Archaeonautica L’archéologie maritime et navale de la préhistoire à l’époque contemporaine

20 | 2018 De re navali : Pérégrinations nautiques entre Méditerranée et océan Indien

The II, the , the papyrella : three different endeavours in nautical experimental archaeology Le Kyrenia II, la trirème Olympias, la papyrella : trois exemples de projets d’archéologie navale experimentale

Harry Tzalas

Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/archaeonautica/398 DOI: 10.4000/archaeonautica.398 ISSN: 2117-6973

Publisher CNRS Éditions

Printed version Date of publication: 6 December 2018 Number of pages: 239-247 ISBN: 978-2-271-12263-6 ISSN: 0154-1854

Electronic reference Harry Tzalas, « The Kyrenia II, the trireme Olympias, the papyrella : three different endeavours in nautical experimental archaeology », Archaeonautica [Online], 20 | 2018, Online since 30 April 2020, connection on 10 December 2020. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/archaeonautica/398 ; DOI : https:// doi.org/10.4000/archaeonautica.398

Archaeonautica 15-Tzalas.indd 239 our ‚rst attempt at nautical experimental archaeology. experimental nautical at in attempt ‚rst our interest deep a expressed and to from tion the of II construction Kyrenia the of stages different the followed who projects. I was involved three all in of how story what to is abrief extent here present to and intend hn otce Mcal azv te xaao o te Kyrenia the of excavator the Katzev, contacted then rules of experimental archaeology. His response was positive. I for required ofthe construction an “ancient ” abiding by the be would what Manolis to described I boats. wooden ditional tra for built has generations and of island the from inally a Manolis reputed boat Psarros, whosebuilder in Perama, is family orig contacted ‚rst I merchantman. Greek that of replica full-scale a building of possibilities the investigate to decided I Kyrenia, of shipwreck ancient the on gathered information the THE published extensively been have projects trireme II Kyrenia the of results the would so do To 1980s. fact, In article. ofan space limited the the than much more require of decade the during in were that conducted archaeology experimental nautical in jects Trireme Kyrenia II, Nautical Experimental Archaeology, Papyrella, Olympias, Keywords the and , ancient coaster, Greek trireme Olympias the rimental nauticalarchaeology in 1980s:the Kyreniathe II author involved was the ofexpe projects in Greek different three This article is abrief description ofwhy, how and to what extent Abstract T Harry in T T I would like to dedicate this short article to Patrice Pomey, Patrice to article short this dedicate to like would I . Seetheselectedbibliography attheendofthiscontribution. 1. all of evaluation careful 1981,a of after summer the During It is not my intention in this article to analyse the three pro he he

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rireme , an differen T - - - - al Trirème Archéologie navale expérimentale, Kyrenia II, Papyrella, Olympias, Mots-clés teur enpapyrus d’époque préhistorique. enfin, de la la barqueconstruction papyrella d’unrestitution navire athénien, guerre de la trirème Olympias gante d’un antique caboteur le grec, Kyrenia II 1980. années des Il s’agit tout d’abord du projet réplique de navi- trois divers d’archéologie projets navale expérimentale au cours conditions qui lesobjectifs et incitèrent l’auteur às’engager dans article manièreCet de présente succincte lesmotivations, les Résumé de L r Richard world-a was later and ancient then the reassembled had Steffy,who and project, the of phases the all in pated partici had who Womer Katzev, Susan wife his and shipwreck, ship were not fastened to the keel. wereship the to not fastened to the traditional Contrary method,treenails. thethrough frames driven of nails the ancientbronze with planks the method of mortise and tenons, while the frames were secured to intricate an through achievedwas planking hull the assemblyof while stern-post, numerous wereand details construction visible. stem-post The the of portions small as well as preserved, been had frames the and planking hull of the strakes keel,mostof the ancient of wreck’s timber hull had been retrieved the and preserved. ofThe 75% whole some that was ship particular that of lica single a of and sail? oars square steering the of use the and caulking, of how would a answered: ship with a rocked be keel behave, to and what about the lack needed that questions more many were there But ‚rst”. “skeleton built been have Mediterranean the planking. the to frames the fastening only later and hull of the planks the setting ‚rst by ship a building of possibility the to as sceptical were shipbuilders the that stressed be should It method. ‚rst” most challenging being the assembly of the hull using the “shell the replica. of the construction the on assist to in and ship ancient work of decade a than more during acquired had they cally accepted to put at the disposal of the project all information enowned specialist on ancient shipbuilding. They enthusiasti They shipbuilding. ancient on specialist enowned e

