Notes and References
After the first reference, a short title is normally used (see Bibliography).
1 Are We Losing the War?
1. The Economist, World in Figures, London, The Economist, 1994, p. 22 2. John Grieve, Paper presented to London Drug Policy Forum, 18 March 1994 3. The Economist, 13 November 1993, p. 38 4. Alison Jamieson, Organized Crime and Drug Trafficking, lecture to NATO Defence College, Rome, 27 January 1994 5. Ibid 6. CDCU (Central Drugs Coordination Unit), Tackling Drugs Together (Cm. 2678) Consultation Document, London, HMSO, October 1994.
2 The Mistis and the Shining Path
1. Simon Strong, Shining Path, London, Harper Collins, 1992, p. 49 2. Carlos Degregori, 'How Difficult it is to be God', Critique oj Anthropology, London, Sage, 1991, 11 (3), p. 236 3. Hernando de Soto, The Other Path, London, Taurus, 1989, pp. 61 and 94-5 4. Enrique Obando, 'Subversion and Anti Subversion in Peru 1980- 82', Low Intensity Conflict and Law Enforcement, London, autumn 1993, 2 (2) 5. Ibid, p. 319 6. Strong, pp. 25-6 7. Gustavo Gorriti, 'Shining Path's Stalin and Trotsky', in David Scott Palmer (ed) Shining Path of Peru, London, Hurst, 1992, p. 154 8. Ibid, pp. 154-5 9. Ibid, p. 156 10. Strong, p. 34 11. Ibid, pp. 35-6 12. Gorriti in Scott Palmer, p. 151 13. Obando, 'Subversion', p. 319
3 Coca Enters the War
1. Annual oj Power and Conflict (APC), London, Institute for the Study of Conflict, 1980-1 and 1981-2 214 Notes and References 215
2. Billie Jean Isbell, 'Shining Path and Peasant Responses in Rural Ayacucho', in Scott Palmer, p. 61 3. APC, 1981-2, pp. 88-92 4. Otto Guibovich, Shining Path: Birth, Life and Death, Camberley, Staff College, 1993, p. 18 5. Ibid 6. Strong, p. 174 7. Control Risks, Briifing Book, London, Control Risks, 1993 8. This 'substitution' procedure was vividly described by Nicholas Shakespeare in The Vision of Elena Silves, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1991 9. Strong, p. 155 10. Obando, 'Subversion', p. 323 II. Guibovich, p. 23 12. Obando, 'Subversion', p. 323 13. Jose E. Gonzales, 'Guerrillas and Coca In the Upper Huallaga Valley', in Scott Palmer, pp. 113-18 14. Guibovich, p. 16
4 President Fujitnori and the Capture of GuzlJlan
1. Strong, pp. xvi-xvii, and Nicholas Shakespeare, 'Guzman Found', Daily Telegraph Magazine, 22 January 1994 2. This account is based on interviews by the author in Lima with General Vidal, head of DINCOTE, on 6 December 1991, 27 January 1994 and 4 February 1994; also with his successor, General Dominguez, in London on 13 July 1993 and again in Lima on 26 January 1994. These interviews were supplemented from John Simpson, In the Forests of the Night, London, Hutchinson, 1993, and Nicholas Shakespeare, 'Guzman Found', and an interview with Nicholas Shakespeare on 18 December 1993. 3. The Andean Commission of Jurists, Andean Newsletter (AC]ANL) No. 91 June 1994, p. 5, reported that a further pointer to the involvement of Maritza and Inchaustigui was given in August 1992 by Luis Alberto Arana Franco, alleged to have been the SL logistic chief, who had been arrested in June 1992. After the Repentance Law (see pp. 34-6) was passed in August 1992, Arana was said to have given a tip-off that these two were respon-sible for the security of ' an important SL leader'. Arana was later freed in a safe area with a new identity. If this story is true, the Repentance Law may have played a part in Guzman's capture. 4. Richard Clutterbuck's Riot and Revolution in Singapore and Malaya, London, Faber & Faber, 1973, pp. 221-3 and pp. 253-5, and his The Long Long War, New York, Praeger, 1966; London, Cassell, 1967, pp. 95-111 give full accounts of the Malayan experience. 216 Notes and Riferences
5. Alison Jamieson, Collaboration: New Legal and Judicial Procedures for Countering Terrorism, Conflict Studies No. 257, London, RISCT, 1993, and Richard Clutterbuck, Terrorism, Drugs and Crime in Europe after 1992, London and New York, Routledge, 1990, pp. 40-5 6. APC, 1980-1, p. 231 7. Obando, 'Subversion', p. 325 8. Clutterbuck, Riot, pp. 181-3 9. ACJANL, No. 81, August 1993 10. Author's visit to the Huallaga Valley, 28-9 January 1994 II. Control Risks, Briefing Book, July 1994 12. Shakespeare, 'Guzman', p. 24 13. The Peruvian presentation of conflict statistics is vcry different from that used in Northcrn Ireland where, in the 24 years 1969-93,3133 people were killed, of whom 2175 (70 per cent) were listed as civilians and 938 (30 per cent) were unifornlcd soldiers and police officers (full time and part time). Of these 2175 civilians, just under 400 were believed to be republican and loyalist terrorists, so ~.e of whom were killed by rival terrorist groups but most (about 375) by the army and police. Of the 2175, the remainder, about 1800, were all killed by terrorists, republican and loyalist. In proportion to the population, the average of 84 killed each year since 1977 out of 1.5 million people in Northern Ireland is about half the number in proportion to the population killed in Peru in recent years, 3000 per year out of21.5 million, but the pattern of killing is very different. 14. Enrique Obando, 'The Powcr of the Armed Forces', Peru Report, August 1994, pp. 9-11 15. ACJANL No. 87, February 1994, p. 5 16. Obando, 'Armed Forces', p. 9
5 Cocaine Production in Peru
