel information provided allay this. marine affairs presented at the con- a firm basis for dealing with marine ference. resources conflicts, Burbridge said Thor Lassen, Virginia Institute of the tuna-porpoise controversy dis- Marine Science. Members of his SEAFOOD INDUSTRY CONFLICTS cussion was a valuable example of group believed the recreational fish- ing presentations were not com- Dr. Sam Gillespie, Texas A&M Uni- the problems in this area. Not only does it relate to the larger perspec- plementary, said Lassen, He versity, The fact that seafood har- suggested that an EPArepresentative vesters are exerting pressure on re- tive of the economics of resource exploitation, but it also exemplifies to discuss bureaucratic involvement sources more rapidly than they can in artificial reef projects or a com- be renewed is one basisfor industry traditional conflict between scien- tists and resource users, for which mercial fishing representative to conflict, said Gillespie, and the counter the creel survey discussion source of important questions about practical, definitive solutions are re- quired, said Burbridge, Questioning might have provided a broader look how fast resources should be de- at "the real issues". pleted, how they should be renewed the role of scientists in the process of marine resource planning, Bur- and whose interests industry, FUTURE IN THE SEA public or the environment should bridge said scientists should not be protected, Focusing on the withhold comment and input to Cynthia Thompson, Galveston Col- tuna-porpoise controversy as an problem-solving simply because lege. A similar feeling was expressed they "don't have all the data." In- example, Gillespie cited economic by the representative from this priorities that had necessitated in- stead, they should be forecasters, group: an "antagonist" to comment novations to keep the tuna fleet constantly using data they gather to on problems and drawbacks inher- afloat while satisfying environmental provide informed opinions and concerns, Gillespie noted that none guidance, and to assist in the fram- of the principles in this particular ing of national policy. conflict want porpoises to die; the issue is finding additional technol- RECREATIONAL FISHING ogy to reduce the mortality rate as Howard Lee, Texas Coastal and rapidly as possible. Marine Council. Because many Gillespie predicted other industry natural habitats are being lost to de- conflicts with the extended 200-mile velopment while few are being cre- jurisdiction of offshore waters. In- ated, Lee explained that this panel creased financial investments now was intended to show how govern- will be made in the seafood industry, ment agencies can be involved in and because many fish stocks al- fishing and habitat improvement. ready are approaching maximum Previously, such management prob- sustainable yield, inevitable federal lems were considered sociological, regulation of certain catches un- but he said co-panelist Al Green's doubtedly will yield confrontation creel fishing survey was an example between those who are investing of more recent attempts to gather and those who are protecting. Gil- biological data to justify decisions ent in saturation diving would have DIVING own sake, also require safety fore- "drawn a lot more out of the two Dr. Richard Heimbach, Brooks Air thought. panelists", said Thompson. Group Force Base School of Aerospace In all three areas, said the phys- members regretted not hearing the Medicine. His discussion was aimed iologist, there is a continuing and scientific results of habitat missions, at reminding divers of the medical expanding role for humans in the and some were misled by the ses- and safety implications of diving and sea because of social and scientific sion title, expecting discussions on at acquainting non-divers with the needs, and because humans likely aquaculture or commercial and in- problems, said Heimbach. In his will remain curious animals. The di- dustrial applications of ocean re- opinion, three categories of divers ving medical community has an ob- source usage. exist, each of which