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239 Harry Tzalas – The Kyrenia II, the trireme Olympias, the papyrella 15-Tzalas.indd 240 240 Archaeonautica 20 – 2018 Institute for the Preservation ofNauticalTradition).Institute forthePreservation trechandiris: theendofacenturies-old boatbuilding tradition(photoHellenic Fig. 1 : HaranionSymiislandduringtheconstructionin1966oflastfive building traditions. ship- Turkishand Greek both to common generally are names the tserniki: the and saita the , varkalas the perama, the are common most The rig. the and hull the of shape the of differbecause all which types distinct other many are There trechandiri. the was Symi of island the on built caiques of type particular the wreck of a 4 a of wreck craft. wooden sea Greek ditional boat ofthe techniques building traditional a wide ofvariety tra- of eld of yachtsinto types different I and conducted research had also the in my profession as I consultant, a was attempt marine close to a ofvariety of Because pioneering archaeology. experimental nautical Mediterranean a project, scientic experimental long the voyages. during answered be would questions another to island one helpdeprived of the of from navigation aids? those It that was hoped hopping course, their plan they would How amenities? of deprived space restricted a such on the coves, secluded mode and of anchoring. How could the and ports captain crew of four live in manoeuvring for oars long ofsuch storing use a the as ofthe load amphorae, of nearly 400 behave sea. at building were 15 metres long, exactly the same length as the the as length same the exactly long, metres 15 were building trechandiris Symian The Symi. of tradition building the on boat- revive the to builder attempt desperate a of boat part was This island. last the Sarris, Dimitris of boatyard old caiques traditional ve of construction the supervising Symi of island the on was I Kyrenia,of port the to approaches caiques islands’traditional the from different so sail, a our enrich knowledge also on how system,ships those with a a steering rig and would but construction, shell-rst to related questions numerous the helpanswering to in expected notonly was experiment, scientic a of rules the by abiding ship, that of replica full-scale a of construction the consequence, In vessel. ship ancient other no was well Kyrenia that as the as preserved was in the Mediterranean there War, World Second the of ,destroyed near were by end that at the unfortunately re in Greek, is the wider term for a traditional wooden boat; wooden traditional a for term wider the is Greek, in kaiki Caiques, 2. In 1967, when Andreas Kariolou, a Cypriot diver, found the the diver,found Cypriot a Kariolou, 1967, In Andreas when daring complex, a such undertook I why wonder may One answered, be to questions more be certainly would There With the exception of the Roman era ships of Lake Nemi, Nemi, Lake of ships era Roman the of exception the With th century BC merchantman on the seabed in the the in seabed the on merchantman BC century we were were we 2 would would at the the at were life-changing experiences. were life-changing These . the of dugouts the discovering then and raft, for the various parts of the ship. The timber was seasoned seasoned was timber The ship. (g. 2-4 shape right the to before adzed being the of parts various the for shape their to according used be to curvature required the had wright travelled to to select pine with trees branches that the construction of the of construction the studying ethno-archaeology, in experience rst my had I that 1956 from 1959, to Brazil, my travelsnorthern in itduring was to the Cataracts and from there to and Khartoum back. However, of opportunity experiencing a voyage unique on such the a vessel that took had me from Cairo I 1954 in and sails, triangular ditional (g. 1 differences well as striking as similarities had ancient ship that had just been discovered in Both Cyprus. ships up to the early 20 early the to up caiques traditional of construction the in also but antiquity, in used method the So, Samos. duplicating availablewaswood in replicated. and interpreted be to had and found were rig of the ttings wooden small other and rings blockpulley lead A welladjustable numerous as as inclination. an had that single a was there that clear was it so wreck, of mechanism mast-stepthe intricate the had foundbeen on the All ships. of representations grafti as well as paintings vase evidence using iconographic from reproduced be to had details of multitude a and decks, no sail, no , no mast, no was There missing. were shipwreck Kyrenia the of ttings and ment Hellenistic and periods. Classical Greek the of the ships to of related iconography bibliography wide the as well as particular, in Perama the in boatyard. as The ancient sources were libraries most valuable, archaeological Theophrastus Athenian in spent was time questions equal had constant to and that be answered, sea extended and long began. the short voyages Cyprus trials, from and to of number a after and, 1984 June in of apprentices to build the replica. The ship was nally launched number a and Oikonomou, Michalis shipwright, chief Psarros’ for years whole three nearly took it but work, of months three only required have must ship ancient the of construction The difculties. practical wellas as scientic other presented craft, CONSTRUCTION the of voyage commemorative II May ower the for made material same stores of the piece ofin Royal the linen : of it the was part heavy a found nally Katzev Michael considered. not was sail plate using synthetic canvas,modern but weaving a heavy linen We sail. not contem the did for making material the of nding problem the with deal to wehad Then technician, Chrystallidis. Napoleon Constantinople-born traditional a by one, by one hand-forged, were hundreds nails: bronze of making the was Greece. central in aforestmetre- Meteora, from in cypress high 10 than more a fell to order in Forests of Department Prior to settling in Greece, I had been fascinated by the tra- the by fascinated been had I Greece, in settling to Prior The ancient ship’sThe same ofthat Aegeanand was pine all hull equip- the of most shipwrecks, ancient all Obviously,for as were there because slowly very advanced construction The the of construction The One of the thousands of details that had to be investigated be to had that details of thousands the of One the from obtained was permission special mast, the For . It tted our purpose perfectly. purpose our . It tted of the with their tall masts and immense th century, Manolis Psarros and his chiefand his ship- century, Psarros Manolis jaganda Kyrenia II of a Fortaleza, primitive , the replica of the ancient ancient the of replica the , ). ). -