1. Rennselaar W. Lee III, The White Labyrinth, New Brunswick, NJ, 1990, p. 35 2. See, for example, the various issues of the Andean Commission of Jurists, Drug Trafficking Update (ACJDTU), monthly 1992-4; and Lee, p. 35 3. Lee, p. 32 4. David Whynes, 'Illicit Drugs Policy in Asia and Latin America', in Development and Change, London, Sage, 1991, 22, pp. 475-96, supplemented by a visit by the author to the Huallaga Valley, 28-9 January 1994 5. Deborah Willoughby, Cocaine, Opium, Marijuana: Global Problem, Global Response, Washington, DC, US Information Service, 1988 6. Visit by the author to the Peruvian army in the Huallaga Valley, 28-9 January 1994 Notes and Riferences 217
7. ACJDTU No. 45, January 1994 8. ACJDTU No. 47, March 1994, p. 7 9. ACJDTU No. 46, February 1994, p. 4 10. Obando, 'Armed Forces', p. 1 11. World in Figures, p. 22 12. Jamieson, NATO 13. Statesman's rear Book, London, Macmillan, 1993, p. 1087
6 Bolivia
1. Whynes estimates Bolivia's receipts at $2 billion; the Stateman's rear Book records the legitimate GDP as $7.8 billion 2. Jamieson, NATO 3. As with all illegal and clandestine operations, estimates vary wildly, from 'ten times more' to 'four times more', that is, 80 percent of the total exports; the second figure is probably nearer the truth
7 ColoDlbia
1. AlisonJamieson, Global Drug Trafficking, Conflict Studies No. 234, London, RISCT, p. 15 2. Ibid 3. Encyclopaedia Britannica 1981,4, p. 875 4. Control Risks, Country Risk Service, London, Control Risks, September 1994 5. Author's interview with the general manager of an oil project in Colombia in 1989 6. ACJDTU No. 44, December 1993, p. 2 7. James Adams, The Financing of Terror, London, New English Library, 1986, p. 219 8. Richard Clutterbuck, Terrorism and Guerrilla Waifare, London and New York, Routledge, 1990, pp. 205-6, gives a 'nightmare scenario' of how this might happen 10. Ibid, p. 94 11. This was in accord with a worldwide move to combat the laundering of drug money, initiated by the Basel Declaration and the UN Vienna Convention in December 1988; these and similar measures are discussed more fully in Chapter 13 12. Jamieson, CS 234, p. 34 13. Ibid, p. 15 14. Adams, p. 219 15. Jamieson, NATO 16. ACJDTU No. 47, March 1994 17. Jamieson, CS 234, p. 15 18. ACJDTU No. 46, February 1994, p. 3 218 Notes and References
19. Control Risks, Briding Book, May 1994 20. ACJDTU No. 47, March 1994, p. 3 21. ACJDTU No. 48, April 1994, p. 3 22. Hor Lung, interview with the author in Malaya, 1967
8 Cocaine Distribution
I. Jamieson, NATO 2. Jamieson, CS 234, p. 20 3. Observer Magazine, London, 27 February 1994
9 Crack
I. Philip Bean (ed), Cocaine and Crack: Supply and Use, London, Macmillan; New York, St Martin's Press, 1993, p. 3 2. ISDD (Institute for the Study of Drug Dependence), Cocaine and Crack, London, ISDD, 1993, p. 4 3. John Reardon, 'Crack', Observer, 24 January 1988, p. 15 4. The Times, 10 August 1990 5. ISDD, Cocaine, p. 6 6. Reardon 7. Bean, p. 5 8. Jon Silverman, Crack of Doom, London, Headline, 1994, p. 99 9. Robert M. Stutman, New York DEA agent, lecture to ACPO Regional Drug Conference, Lancashire, 20 April 1989 10. Silverman, pp. 109-10 11. Ibid, p. 113 12 The Times, 10 August 1990 13. Silverman, pp. 1-35 14. Ibid, pp. 125-7 15. Ibid, p. 129
10 The Heroin Trail
1. Raymond Kendall, Secretary-General, Interpol, lecture to Europe 2000 Conference on Organized Crime, Berlin, 7-9 October 1993, p. 7 2. Willoughby, p. 7 3. ISDD, National Audit of Drug Abuse in Britain, London, ISDD, 1993, p. 59 4. The Economist, 17 April 1993, p. 36 5. Jamieson, CS 234, p. 10 6. Simon Baker, formerly Royal Hong Kong Police, interviews and correspondence with the author in 1994 7. Ibid Notes and Riferences 219
8. Gerald Posner, Warlords of Crime: The New MoJia, London, Mac donald Queen Anne Press, 1989, of which extracts were published in the Observer Magazine, 5 March 1989, p. 30 9. Simon Baker, interview 10. Kendall, p. 7 II. Alison Jamieson, Drug Trafficking After 1992, Conflict Studies No. 250, London, RISCT, April 1992, p. 3 12. Jamieson, CS 234, pp. 10-17
11 Cannabis and Synthetics
I. Willoughby 2. Jamieson, NATO 3. DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration), Drugs of Abuse, Washington DC, DEA, 1989, pp. 30 and 31 4. Observer Magazine, 27 February 1994 5. DEA, p. 40 6. Observer Magazine, 27 February 1994 7. DEA, pp. 30, 31 and 40 8 Martin Burton, 'ICE Cool in Honolulu', Intersec, London, March 1994 9. Jamieson, CS 250, p. 5 10. DEA, pp. 49-50 11. Observer Magazine, 27 February 1994 12. Jamieson, CS 250, p. 5
12 Money Laundering
1. Jamieson, CS 234, p. 4 2. Leon D. Richardson, 'The Urgency of Detergency, Part 1', TVI Journal, winter 1986, pp. 12-22 3. Nicholas Dom, Karin Murji and Nigel South, Traffickers: Drug Markets and Law Enforcement, London and New York, Routledge, 1992, pp. 28-9 4. Adams, pp. 227-8 5. Jamieson, CS 250, p. 9 6. Jamieson, CS 234, p. 25 7. Ibid, pp. 26-8 8. Ibid, p. 27 9. Jamieson, CS 250, p. 32 10. R. T. Naylor, transcript oflecture, Money Laundering, Florence, 19 May 1989, based on his book Hot Money, London, Unwin, 1987 II. Sunday Telegraph, 14 July 1991 12. Richardson, p. 14 13. Ibid, p. 15 220 Notes and References
13 Countering Money Laundering
1. Dorn, p. 63 2. Jamieson, CS 234, p. 33 3. Ibid, p. 37 4. Jamieson, CS 250, p. 21 5. Ibid, pp. 19-20 6. Ibid, p. 20 7. Ibid, p. 17 8. Ibid, p. 2 9. Ibid, pp. 14-15 10. Ibid, p. 21 11. Silverman, p. 171 12. Jamieson, CS 250, p. 21 13. Dorn, p. 79 14. Jane Goodsir, 'Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Surrounding the Use of Cocaine and Crack', in Bean, p. 134 15. Dorn, p. 154 16. Jamieson, CS 250, p. 22 17. Ibid, p. 23 18. Jamieson, CS 234, p. 28 19. M. Gillard, 'BCCI: The Cocaine Cash Trail', Observer, 16 October 1988, quoted in Dorn, p. 71 20. The Economist, 3 August 1991 21. Jamieson, CS 250, p. 28 22. Dorn, p. 71 23. Jamieson, CS 250, p. 31 24. Ibid, p. 27 25. Ibid, p. 30 26. Ibid, p. 35 27. Ibid, pp. 35-6