has medical ligation to set standards for safety Dr. William Fife, Texas A&M Uni- and safety considerations unique to and support. In doing so, however, versity, Researchers often fail to its involvement. The more than it must accept the need for standards identify what they want to know be- ten million certified sport divers will which respond to varying degrees ot fore they select their tools and begin continue to have practical medical risk and activity, and must take care their work, Fife observed. He problems which aren't easily solv- not to mistakenly set a single medi- pointed out that diving tools are only able or within the scope of "proper cal standarcl to cover all situations as good if the right one is selected for types of medical diving support", it has in the past, the right job, Habitats are not neces- said Heimbach. Teresa Hernandez, Texas Woman' s sarily "the answer", and, in fact, may Although many commercial divers University. Students in this panel have a misleading track record since be! ieve that within a decade session believed the presentations nearly all have been deployed and technologic advances will supplant were informative and interesting, tested in optimum conditions, Ivlany many of their activities with auto- but too specific and regional, said questions remain to be asked about mated equipment, said Heimbach, Hernandez. Not only did they want habitats, said Fife how and where the high risk nature of commercial more information about habitats and can they be used, how deep, how work now requires careful attention submersibles used throughout the necessary are they and future ap- by the medi cal co mmunity. Scien- country, but they also believed plications should depend on the an- tific divers, who gather information follow-up and resource information swers. for immediate application or for its would have been profitable. PARTICIPANTS

CONFERENCECOORDINATORS SPEAKERS Dr, B. Dan Kamp Dr. Richard D. Heimbach Program Manager USAF SAIIA/HM Marine Education and Brooks Air Force Base, TX 78235 Advisory Services Center for Marine Resources Mr. Howard Lee Texas A8 M University Texas Coastal 8 Marine Council College Station, TX 77843 P.O. Box 13407 Austin, TX 78711 Ms. Elaine Stamman Marine Advisory Program Ivlr. Richard Steffy Specialist Nautical Archaeology Center for Marine Resources Department of Anthropology Texas A&M University Texas A8 M University College Station, TX 77843 College Station, TX 77843 HOSTS Dr. Michael Heeb Assistant Program Manager Ms. Dorothy Holtkamp Marine Advisory Services Editor National Sea Grant Program Department of Marine 3300 Whitehaven Street, N.W. Resources Information Washington DC 20235 Center for Ivlarine Resources Texas A&lvt University Ivlr. W. P. Jensen, Jr. College Station, TX 77843 Marine Mammal Program Ivlanager Marine Mammal & Endangered Ivls. Sherri Wilkening Species Division Secretary National Marine Fisheries Service Center for Ivlarine Resources Washington, DC 20235 Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843 Dr, Samuel Gillespie Ivlr. Allen Martin Head, Department of Marketing Fiscal Officer Texas A8 Ivl University Center for Marine Resources College Station, TX 77843 Texas A8 M University College Station, TX 77843 Dr. J. Morgan Wells Manned Undersea Science & Mr. Dewayne Hollin Technology Marine Advisory Regional 6010 Executive Boulevard Representative Rockville, MD 20852 12605 East Freeway, Suite 302 Houston, TX 77015 Dr. Sylvia Earle Curator of Phycology and Mr. Bob Richards Research Biologist Marine Advisory Regional California Academy of Representative Sciences 4600 Parkdale Drive, Suite 103 Golden Gate Park Corpus Christi, TX 78411 San Francisco, CA 94118 Ms. Judy Bergstrom Mr. Al Green Secretary Texas Parks and Wildlife Marine Advisory Service Department 4600 Parkdale Drive, Suite 103 4200 Smith School Road Corpus Christi, TX 78411 A ust in, TX 78744 Mr. Mel Russell Mr. Frank Alverson County Extension IVlarine Agent Living Marine Resources Inc 5115 Highway 3 11339 Sorrento Valley Road Dickinson, TX 77539 San Diego, CA 92121 Dr. Russ Miget Dr. William Fife