04/10/2018 09:41 ARCHAEONAUTICA_20.indb 241 steady ingress of water and the ship sunk up to the bulwark. It bulwark. the to up sunk ship the and water of ingress steady ( launched „rst When sink. did a to it applyindeed And said. not he sink”, Giorgos de„nitely will could “It boat. as 15-metre this but, insisted, , father, Manolis small for Psarros, used then was Greek, staniarisma as known process, This water-tightness. essary nec- the would secure expand to planking of the timber the sea the in immersion after that hope the in caulking no be would there that it was decided Thus, had worms. by teredo attacked whichbeen hull, the of condition repair poor the late with deal a to was meant this excavator, the this to cured had According line problem. load the to up hull the of lead-sheathing the and water-tightness its lost had sank, it when old century half-a- overprobably was which wasship, ancient However, itthe that obvious all. at caulking no had ship ancient the ship. that ancient the stressing in on adamant were Steffy Richard caulking and Katzev Michael of absence the was question ofNauticalTradition).method (photoHellenicInstituteforthePreservation frames willthembefastenedtotheplanks,usualpracticeforshell-first Fig. 4 : NearlyalltheplankingofhullKyreniaIIisinposition: ofNauticalTradition).the Preservation Katzev, ManolisPsarosandYiannis Pantzopoulos(photoHellenicInstitutefor Fig. 2 withMichael : AdzingthekeelofKyreniaIItorightcurvature: As the construction of the hull was advancing, a persistent persistent a advancing, was hull the of construction the As g 5 „g. , hr ws so but slow a was there ), in in minimal ingress of water, usual in all traditional wooden hulls. wooden traditional all of water, in ingress usual minimal hull the voyages reasonably dry.pump remained dealt with the A hand-operated repeated and her needed, of ever years following was the caulking during No proud. and high II Kyrenia aŒoat, the after hold, and, the of expanded out slowly water the had pumping timber the that noted then buoyant remained but still semi-submerged for 48 Ithours. was were carried out. were carried during ofautumn 1986 and 1987, Then, two experienced. long voyages were to and from Cyprus amphorae storing and tions, posi- various in berthing anchoring, well as as winds, different the Gulf: Saronic ( homeport her the became Zea of of marina waters the in mainly sailing trials, SEA TRIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL NAVIGATION Nautical Tradition). of of theKyreniaIIhullplanking(photoHellenicInstituteforPreservation Fig. 3 : With Peter Throckmoton and Manolis Psarros, placing the first strake (photo Hellenic Institute for the Preservation ofNauticalTradition).(photo HellenicInstituteforthePreservation Michael andSuzanKatzev, RichardSteffy, ManolisPsarrosandtheshipwrights Fig. 5 : TheKyreniaIIisreadytobelaunched:photographicmementowith During 1984 and 1985 the 1985 and 1984 During Kyrenia II Kyrenia „g. 6 had numerous short sea ). Navigation). under remained remained 03/10/2018 12:06:38