15 The USA
1. Jamieson, NATO 2. DEA 3. Jamieson, CS 234, p. 20 4. ACJDTU No. 43, November 1993 5. Jamieson, CS 234, p. 20 6. Keesings Archives, 1987, 35486 7. Keesings Archives, 1988, 36089-91 8. Guardian, 15 August 1989 9. J amieson, NATO 10. Whynes, pp. 475-96 11. Ibid, p. 491 Notes and Riferences 221
12. 'The War on Drugs Should Begin at Home', The Economist, 7 June 1988, p. 38 13. Whynes, pp. 492-3 14. Dr Mark Gold, founder of the US National Cocaine Helpline, speaking at a World Ministerial Drugs Conference in London, 9- 11 April 1990 15. Jamieson, CS 234, p. 32 16. Sunday Telegraph, 14 August 1994 17. The Times, 13 August 1994
16 The Italian Mafia
1. Alison Jamieson, The Modern Mafia: Its Role and Record, Conflict Studies No. 224, London, RISCT, 1989, p. 1 2. Encyclopaedia Britannica 1981,6, p. 478 3. AlisonJamieson, 'Mafia and Political Power 1943-89', International Relations, 10 (1), May 1990 4. Jamieson, CS 224, p. 3 5. Giovanni De Gennaro, lecture to Europe 2000 Conference on Organized Crime and Terrorism, Berlin, 7-9 October 1993 6. Jamieson, CS 224, p. 10 7. Ibid, p. 26 8. Alison Jamieson, 'Mafia and Institutional Power in Italy', Inter national Relations, 12 (1), April 1994 9. Jamieson, CS 257, p. 19 10. Ibid, p. 20 11. Control Risks, Briefing Book, May 1993
17 Russia and East Europe
1. For fuller details of these minorities in the former Soviet Union and East Europe, see Richard Clutterbuck, International Crisis and Conflict, London, Macmillan; New York, St Martin's Press, 1993, pp. 199-200 2. Kendall, p. 19 3. The author attended a security conference in Moscow in May 1990 4. Hagen Saberschinsky, President, Berlin Police, in a lecture to Europe 2000 Conference on Organized Crime and Terrorism, Berlin, 7-9 October 1993. An even higher figure was given~ by Christopher Ulrich, The Price of Freedom, Conflict Studies No. 275, London, RISCT, October 1994. He quoted 5700 criminal groups in Russia with a core strength of 100,000, of which 160 groups were operating internationally in 30 countries. Ulrich also estimated that organized criminals controlled almost 40,000 commercial 222 Notes and Riferences
businesses and that 70-80 per cent of all businesses paid extortion or protection money to criminal groups or to corrupt government officials 5. General Gannady Chebotarev, second in command of the organ ized crime directorate in the Russian Ministry of the Interior, reported in The Economist, 9 July 1994 6. Report to the President of Russia inJanuary 1994, reported in The Economist, 19 July 1994 7. The Economist, 9 July 1994 8. Ibid 9. Ibid. This figure may, however, be an exaggeration: it was given by a member of the Communist Party, who might wish to discredit attempts to develop a market economy 10. Kendall, p. 2 II. Ibid, p. 3 12. Russian Minister of the Interior, reported in The Economist, 9 July 1994 13. Kendall, p. 4 14. Jamieson, NATO 15. Kendall, p. 4 16. Ibid 17. Ibid, p. 7 18. Control Risks, Briifing Book, May 1993 19. Ibid 20. Ibid 21. The Times, 6 November, 1992 22. Hans Reermann, German Ministry of the Interior, lecture to Europe 2000 Conference on Organized Crime and Terrorism, Berlin, 7-9 October 1993 23. Economist, 30 July 1994 24. Police Chief Vavra, Prague Police, in a lecture to Europe 2000 Conference on Organized Crime and Terrorism, 7-9 October 1993 25. Jamieson, NATO
18 Italy, Gerltlany and the Dutch Experiltlent
1. Control Risks, Briifing Book, May 1993 2. Jamieson, CS 250, p. 19 3. ACJDTU No. 51, July 1994, p. 6 4. BKA figured cited in Jamieson, CS 250, p. 19 5. Alison Jamieson, International Dimensions of Italian Organized Crime, lecture to Hans Seidel Stiftung, Wildbad Kreuth, 22-4 September 1993 6. Sunday Telegraph, 23 October 1994 Notes and Riferences 223
7. ACJDTU No. 51, July 1994, p. 6 8. The Economist, 10 February 1990 9. Jamieson, CS 250, p. 13
19 Drug Trafficking in the UK
1. H. B. Spear and Joy Mott, 'Cocaine and Crack within the British System: A History of Control', in Bean, pp. 29-45 2. The Independent, 2 March 1994 3. ISDD, National Audit of Drug Misuse in Britain, London, ISDD 1993, pp. 20-1, and CDCU, Tackling Drugs Together 4. Sunday Telegraph, 5 June 1994 5. ISDD, Audit, pp. 22-6 6. The Economist, 13 November 1993, p. 38 7. Question Research and Marketing Strategists Report published in Police Review 26 (7), March 1994, p. 37 8. The Independent, 2 March 1994 9. Jamieson, CS 224, p. 29 10. Ibid 11. Silverman, pp. 211-18 12. Ibid, p. 220 13. Ibid, pp. 161-2 14. Frances Crook, director, Howard League for Penal Reform, inter- view with the author, 1 September 1993 15. Dorn, pp. 184-6 16. Silverman, pp. 155-61 17. Ibid, p. 165 18. Ibid, pp. 181-4 19. Dorn, pp. 50-2 20. Ibid, p. 49 21. Ibid, pp. 25-6 22. Ibid, pp. 21-4 23. Detective Superintendent David Brennan, head of Greater Man- chester Police drug squad, quoted in Silverman, pp. 197-8 24. Dorn, p. 45 25. Silverman, p. 191 26. Ibid, pp. 190-3 27. Detective Sergeant Tony Brett, quoted in Silverman, pp. 194-5 28. Silverman, p. 196 29. Brennan, quoted in Silverman, pp. 197-8
20 Anti-Drug EnforceDlent in the UK
1. Dorn, p. 66. By contrast, the New York City Police Department in 1989 had 2700 full-time drug officers and made 90,000 drug arrests 224 Notes and References