Area Ivlarine Fisheries Specialist Department of Biology Texas A8M Research and Extension Texas A&M University Center College Station, TX 77843 Corpus Christi, TX 78410 Dr. Robert Abel Mr. Tony Mazzaccaro Assistant Vice President Recreation and Park Specialist for Marine Programs Texas A&M Research and Extension Center fOr IVlanne Resources Center Texas A8 M University Corpus Christi, TX 784'10 College Station, TX 77843 Dr. iarvis Miller Charmaine Walter President c/o Moody College Texas A&lvl University P.O. Box 1675 College Station, TX 77843 Ship Room 208 Galveston, TX 77553 Mr. Willis Clark "Meeting the people who attended the con- Associate Director Lynn Bell ference and getting their opinions on the vari- Center for Marine Resources P.O. Box 1675 ous topics shed a new light on my outlook for Texas A&M University Calveston, TX 77553 mankind and nature." College Station, TX 77843 Adrian Corbett John B. Phenix P.O. Box 1675 PARTICIPANTS Galveston, TX 77553 TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITV OF HOUSTON Mike Archambauit "More emphasis should be placed on the P.O. Box 764 Howard Hada broader aspects of a speaker's theme. This College Station, TX 77840 c/o University of Houston Biology Department would al/ow students not directly involved Barbara Estabrook Houston, TX 77004 with the marine environment an overview of c/o Resources Management policy and programs." Texas A&M University Gary Penn College Station, TX 77843 4700 Avenue U WIIJIam Perry Galveston, TX 77550 Ali ce C re en c/o Resources Management Robert LeBoeuf Texas A&M University c/o University of Houston College Station, TX 77843 Biology Department Houston, TX 77004 "The conference reaffirmed to me that the Kevin Thompson major problems we ha ve with the oceans are P.O. Box 7212 William Kwong not the oceansthemselves but the public lack College Station, TX 77840 c/o University of Houston of knowledge about the marine environment. Department of Ivledicinal The only way the public will become con- lo hn Schwartz Chemistry cernedis if they are educated. Without educa- P.O. Box 137 Houston, TX 77004 College Station, TX 77840 tionn,people will not be interested untila prob- Clen Cipriani lern directly affects their lives, and by then the Clynn Rountree 525 11th, Apt. ¹ 8 problem may be irreversible." 1026 Foster Avenue, Apt. ¹4 Galveston, TX 77550 College Station, TX 77840 Parnela M. Hickman Les Rice TEXAS CHRISTIAN VNIVERSITV 4209 College Ivlain Bryan, TX 77801 Rodney Nunley c/o TCU Donald Pybas Biol ogy De p art men t c/o Recreation & Parks Fort Worth, TX 75129 "Conferencesof this nature should expand to Department involve participants from more parts of the Steven McComas Texas A&M University U.S., allowing greater exposure and diversity P.O. Box 30614 College Station, TX 77843 within the context of the meeting." Fort Worth, TX 76129 Priscilla Lee c/o Department of Management Larry Champagne Ceoff Akita c/o TCU Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843 Biology Department Fort Worth, TX 76129 Cheryl Johnson P.O. Box 6269 SOUTHERN IWETHOOIST UNIVERSITY College Station, TX 77844 "I was enlightened by the conference because Sue Kruszewski it gave me someinsightinto what my marine Edward Hughes P.O. Box 2849 biology major could do for mein the job mar- P.O. Box 9052 Dallas, TX 75275 ket," College Station, TX 77840 Beth Goodwin Tom Ferebee 2812 Binkley Mark Srnesny 112 Watson Lane Box 113 Bryan, TX 77801 Dallas, TX 75205 Doug DeVries Paula Disc 300 Ash Street c/o SMU College Station, TX 77843 Biology Department "The problems discussedin two sessions con- Dennis Denton Dallas, TX 75275 tained a lesson for all who wish to be marine 905A Montclair scientists: there must be open communication College Station, TX 77840 BAYLOR UNIVERSITY between involved parties early in the de- Greg Boland Doyle Mosier velopment of potential conflict." c/o Oceanography Department c/o Baylor University Texas A&M University Biology Department Richard D. Methot, Jr, College Station, TX 77843 Waco, TX 76706 Thomas Turner Bob lckstadt 7501 Heard's Lane, Apt. ¹346 1611 S. 12th Galveston, TX 