241 Harry Tzalas – The Kyrenia II, the trireme Olympias, the papyrella ARCHAEONAUTICA_20.indb 242 242 Archaeonautica 20 – 2018 distance of 660 ¢£ in 12 days: seven days were spent in port. The The port. in spent were days seven days: 12 in ¢£ 660 of distance total covered a 19 ship days. The after Piraeus Zea, in ended and voyagePaphosin on 8 experimental September 1987 started that exclusively voyagean westboundwas The time. one any at ship the Six manned four voyage. to three only but eastbound selected, were members crew the for captain the be would crossing, experienced most a Vassiliadis, skipper whose curriculum vitae Antonis that decided was It aTurkish in tensions forbade port. political acall factby that the long, non-stop The to crossing from PaphosKastellorizo days. was 15 dictated only for sailed fact in she islands, several at stopped ship the as but days, 25 of total a in made was1986 September voyages. experimental the and trials sea have the fake to been would centuries some six invention forward late jump a is to and sail the that known is It candidate. the disqualify to „cient suf was sail” lateen a itinto make itand reef answer,will “I the directions?”, wind different under sail square this use “How you question, will my To sail. square a and different a mechanism using steering face would crew the that dif„culties the and the of model scale A comfortable. more and safer navigation made gradually have that innovations all aside put to necessary lutely It was years. abso of some2,300 leapbackwards a take time, in back go to had crew endeavour:the scienti„c a but adventure an not was this that clear make to crew, tried and I forskipper both the itinerary. the selecting „xing as crew dif„cult was as and captain So, history. of dawn the since gods and heroes of voyages experienced have seas these and era, Homeric the to back goes seamanship whose islands, historic of hundreds are There itinerary. its in included be to expected Aegean the in had island every ship and The seamanship crew. Greek of the emblem an of become part be and honour ultimate this and participated for selected be should they wonthat Olympicconsidered titles, had who those particular in and lete-sailor, ath- Greek Every venture. mythical a into the Cyprus to and crossing trials sea planned the transformed 1974 since forces armed Turkish by occupied been had Kyrenia of port the that full- a of size in press, replica the Greek and the facthad made headlines construction the and ship ancient the of discovery The responsibility. great a voyageswas extended those of itinerary Fig. 6 : TheKyreniaIIsailingduringthetrialvoyages(photoH.Tzalas). The 600 nautical-mile voyage from Piraeus to Cyprus in in Cyprus to Piraeus from voyage nautical-mile 600 The During the numerous and lengthy interviews with candidates, the planning and crew right the and captain the Recruiting Kyrenia II Kyrenia was used to explain the differences in construction construction in differences the explain to used was included a singlehanded Atlantic Atlantic singlehanded a included - - the observers with their most valuable observations and records. records. and valuableobservations most their with observers the and possible,voyages experimental the and trials sea the made the two details, to and skippers technical the crew members, who ologists and historians, who researched forpainstakingly answers scale produced who werearchae there addition, ship.In modellers, ofthe models and drawings ship and draftsmen then construction; and of phase every supervised who architects, naval making intricate of the the standing in involved and rigger running rigging; the „ttings; the metal sail maker; other the as well who whoassistants, hand-forged of hundreds as different assistants, bronze nails his and blacksmith their the ship; the of and construction the on shipwrights worked the includes: list The article. concise a of space limited the in enumerated be cannot voyages, related and to experimental the sea trials is too long and second, the in involved those then and ship the of construction of ascienti„c experiment. criteria the to keeping as important as trative matters had to be solved.- Patienceadminis and perseveranceof were multitude a and formalities bureaucratic numerous voyagesrequired The consuming. time and plicated particular in basis. It involved wasa diversity com coordination and of skills, the ject fact notwithstanding that a lot of work was on a voluntary It coordination. the project careful was that required a costly pro voyages, experimental in the were there matters several practical of 10 was attained. speed knots maximum a conditions sea ideal and wind stern fair a with when moving at a cruising speed of The 3 to 4 knots. There were moments late to up Mediterranean antiquity. eastern the in hull found ancient been has every sea, on the of action the to buttresses as planking the to fastened frames the are later only and upwards, moving and keel the from starting placed, are planking „rst hull the of where strakes the construction, of method This hull. manoeuvrable well sturdy a produces method shell-„rst the that and shell-„rst, built be can ship a that doubt any beyond proved It sail. square a by propelled and quarter-oars two by steered when behaved ship a experi and howon information voyages provide„rst-hand trials to mental helped sea in covered miles nautical 2000 over the the captain and crew and captain the conditions, the behaviour of the ship, as well as comments from weather the to relevant II details Kyrenia all noted attentively the they itself, on the of embarking deck often and the ship, From accompanying experiment. our of course the lowed sail. square the and rig special the mechanism, steering intricate the handle how to on experience necessary the voyage acquired had Cyprus to and Greece the on member crew a been had Glafkos Kyrenia. from sailors experienced of posed exclusivelywascom crew the and ship, ancient the found „rst diver whohad Cypriot the ofson Kariolou, Glafkos was captain Patrice Pomey, Peter Throckmorton, A.I. Tzamtzis, Michael Wedde. Morrison, McKee,John Erik Frost, Honor Coates, John order): alphabetical the (in Besides yard. Psarros mention can I Steffy Richard and Katzev the Susan and Michael of visits visited repeated construction ship ancient in cialising the homeward voyage, MichaelandSuzanKatzev andRichardSteffy. Pomey,Patrice Lianos, Yiannison Nicos Vychos: Kritzas, Charalambos order) standing standing the shell-„rst method and details other structural The list of those who took part in the „rst phase of the the of phase „rst the in part took who those of list The and construction the to related aspects scienti„c the Besides On both voyages scholars such as Patrice Pomey closely voyages Patrice fol-suchboth as scholars On 4. During the various phases of its construction a number of scientists spe- scientists of number a construction its of phases various the During 4. alphabetical (in were Cyprus to voyage the on scientists-observers The 3. The construction of the of construction The yei II Kyrenia 3 . Kyrenia II rvd o e xrml seaworthy, extremely be to proved was most helpful in under in helpful most was 4 , while while , ------