in 1988 (Stutman, p. 14). A senior Mctropolitan Police officer told the author in an interview in 1994 that he had fewer drug officers than the number of bandsmen in the Brigade of Guards 2. Dorn, pp. 78-80 3. Police Review, 27 September 1991 4. CDCU, p. 25 5. ACPO Report on Operational Intelligence, 1986, quoted by Dorn, pp. 157-8 6. Drug squad officer quoted by Dorn, p. 126 7. This technique can be compared with that used by the British in Malaya in the 1950s (see pp. 35 and 64-5), by the Italians against terrorists in 1980-83 and currently against the mafia (see pp. 135-6) and by the Peruvians under their Repentance Law (see pp. 34-6) 8. In Italy in 1976, in the interests of freedom of information, a law was passed enabling a magistrate investigating a case to ask for the intelligence file of any person connected with that case. Both the mafia and the terrorists soon learned how to find a corruptible magistrate. As a result, informants dared not come forward, and information from them virtually ceased until, after the kidnap and murder of former Prime Minister Aldo Moro in 1978, the Italian government had to change the policy. The subsequent success of the pentiti was described in Chapter 16 9. This happened in the case against Victor Agar in 1989. See Dorn, pp. 133-4 10. Guardian, 'Super for supergrasses', 15 February 1990 11. A.Jennings, P. Lashmar and V. Simpson, Scotland Yard's Cocaine Con nection, London, Jonathan Cape, 1990, p. 32, cited in Dorn, p. 135 12. Richard Clutterbuck, Terrorism in an Unstable World, London and New York, Routledge, 1994, pp. 162-3 13. Goodsir in Bean, p. 135 14. Dorn, pp. 98-9 15. Ibid, pp. 181-3 16. Goodsir in Bean, p. 134 17. Ibid, p. 136 18. Notting Hill (london) police officer quoted in Dorn, p. 107 19. Dorn, pp. 108-10 20. Detective Superintendent John Jones, quoted in Silverman, pp.64-76 21. Silverman, pp. 193-7 22. Ibid, pp. 8-22 23. Ibid, p. I 24. A. Maden, M, Swinton andJ. Gunn, 'A Survey of Pre-Arrest Drug Use by Sentcnced Prisoners', British Journal qf Addiction, 1992, 87 (1), pp. 27-33 Notes and Riferences 225
25. Richard Stevenson, Winning the War on Drugs: To Legali;;.e or Not?, Hobart Paper No. 124, London, Institute of Economic Affairs, 1994, p. 32 26. Home Office, Bulletin oj Statistics oj Drug Addicts, 1993, London, HMSO, 1994, reported in The Independent and the Guardian, 23June 1993 27. Grieve, Forum 28. John Grieve, Report of Workshop on Drug Prevention Strategy, ACPO Conference, 1993
21 Could Suppression be Made to Work?
I. The Economist, 15 May 1993, p. 63 2. The Economist, 19 February 1994 and 15 May 1993 3. Sunday Telegraph, 5 June 1994 4. Attention was first drawn to this by Sir Robert Mark in his BBC Dimbleby Lecture in 1973 5. CDCU, p. 7 6. CDCU, pp. 68-9
22 DecriDlinalize? License? Legalize?
I. Stevenson, pp. 46-7. His figures differ from others but all figures from all sources agree that there is a lower percentage of addicts in the Netherlands than in Italy or the UK 2. The Economist, 10 February 1990 3. Sunday Telegraph, 5 June 1994 4. Stevenson, p. 48 5. At this workshop, nearly 50 percent of those taking part supported the idea of launching a major research project to investigate the feasibility and pros and cons of extending licensing 6. Grieve, Workshop, p. 32 7. Grieve, Forum 8. Jamieson, CS 234, pp. 35-6 9. Jamieson, CS 250, p. 2 10. Stevenson, p. 37 11. A tot of whisky (2.5 cl) contains 40 percent pure alcohol (2 cl). The price from the distillers ex bond is about £2.80 per 70 cl bottle (28 cl of pure alcohol) or 10 pence per tot. The duty on this (£5.54 per bottle or 20p per tot) works out at 200 percent. Adding profit and VAT, the bottle will cost about £11 at an off-licence shop. By the time the whisky gets to a pub, with further VAT, profit and the pub's overheads, it costs about £1.25 per tot or £2.50 for a double whisky 226 Notes and References
12. Stevenson, pp. 28-9: Customs £125-50 million, police £24 million, prison service £48 million 13. G. W. Nelson, The War on Drugs: An Alternative Strategy, London, Seaford House Papers, HMSO, 1993, pp. 35-51 14. CDCU, pp. 111-14
23 A War to be Won in the West
1. William Rees-Mogg, The Times, 15 September 1993 2. CDCU Bibliography
BOOKS, ARTICLES AND LECTURES
(Short Title) ACPO (Association of Chief Police Officers), (ACPO) Reports, 1986-93 ADAMS, JAMES, The Financing of Terror, (Adams) London, New English Library, 1986 ANDEAN COMMISSION OF JURISTS, (ACJANL) Andean Newsletter, Lima, monthly 1992-94 ANDEAN COMMISSION OF JURISTS, (ACJDTU) Drug Trafficking Update, Lima, monthly 1992-4 Annual of Power and Conflict (A PC) , London, (APC) Institute for the Study of Conflict, 1980-1 and 1981-2 BEAN, PHILIP (cd) Cocaine and Crack: Supply (Bean) and Use, London, Macmillan; New York, St Martin's Press, 1993 BURTON, MARTIN, 'ICE Cool in Honolu (Burton) lu', Intersec, London, March 1994 CDCU (Central Drugs Coordination Unit), (CDCU) Tackling Drugs Together (Cm 2678), Consul tation Document, London, HMSO, October 1994 CLUTTERBUCK, RICHARD, The Long Long (Clutterbuck, War, London, CasselI, 1967 Long War) CLUTTERBUCK, RICHARD, Riot and Revol (Clutterbuck, Riot) ution in Singapore and Malaya, London, Faber & Faber, 1973 CLUTTERBUCK, RICHARD, Terrorism and (Cl u tterbuck, Guerrilla Waifare, London and New York, Waifare) Routledge, 1990 CLUTTERBUCK, RICHARD, Terrorism, (Clutterbuck, Europe) Drugs and Crime in Europe after 1992, London and New York, Routledge, 1990 CLUTTERBUCK, RICHARD, International (Clutterbuck, Crisis) Crisis and Conflict, London, Macmillan; New York, St Martin's Press, 1993 227 228 Bibliography