77550 Waco, TX 76706 RICE LINIVERSITY TEXAS WOMAIV'S UNIVERSITY Raymond Allen P,O. Box 6010 William Wilder Bethene McNealy Corpus Christi, TX 78411 P.O. Box 2671 2428 Louise, Apt. ¹5 H ous ton, TX 77001 Denton, TX 76201 George Sanchez 5841 Rio Vista Ivlark Whitney Teresa Hernandez Corpus Christi, TX 784I2 P.O. Box 941 327 Withers, Apt. ¹15 Houston, TX 77001 Denton, TX 76201 David Jay Corpus Christi State Univ. James Robert Arnett Corpus Chnsti, TX 784'!2 P,O. Box 2671 STEPHE!VF. AUSTIN Houston, TX 77001 STATE UIVI VERSI TY David Holloway UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS Gregory Smith Corpus Christi State Univ. P.O. Box 5772 Corpus Christi, TX 78412 Gary Carrett Nacogdoches, TX 75962 5804 Link Avenue Austin, TX 78752 Robert Ivlorris UIVIVERSITYOF HAWAII P.O. Box 5444 Karen Ekblad Nacogdoches, TX 75962 Ceoffrey Akita 4S10 Avenue F c/o Marine Option Program Austin, TX 7875I 2560 Campus Road NORTH TEXAS STATE UNIVERSITY George Hall 230 Michael Edgar Honolulu, H! 96822 1908 West 41st Stanley Szczytko Austin, TX 78731 1621 West Oak, Apt. ¹106A Leonard Torricer Denton, TX 76201 c/o Marine Option Program Barbara Dorf 2560 Campus Road 506 West 12th William Perry George Hall 230 Austin, TX 78701 1724 Sena Honolulu, Hl 96822 Denton, TX 76201 Michael Parke 807 "E" East 30 CORNELL UNIVERSITY Austin, TX 78705 SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIVERSITY Peter Burbndge Richa rd F. Ma rt in c/o Cornell University c/o Marine Biomedical Sylvia Hurd 1011 Chestnut Department of Natural Resources Institute Ithaca, NY 14853 200 University Boulevard San Marcos, TX 78666 Calveston, TX 77550 Joe Fox Raymond Hixon c/o SWTSU VIRGINIA IIVSTITUTE c/o Marine Biomedical Biology Department OF MARINE SCIEIVCE San Marcos, TX 78666 institute Eileen Shea 200 University Boulevard V I MS Galveston, TX 77550 BRAZOSPORT JUNIOR COLLEGE Gloucester Point, VA 23185 Roger Hanlon Rebecca Eischen Thor Lassen c/o Marine Biomedical 1250 Highway 288, Apt, ¹7 V I MS Institute Clute, TX 77531 Cloucester Point, VA 23185 200 University Boulevard Calveston, TX 77550 Patri ck Ma loy P.O. Box 623 Patsy McCoy Freeport, TX 77541 UIVIVERSITYOF RHODE ISLAIVD P.O, Box 61 Port Aransas, TX 78373 Nancy Miller LAIWAR UNIVERSITY 671 Boston Neck Road, Apt. ¹1 Ronald llg Narragansett, Rl 02882 P.O. Box 1392 Terry Stelly Port Aransas, TX 78373 P.O. Box 11043 Ronald Schroeder Beaumont, TX 77710 211 Brettenwoods Drive John Wakeman Cranston, RI 02920 P,O, Box 856 Betty Callahan Port Aransas, TX 78373 P.O. Box 10037 Beaumont, TX 77710 SAIW HOLISTOIV STATE UIVIVERSITY STATE UIVIV. OF IVEW YORK John Phenix GALVESTON COLLEGE Michael DeChia ra c/o SUNY 1022 Pecan Cynthia Thompson Huntsville, TX 77340 Department of Material Science c/o Gaynelle Hayes S tony b rook, N Y 11794 Pam Hickman Calveston College Rt. 5, Box 115 Biology Department Calveston, TX 77550 Huntsville, TX 77340 UNIVERSITY OF WISCOIVSI/O

TARLETOIVSTATE UNIVERSITY CORPUS CHRISTI STATE UNIVERSITY Fred Binkowski UW Ivlilwaukee Mark Smesny Ceorge N. Wiley 3342 South 8th Street 623 Lillian 1110 A rno Id Milwaukee, Wl 53215 Stephenville, TX 76401 Corpus Christi, TX 78412 Steve Ugoretz David Austin Quenton Dokken UW Creen Bay 489 Cain Street 363 Wasp 1418 G rig non Strect Stephenville, TX 76401 Corpus Christi, TX 784 I2 Green Bay, Wl 54301 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA UNIV. OF SOUTHERN IWISSISSIPPI ORECON STATE UNIVERSITY Richard Methot Ronald Lukens Larry Rogers c/o Scripps Institute c/o gulf Coast Research Lab 23 N.W. 33rd Oceanography, A-008 East Beach Drive Corvallis, OR 97330 La Jolla, CA 92093 Ocean Springs, MS 39564 UNIVERSITY OF Iv/IAMI Hillary Johnson UNIVERSITY OF NEIV HAMPSHIRE c/o UC Santa Cruz Ivlark Blakemore Brian Clavin flr272 Applied Sciences 8200 S.W. 124th Street, Apt. 4rA-10 785 Central Road Santa Cruz, CA 95064 Miami, FL 33156 Rye Beach, NH 03871

PHOTO CREDITS: Except as other- wise noted, brochure photos by Dorothy Holtkamp, Texas A&M Uni- versity Sea Grant College Program. Shore scene on inside front cover by LeathaMiloy, TexasA&M University Educational Information Services,