03/10/2018 12:06:38 ARCHAEONAUTICA_20.indb 243 the three-masted training ship merchant navy training three-masted the Navy,the KyreniaII for ship, observers. its crew the and security of maximum the with conducted be voyagesshould trial Such centuries. for and decades for again, over and over regularly, in repeated voyagewas a that recreate to bear trying are we to that havemind We vessel. legendary mythical, a to not and tangible, of which are remains the existed, has that ship known should refership ancient a to of an sailing and construction the involvingproject scienti„c A repeat. to dif„cult be to designed a involve not does It adventure. an not is archaeology experimental nautical that stress to like would however,I manner, satisfactory most Kyrenia project. II and Steffy Richard Susan Katzev, it is Katzev,probable I that would not have the attempted Michael of contributions erous gen- the Without shipwreck. Kyrenia ancient the of sembling reas- the excavation and the led who archaeologists American of team the by research of years over gathered data scienti„c voyagestrial would not have extensive. as been as the support constant Marine, Navy.their Hellenic Without the to Merchant as well of Ministry the and Culture of Ministry into tens of ports of tens into entries and clearances innumerable the for required formalities many the with dealing for and ship unusual this of registration forthe coastguard the of of„cers and sur consultants veyors,marine lawyers, of contribution the acknowledge also should we But owner John Latsis. a wishfulintentionthathasstilltobe realised! Eugenidis, formerly the Sunbeam . II She was laid up to become a museum-ship: new registry depended forGreekvessels usedfor « experimental archaeology ». she a needed, on 1 No. as registered were was she Thus, vessel(s). accompanying assistance the on mainly if and, basic requirements the of safety none satis„ed modern she as authorities, maritime the by required veys Hellas salvage the tugboat, oceangoing large a and destroyer same the Piraeus to the destroyer, naval in Aghia Napa, which was built for this purpose. Napa, which was for built Aghia this in Museum Thalassa the museum, new a in exhibited permanently It was then decided that she would to to Cyprus be be transported exhibited in various was towns on ship occasions related to the nautical events. Greece in Back the Fair.World 1992 on the of Seville occasion in was abroad appearance last Her foundation. etvte cmeoaig h 700 the commemorating festivitiesthe for Hamburg to transported was she later year a in and exhibition1988, Road Silk the of occasion the on followed Nara, Japan, of capital old the to voyage A months. two for Museum of Statue the Mystic the was ship in exhibited Seaport the Liberty. Thereafter, of centennial the commemorating parade naval impressive the in part took 1986 and in ship container a of deck the Yorkon New to transported was She Greece. in as well as Thus, the ship was used as an exhibit on various occasions abroad II forproper Kyrenia the the Cyprus, to Piraeus from sailing safe ensure to order In The voyages to concluded and from Cyprus the project in the the to due possible made was project the say, to Needless was graciously placed at the disposal of the project by her by project the of disposal the at placed graciously was Hellas The 7. Eugenios 53-metre the for voyage last very the was this Regretfully, 6. sur- the Kyreniaof havethe anywouldfailed that II mention should One 5. Alongside the scienti„c achievements, it was considered considered was it achievements, scienti„c the Alongside Aidona was „rst escorted by a minesweeper of the Hellenic the of minesweeper a by escorted „rst was hazardous 6 . From to Paphos, she bywas escorted a 5 . The project is greatly indebted to the Greek Greek the to indebted greatly is project The . , for the stretch Piraeus-Rhodes, jointly with with jointly Piraeus-Rhodes, stretch the for , Aegean crossing, it is