CLUTTERBUCK, RICHARD, Terrorism in (Clutterbuck, World) an Unstable World, London and New York, Routledge, 1994 Conflict Studies, Nos 224, 234, 250, 257, 275, see JAMIESON and ULRICH CONTROL RISKS, Briefing Book, London, (Control Risks, Control Risks, 1981-94 Briefing Book) CONTROL RISKS, Country Risk Service, (Control Risks, London, Control Risks, 1993-4 Country Risk) DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration), (DEA) Drugs of Abuse, Washington, DC, DEA, 1989 DE GENNARO, GIOVANNI, lecture to Eur (De Gennaro) ope 2000 Conference on Organized Crime and Terrorism, Berlin, 7-9 October 1993 DEGREGORI, CARLOS, 'How Difficult it is (Degregori) to be God', Critique of Anthropology, London, Sage, 1991, 11 (3) DE SOTO, HERNANDO, The Other Path, (De Soto) London, Taurus, 1989 DORN, NICHOLAS, MUR,JI, KARIM, and (Dorn) SOUTH, NIGEL, Trafficking: Drug Markets and Law Enforcement, London and New York, Routledge, 1992 ECONOMIST, The, World in Figures, London, (World in Figures) The Economist, 1994 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1981 (EB) EUROPE 2000, Collected papers from Con (E2000) ference on Organized Crime and Terrorism, Berlin 7-9 October 1993. See contributors DE GENNARO, KENDALL, REER MANN, SABERSCHINSKY and VAVRA GILLARD, M., 'BCCI: The Cocaine Cash (Gillard) Trail', Observer, 16 October 1988 GONZALES, JOSE E., 'Guerrillas and Coca (Gonzales in Scott in the Upper Huallaga Valley', in SCOTT Palmer) PALMER GOODSIR, JANE, 'Civil Rights and Civil (Goodsir in Bean) Liberties Surrounding the Use of Cocaine and Crack', in BEAN GORRITI, GUSTAVO, 'Shining Path's Sta (Gorriti in Scott lin and Trotsky', in SCOTT PALMER Palmer) GRIEVE, JOHN, Report of Workshop on Drug (Grieve, Workshop) Prevention Strategy, ACPO Conference, 1993 GRIEVE, JOHN, Paper presented to London (Grieve, Forum) Drug Policy Forum, 18 March 1994 Bibliography 229
GUIBOVICH, OTTO, Shining Path: Birth, Life (Guibovich) and Death, Camberley, Staff College, 1993 HOME OFFICE, Bulletin of Statistics of Drug (Home Office Addicts, 1993, London, HMSO, 1994, quoted Bulletin) in The Independent and the Guardian, 23 June 1994 ISBELL, BILLIE JEAN, 'Shining Path and (Isbell in Scott Peasant Responses in Rural Ayacucho', in Palmer) SCOTT PALMER ISDD (Institute for the Study of Drug (ISDD, Cocaine) Dependence), Cocaine and Crack, London, ISDD, 1993 ISDD, National Audit of Drug Misuse in Britain, (ISDD, Audit) London, ISDD, 1993 JAMIESON, ALISON, The Modern Mafia: Its Oamieson, CS 224) Role and Record, Conflict Studies No. 224, London, RISCT, September 1989 JAMIESON, ALISON, 'Mafia and Political Oamieson, Mafia Power 1943-89', International Relations, 10 (1), 1990) May 1990 JAMIESON, ALISON, Global Drug Traffick oamieson, CS 234) ing, Conflict Studies No. 234, London, RISCT, September 1990 JAMIESON, ALISON, Drug Trafficking After Oamieson, CS 250) 1992, Conflict Studies No. 250, London, RISCT, April 1992 JAMIESON, ALISON, Collaboration: New Oamieson, CS 257) Legal and Judicial Procedures for Countering Terrorism, Conflict Studies No. 257, Lon don, RISCT, January 1993 JAMIESON, ALISON, International Dimensions Oamieson, Hans of Italian Organized Crime, lecture to Hans Seidel) Seidel Stiftung, Wilbad Kreuth, 22-4 Sep tember 1993 JAMIESON, ALISON, Organized Crime and Oamieson, NATO) Drug Trafficking, lecture to NATO Defence College, Rome, 27 January 1994 JAMIESON, ALISON, 'Mafia and Institu Oamieson, Mafia tional Power in Italy', International Relations, 1994) 12 (1), April 1994 JENNINGS, A., LASHMAR, P. and SIMP Oennings) SON, V., Scotland rard's Cocaine Connection, London, Jonathan Cape, 1990 KENDALL, RAYMOND, Secretary-General, (Kendall) Interpol, lecture to Europe 2000 Conference 230 Bibliography
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SILVERMAN, JON, Crack of Doom, London, (Silverman) Headline, 1994 SIMPSON, JOHN, In the Forests of the Night, (Simpson) London, Hutchinson, 1993 SPEAR, H. B. and MOTT,jOY, 'Cocaine and (Spear and Mott in Crack within the British System: A History of Bean) Control', in BEAN Statesman's rear Book, London, Macmillan, 1993 (Statesman's rB) STEVENSON, RICHARD, Winning the War (Stevenson) on Drugs: To Legalize or Not?, Hobart Paper No. 124, London, Institute of Economic Affairs, 1994 STRONG, SIMON, Shining Path, London, (Strong) Harper Collins, 1992 STUTMAN, ROBERT M., New York DEA (Stutman) agent, Crack: Its Effects on a City and Law Enforcement Response, lecture to ACPO Re gional Drug Conferences, 20 April 1989 ULRICH, CHRISTOPHER, The Price of (Ulrich) Freedom, Conflict Studies No. 275, London, RISCT, October 1994 V A VRA, Chief, Prague Police, lecture to (Vavra) Europe 2000 Conference on Organized Crime and Terrorism, Berlin, 7-9 October 1993 WHYNES, DAVID, 'Illicit Drugs Policy in (Whynes) Asia and Latin America' Development and Change, London, Sage, 1991,22, pp. 475-96 WILLOUGHBY, DEBORAH, Cocaine, Opium, (Willoughby) Marijuana: Global Problem, Global Response, Washington, DC, US Information Service, 1988
JOURNALS AND NEWSPAPERS
Andean Commission of jurists, Andean Newsletter (ACJANL) Andean Commission of jurists, Drug Trafficking Update (ACJDTU) British Journal of Addiction Conflict Studies Critique of Anthropolgy Daily Telegraph Daily Telegraph Magazine Development and Change The Economist 232 Bibliography
Guardian The Independent International Relations Intersec Low Intensity Conflict and Law Enforcement Observer Observer Magazine Peru Report Police Review Sunday Telegraph The Times TVI Journal Index
Where acronyms are shown in the list of abbreviations (pp. xiii-xv) the acronym rather than the full title is normally used in this index.