not a not is it crossing, to promote the Greek nautical tradition. tradition. nautical Greek the promote to Kyrenia the II , escorted . On the westbound voyage from from voyage westbound the On . Eugenios Eugenidis th anniversary of the city’s unique achievement achievement of the Greek Greek the of 7 . - banks, was not based on archaeological evidence archaeological on based not was banks, the and the the study intricate Mediterranean and construction plans of ancient as no ancient warship has ever been found in pond. cular cir miniature a movein could oars the of blades The three banks. on accommodated rowers six that for seats trireme the proposed comprised the of section a of replica full-scale we were meeting shown the a After comments. their hear and attempted be to was what explain specialists, of audience an aims of the Greenwich meeting were to present the project to The England. in undertaken be was to trireme Athenian of an construction the archaeology, experimental nautical in special ising McKee Eric included that scholars British of team a Navy,and Royal the of Architect Naval Chief retired then the Coates, John of collaboration the with that, decided been had 1938.It to dated machines war complex those on article „rst his and Athenian on specialist leading the was at the National Museum, Greenwich. Maritime John Morrison held meeting advisory an in part Trust, take to Trireme of the Morrison, John byProfessor invited was I gressing, times. Mesolithic ties of of obsidian the from transportation the island of in possibili- the the investigate to and designed experiment times, an Classical papyrella, Greek of warship m 37 a of sailing and the construction, the involving trireme, Athenian point for conducted attempts starting in twoGreece: the further PROJECT ATHENIANTHE TRIREME for of Persons Dependent Centre Therapy ship as of part a by run successful rehabilitation programme the addiction. They were properly in ofthe trained maintenance the drug against programme foryoungstersbyfollowing therapy a cared was ship the construction, under was Cyprus in museum remains ofaZeashipshedweretheonly archaeologicalevidence. Therapy Nostos Community ontheislandofSalamis. the centre, similar another to then year, a for Attica, Ra„na, came for sea trials, an experiment in rowing in the waters off off waters the in rowing in experiment an trials, sea for came time the when and, existed labour skilled the Greece, in built being still were hulls wooden large as so doing in advantages certainly were There Greece. in trireme consider Athenian the would building he if asked I Morrison John to privately talk to opportunity the had I meeting, the of end the at when, and challenging indeed was project The „asco. total a in resulted had which III, Napoleon of that was known best The past. the such in a complex failed had to construct that ship attempts the Greenwich the before aware ofvaguely knew I though project, the of not details the of meeting was I Navy. Royal the of funds had been secured in England along with the cooperation of evidence. iconographic remains scant well as the as sources This project was very different from the duplication of the the of duplication the from different very was project This KyreniaII the of construction the when 1982, In The the while Greece in stay her of years three last the During 9. The Lenormant relief and the Dal Pozzo drawing, as well as the partial the as well as drawing, Pozzo Dal the and relief Lenormant The 9. near Community Therapy Paremvassi the to transported was ship The 8. The project was almost ready to take off and the necessary necessary the and off take to ready almost was project The trieres Kyrenia II , propelled by 170 oarsmen, accommodated on three three on accommodated oarsmen, 170 by propelled , project in experimental archaeology was the the was archaeology experimental in project 8 . 9 but on ancient ancient on but was pro was 03/10/2018 12:06:39 - - -

243 Harry Tzalas – The Kyrenia II, the trireme Olympias, the papyrella ARCHAEONAUTICA_20.indb 244 244 Archaeonautica 20 – 2018 Trust with the cooperation of the Hellenic the of cooperation the with Trust funds and under the complete supervision of the British Trireme Greek 1987 with 1985 and between Piraeus, near Keratsini, at John project. Anglo-Hellenic trieres the successful and true Morrison’scame dream a be to It out Greece. in turned trireme Athenian the of building the discuss to McKee Erik and Coates John Morrison, John invited Mercuri Sea. North conditions of the different very the in than appropriate more be would Salamis Fig. 9 1987(photoH.Tzalas) : ThelastpapyrellainPalaiokastritsa,, 1987 (photoTheTrireme Trust). Fig. 7 : The Tzakakos brothers fitting planking oftheOlympias,Perama, Greece, behalf oftheHellenicNavy. the on proudly sat Morrison John that 1987 of summer the 10. Commander Stavros Platis a naval architect supervised the project on project the supervised architect naval a Platis Stavros Commander 10. Melina Culture of Minister the , to return my Upon was built in a yard 10 . It was during for the „rst sea trial sea Poros for „rst the trierarchus The Trireme Trust). Fig. 8 : Maritime Tradition in Paleo Faliro Bay. Tradition Faliro Paleo in Maritime of Park The in nowis exhibited democracy.ship The Athenian of years celebration of the 2,500 mark to rowedThames onthe been extensively („g. 7-8 books been and articles in published have archaeology experimental nautical in most attempt this of important results The 9 knots. to up of speed a secure can levels ably on three seated sails two operate the that and square 2 Seeaselectedbibliography attheendofthisarticle. 12. Seatrialswerecarriedoutin1987, 1990,1992and1994. 11. In 1993 the Athenian trireme was transported to London and wasIn 1993 transported trireme the Athenian The extended sea trials proved that the rowers can comfort- can rowers the that proved trials sea extended The under sail, Poros, August 1988 (photo Paul Lipke, TheOlympiasundersail,Poros,August1988(photoPaulLipke, seat while seat his trireme was oared through the Bay of of Bay the through oared was trireme 11 . 12 ). 03/10/2018 12:06:39 ARCHAEONAUTICA_20.indb 245 rm h ls ae wee t tl gos n Greece in grows still it where papyrus area using last the built from was raft 6-metre last a the papyrella, of existing builder the the from on Corfu Based in obtained craft. information sea such of evidence iconographic or surviving prehistoric rafts to duplicate nor any ancient sources published in every detail every in published results the and documented meticulously was experiment The Thomas Jacobsen, the excavator of the Franchthi Cave Franchthi the of excavator the Jacobsen, Thomas ( built for ofbeen had that a generations Corfu sort in raft papyrus papyrella a build to decided THE in north-westernCorfu. building and sailing the sailing and building closestof mainland. Lavrio, the on the point route would involve a coast lengthy crossing of over the to 70 ¢£ sea shortest .The southern the in Milos of island canic vol the from ago years 9,000 some transported been had period Mesolithic the to dated caveand that in found obsidian the how the 78 the and daytime cover and island to island from hop to night, during at ashore resting paddling paddlers, six for days seven Fig. 10 ofNauticalTradition): TheexperimentalpapyrellabeingpaddledinthesouthernCyclades(photoHellenicInstituteforPreservation „g. 9 5 Seetheextended bibliography attheendofthis article. 15. Liapades of village the near Kavourolimni, Lake in grows still Papyrus 14. The cave of Franchthi is located in the Argolis near the town of Koilada. 13. In In 1987, was construction when nearly completed the trireme I The papyrella project was a whole different challenge from from challenge different whole a was project papyrella The ). I was hoping to answer the question posed by Professor by posed question the answer to hoping was I ). PAPYRELLA PROJECT ¢£ distance that separate Lavrio from Milos ( Milos from Lavrio separate that distance Kyrenia II Kyrenia 15 . This certainly did not prove that that prove not did certainly This . , a duplicate of a local primitive primitive local a of duplicate a , as obviously there were no no were there obviously as 14 . It took took It . 13 „g. 10 , as to to as , ). ). - CONCLUSION Napa, alongside KyreniaAghia the II Cave. Franchthi the to Milos from obsidian transport could available then were that tools stone the with papyrus of made raft simple a guess”, that proposing “educated an constituted only project The rafts. by the revolutionised that rock of tools making in the Mesolithic microlithic was transported vitreous volcanic Milian the raft can be paddled across the often rough waters off the the off waters rough often the Cyclades. across paddled be can raft long on the levels, three oarsmen while 170 solved the papyrella of repartition trireme the regarding Athenian query the standing construction, shell-„rst of The craft. seagoing different Kyrenia II very three with archaeology papyrella The The papyrella yei II Kyrenia , constitute three attempts in nautical experimental experimental nautical in attempts three constitute , answered mainly the question as to the possibility possibility the to as question the mainly answered is now exhibited in the Thalassa Museum at at Museum Thalassa the in exhibited now is Olympias trireme Athenian the , Elassonos 14, Panorama, Ano Voula, Attica Voula, Attica Ano 14, Panorama, Elassonos indicated that indicated a papyrus small . [email protected] Harry E. T°±²±³ T°±²±³ E. Harry 16673, Greece 16673, Greece and the 03/10/2018 12:06:40