Addiction, see Drug abuse Boycott of unscrupulous banks, Afghanistan, 82-3, 88, 121, 134, 116,208 144, 207 Brazil, 45, 53, 66 AIDS, 123, 151, 178-9 Brussels, 163 Amnesty International, 37 Buscetto, Tommaso, 136 Amphetamines, 3, 91-4, 122, 156-7, 165, 198 Cali cartel, 44, 56, 58, 63, 69, 124, Amsterdam, 87, 150-2, 192,213 160 Antilles, Aruba, 53, 67, 104 Cannabis (Hashish, Marijuana), Arciniega, General (Peru), 24-5 90-1, 122, 144, 147, 149-52, Argentina, 53, 66 155-61,178-9,192,198,203 Arms smuggling, 138, 143, 147 Capital punishment, 164, 181, 184 'Assassins, The', 90 Caribbean, 53, 66-7, 104,207 Assets CELAD, 107, 197 freezing of, 108-9, 114-17 China, 85-7, 202 proofofsource, 108-9, 114, 135, CIS, 141, 143, 147, 148 174 Civil liberties, 7, 187 seizure of, 61, 108-9, 114-17, Coca, cocaine 174 distribution of, 41-7, 66-9 legitimate uses of, 12 manufacture of, 41-3, 59 Bank secrecy, 5, 97, 103, 117,208 prices of, 41-3, 47, 68-9, 122 Barbi turates, 91 production of, xi, 41, 53-5 Barco, President (Colombia), 60-1 purity of, 41-2, 68, 122, 158 Basel Declaration (1988), 105,208 see also under individual countries BCCI, 111-13, 209 Coleridge, Samuel, 81 Bean, Philip, 71 Colombia Belaunde, President (Peru), 14, cannabis production in, 91 21,25,_35,48 cocaine production in, 43, 57-8 Benzedrine, 92 corruption in, xi, 59-63, 121, Biometric identification, 164, 208 175-6, 186-7, 191 drug cartels in, xi, 5, 40, 41, 44, Bolivia, 42, 45, 53-5, 66, 82, 200, 56-65, 66, 100, 126, 200, 207 208 Borsellino, Judge (Italy), 135-6 economy of, 42, 56
233 234 Index
Colombia (cont.) to fund drug abuse, xi, 3-4, 49, extradition from, 60-2, 75, 77,97, I 17, 122, 124, kidnapping in, 57, 60, 207 147, 156, 211-13 murders in, 57, 60-I, 130, 143, see also under individual countries 207 Crop substitution and eradication, opium cultivation in, 82 xii, 42-3, 54-5, 126, 207 police in, 59, 61, 63 political parties in, 56, 59-60 Dalla Chiesa, General (Italy), racial mix in, 56 135-6 Repentance Law in, 64 Data protection, 187, 196 terrorist movements in, 57-8, DEA, 24, 92, 105, 123 125 DDUs,6, 190, 193-5, 198,204, violence in, 56-8, 207 212 Con torno, Salvatore, 136 Decriminalization of drugs, xii, Corporate liability, 115, 117 6-7, 127, 149-52, 180, 191, Corporations providing cover for 200-2,212 drug trade, 5, 41-2, 66, 97, DNA, 87, 212 100-4, 117, 158 Dorn, Nicholas, xii, 165 Corruption Drug abuse in Bolivia, 54 as a communicable disease, 12, in Colombia, xi, 59-63, 121, 189, 199 208 by young people, 6-7, 123, 144, in Italy, 59, 131-7, 148 156, 179, 192, 195-200, in Peru, xi, 4, 24, 28-9, 38-40, 202,211-13 41,45-6,48-9, 121 deaths due to, 151, 179, 192 in Russia and CIS, 142-3 effects of, 151-2, 189 in UK, 7, 188, 191 treatment of, 6, 178-9, 189-90, of judges, 29 193,203,212 ofjuries and witnesses, 6, 188-9, see also under individual countries 191,210-12 and drugs Couriers, 66-9, 86, 89, 123--4, Drugs trade 157-64 global turnover, xi, 3, 97, 1 17, Crack, 70-77 passim, 90 208 characteristics of, 70-I, 75 street prices, 3,68,85,122, 151, manufacture of, 4, 42, 70 192, 194, 198,212 prices of, 75, 122, 198 see also Asian trading practices see also under individual countries and Money laundering; also Crime, criminals under individual countries and conviction, 6, 117, 185-9 drugs deterrence against, I 17, 183-5 Dubai,88 finance of, by drug traffic, xi, 3, 41,49, 1 17, 121, 132, 147, East Europe, 5, 36, 87, 89, 121, 207-8,211-13 138-40, 145-7, 207-8 persistent offenders, 6, 182-4, see also Russia 191,211-12 Economist, The, 182 Index 235
Ecstasy, 3, 76,91,93-4, 122, 155, Hashish, see Cannabis 166, 179 Heroin and opium EDU, 107 'black tar', 82, 127, 'EI Vaticano', 44, 69, 157 distribution of, 84--7, 126 Escobar, Pablo, 58-64, 72, 157 Golden Crescent, 82-3, 88-9, Europol, 107, 117, 210 126-7 EU, see West Europe and under Golden Triangle, 82-7 individual countries legitimate uses of, 82, 89, Evans, Nelly, 30-2, 49 manufacture of, 81-5, 88 Extradition, 60-2, 116,212 prices of, 84--5, 122 purity of, 82, 85, 122, 158, 198 Falcone, Judge (Italy), 135-6 world production of, 81-4 FATF, 106 see also under individual countries 'Feliciano', 36 Hong Kong, 85-7, 207 Fiscal