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Cambridge, Cambridge Cambridge Cambridge, B.C., (1 Press University 900-322 Ships Oared Greek Athens, Hellenic Institute for the Preservation of Nautical Nautical of Preservation the for p. 441Tradition, Institute 1989 Athens, Hellenic Antiquity, Athens, in Construction Ships on Symposium Athens, Research National Foundation, p. 37 Foundation, National Research Athens, Age, to Modern giants the to Time dugouts Ancient and from Voyage The in Times, rafts of ofsea the Hellenistic the – From the of ships The Tropis p. 211- in I, evidence, of the logical Reports (BAR, Int. Series, 1268). Series, Int. (BAR, Reports logical on Ships Thoughts Ancient Other New and Triremes Mediterranean, Ancient the on Seafaring 1987-1990, Experience books. Oxbow , Oxford, Learnt Lessons Operational Projects: Trireme The Press. Warship Greek an of ancient Reconstruction and History The Trireme, Athenian The On the obsidian trail: With a Papyrus craft in the Cyclades, in in Cyclades, the (ed.), in Tropis Tzalas craft H. Papyrus a With trail: III, obsidian the On Proceedings of the 3 p. 273. Tropis in II, learned, in Aufarbeitung der Hellenischen Geschichte, p. 157 Geschichte, Hellenischen der Aufarbeitung Deutschland, 2006, Weilheim, Obb.: Verein zur Förderung der Ohlstadt/Obb. Zeit, archaischen der zu bis prähistorischen der von Mittelmeer in Technologien und der im Ägäis und östlichen Ideen Gütern, von – Austausch Tagung (ed.), Kyriatsoulis A. Μήλου/ της Der in Zeit, prähistorischen der in Οψιανού Milos aus von Transfer Obsidian μεταφορά θαλάσσια πρώιμη Η re ad oa Ord asis 393 B.C 399-30 , books. Oxbow Oared Roman and Greek Tropis II , p. 329- - 469. st 332. edition 1968). edition , Cambridge, Cambridge University University Cambridge Cambridge, , 216. Ofr, rts Archaeo- British Oxford, , , p. 287- rd International International - 300. 162. ., Oxford, Oxford, ., - 46. , 03/10/2018 12:06:40 Le Gyptis dans la calanque d'En-Vau (cliché Loïc Damelet).

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