havens, 5, 97, 103-4, 116, Hor Lung, 64--5 208 France, 67, 93, 160, Ic~ 76, 92-3, 122, 156 Fujimori, President (Peru), 25, ID cards, 175, 186-7, 191, 196, 27-9, 35, 38, 45, 48 210,212 Illegal immigration into Germany, 145-6 G7 countries, 105-6, 116 into UK, 73, 146, 187 Galan, Luis Carlos (Colombia), into West Europe, 145 murder of, 61 through East Europe, 145-6 Garcia, President (Peru), 22-3, Impersonation, 186-7 25-8, 39, 46, 48 Informants Gaviria, President (Colombia), 62 anonymity of, 114, 117, 189, Germany, 89, 130, 145-6, 149, 209-10, 224 186,210 double agents, 125 Gorbachev, President (USSR), in Italy, 48, 65, 170 138, 140-1 in Malaya, 35, 48, 64--5 Grieve,John, xii, 179-80, 191, in Peru, 34--6, 48, 65, 170 193-4 in UK, 109, 170-2, 176, 189 Guevara, Che, 16, 57 incentives for, 35, 48, 64, 117, Guzman, Abimael, 15-20,26-7, 170-2, 189,215 30-7,48-9 Innocence, proof of, 108-9, 114, see also SL (Peru) 135, 174, 186-7 Intelligence Hale, Mother, 71 anonymity of intelligence Harmonization officers, 114, 117, 189, 209 ID cards and passports, 186, answerability of intelligence 210 service, 209 judicial, 116, 210 exchange of, 116, 209-10, 212 police intelligence, 106-7, 109, in Germany, 149 116-17, 187,210 in Malaya, 35, 48, 64--5 236 Index
Intelligence (cont.) kidnapping in, 110 in Peru, 18, 24, 28, 32-6, 48 mafia in, xi, 4, 59, 72,87, 114, in Russia, 138 121, 124, 131-7, 148,209 in UK, 109-10, 169-77, 180 money laundering legislation the key to success, 4, 48, 116-17 in, 110-13 see also Informants and under murders in, 114, 133, 135-6, 172 individual countries pentiti, 48, 65, 117, 135-6, 172 International conventions against police in, 134-7 drugs and money laundering, terrorists in, 135-6 104-7, 150, 196-7,201,204, 213 Jamaica, Jamaicans, 71-3, 123, see also Basel Declaration and 158, 162-4, 166, 168, 175 Vienna Convention Jamieson, Alison, xii, 83 International co-operation, 117 Japan, 130, 181,212 see also CELAD, EDU, Europol, Juries, 191 FATF, G7 countries, anonymity of, 188 intelligence, Interpol, corruption of, 6, 188-9, 191, PNCs and TREVI 210-12 Interpol, 106, 117, 144 intimidation of, 6, 29, 61, 188-9, Intimidation 191,210-12 in Colombia, 59-61 selection of, 188 in Italy, 4, 59, 114, 131-7, 148, 224 in Peru, 19,26,29,37,49 KGB, 138, 141 in UK, 164, 176 Khun Sa, 84-6, 157, 207 of judges, 29, 61 Kidnapping, 57, 60, 110, 175,207 of juries, 6, 29, 61, 188-9, 191, 210-12 Laos, 82-3, 88 of witnesses, 6, 29, 61, 188-9, Latvia, 145, 208 191,211-12 Lebanon, 83, 91 I parraguirre, Elena, 30-4 Legalization of drugs, xii, 65, 127, Iran, 82, 88, 147 152, 180, 194-204,212-13 ISDD, 155-6, 200 Lewis, Sammy, 69, 76, 164, 176-7 Italy Libya, 147 access to intelligence files in, Licensing of drugs, xii, 6, 47, 180, 224 193-5, 211-13 cocaine and heroin in, 134 Liverpool, 71, 158 corruption in, 59, 131-7, 148 Lloyd's, 86 crime in, 131-7, 148 LSD, 3, 91, 93, 122, 155, 198 drug consumption in, 4, 67, Luciano, 'Lucky', 132, 134 134, 144, 148, 151 extortion in, 110 intimidation in, 4, 59, 114, Machine readable ID cards and 131-7, 148, 224 passports, 164, 186, 191, 195 Index 237
Mafia Military coups, 14-15,40,53 and drugs, 4, 87, 134 Minorities in Russia, CIS and 'association of a mafia kind', East Europe, 139-40 115, 131, 135, 209 Mobile phones, 167, 176-7 Camorra (Naples), 131, 133, Money laundering 148-9 at local level, 97-9, 180 Corleonesi family, 133, 148 by mafia, 135, 137 Cosa Nostra (Sicily), xi, 124, definitions of, 98, 107, 110-11 131-7, 142, 148 electronic transfer, 67, 100-3, definition of, 131 116,208 in East Europe, 87, 121, 137, fictional kidnap and 208-9 ransom, 101 in Italy, xi, 4, 59, 65, 72,87, in Bolivia, 54 114, 121, 124, 131-7, 142, in Italy, 102, 110-11, 148 148 in Russia and East Europe, 147 in Russia, 137, 141-2,208 international, 99-103 in UK, 157, 159 legislation against, 6-7, 104-11, in USA, 131-2 113-15,208 intimidation by, 4, 59, 114, 'Pizza Connection', 101-2 131-7 usury, 102 mass trials, 134, 136 see also Assets and Bank secrecy 'Ndrangheta (Calabria), 131, and under individual countries 133, 137, 148 Montesinos, Vladimiro, 28, 39 organizational structure, 133 Morocco, 91 pentiti, 65, 135-6 Mussolini, 132 political influence, xi, 59,132-7, Myanmar, 81-5, 88, 157,200-1, 142,208 207 Sacra Corona Unita (Apulia), 131, 137 vow of silence (omerta), 132-3, Naples, 132 136 Narcotics Anonymous, 200 Malaysia, 35, 48, 64-5, 86, 164, Nelson, G. W., 201-3 181 Netherlands, 67, 87, 94, 149-52, Manchester, 71, 158, 166-8, J 76 186,208 Marijuana, see Cannabis drugs policy in, 5-7, 149-52, Maritza Garrido Lecca, 31-4, 37, 180, 182, 192-3,201,203, 49 212-13 MDMA, see Ecstasy police in, 150-2, 192-3 Medellin cartel, 58-64, 69, 72, NHS, 186, 191, 194, 198, 203, 124 Nigeria, Nigerians, 66-7, 89, Media cooperation, 127, 172, 180, 157-8, 161-4 191, 194 Nomenklatura, 48-9, 138-9, 141 Methadone, 91, 178 Noriega, General (Panama), 100, Mexico, 53,66,82-3,91, 126-7 112, 125, 209 238 Index
Northern Ireland, 22, 109, 170, intelligence in, 18, 24, 28, 32-6, 216 48 Nuclear materials, smuggling of, intimidation in, 18-19,26,29, 143, 147 37, 49 killing in, 19-21,26,37-8,216 La Cantuta incident, 38 OCR, 186, 195 opium cultivation, 82 Operations against drugs (UK) police in, 19-22, 30-7 'buy bust', 76, 169, 176-7 political parties in, 22, 25, 28-9 China, 176 prisons in, 22-3, 37-8 Corkscrew, 167, 176 racial mix in, I I - 15 Dalehouse, 175, Repentance Law in, 34-6, 48, Howitzer, 176-7 215 Lucy, 73, 169 Rondas Campesinas, 20, 35, 48 Mint, 175, shanty towns (pueblos jovenes) in, Miracle, 176 12-13,31,37-8 'sell bust', 76, 169 terrorism in, see SL (Peru) Trident, 174-5 Pharmacies, dispensing of drugs Opium, see Heroin by, 195-6, 199,202,204,212 PNCs, 109, 116, 187, 210 Poland, 93, 145-6, 208 Pakistan, 82-3, 88 Police, see under individual countries Panama, 67, 100, 112, 125 Prisons, Passports, 6, 163-4, 175 drug abuse in, 6, 178-9, 2 I 2 Peru life sentences in, 183-5, 191, army in, 14-15, 21-6, 28-9, 211-12 37-40,45-6,48 massacres in, 22-3, 37-8 Ayacucho, 15-18, 19,45 see also under individual countries Chuschi, 19 Prohibition of alcohol, 131, 180, coca, cocaine paste, xi, 4-12, 199,213 25,41-7 Prostitutes, 39, 142, 145, 147, corruption in, xi, 4, 24, 28-9, 165-6, 178 38-40, 4 I, 45-6, 48-9, 121 Protection rackets, 19, 105, 141-2 drug traffickers (traquateros), 44- 6,68 Release, 155, 200 economy and industry Richardson, Eddie, 69, 159-6 I, of, 11-15,25,29,37,42,47 166 education in, 14-18 Right to silence, 187-8, 191 farmers (campesinos), xii, 12-18, Riina, 'Toto', 133 20, 24-5, 30-I, 38, 43, 45, Rotterdam, 87, 150-1 47,68, 126,207 Royal Commission on drugs history of, I I - 15 strategy, 203 Huallaga Valley, 23-5, 27, 36, Russia, 36 42,44-6 arms from, 138, 143, 147 human rights in, 25, 37-8, 48 black market in, 138, 141 Index 239
cannabis production in, 144 cocaine in, 68-9, 159-62, 165-7, corruption in, 142-3 175-6, 178-9, 198 crime in, 5, 138, 140-5 consumption of drugs in, xi, 4, drugs in, 142, 144--5 155-7, 179, 192, 21 I ethnic minorities in, 139-40 conviction rates in, 6, 185-9 intelligence in, 138 couriers to, 66-9, 157-64 mafia in, 137, 141 crack in, 70-7, 156-8, 165-7, murders in, 130, 143 175-7,178,183,198 nomenklatura in, 138-9, 141 decriminalization of drugs in, nuclear materials from, 143, 180, 191,200-2,211-12 147 deterrence in, 183-5 police in, 138, 142 drug distributors and dealers in, racketeering in, 142-3 6, 68-9, 73, 76, 121-2, 157-9, 164--8, 182-4, Samper, President (Colombia), 56 194--5, 201, 204, 212 Seizure of assets, 61, 108-9, drug importers in, 6, 68-9, 114--17, 174 121-2, 157-61, 182, 195, Silverman, Jon, xii, 76 201, 204, 212 SL (Peru), 4, 15, 125-6,207 drug-related crime in, 159-6 I, finance of, 23-4, 44, 46 174--7,179-80,190,193-5, foundation and organization 198-204 of, 17-27 education in, 190-1, 194, 199, intimidation, murder and 204 torture by, 19-21,26,37, expenditure by drug abusers in, 49 3,97, 157, 180 tactics and strategy of, 19-21, firearms in, 166, 177, 185, 194 gangs in, 73, 158, 165-8 26-7 see also 'Feliciano' and Guzman hawala banking in, 103 heroin in, 82-9, 155-7, 162, Spain, 66-7, 182 165-7,175-6,178-9,183 Speed, 76,92-3, 122, 156, 166 informants in, 109, 170-2, 176, Stutman, Robert, 74--5 189 Sweden, 105 intelligence in, 73, 76, 109-10, Switzerland, 101-2, 105 167, 169-77, 194 licensing of drugs in, xii, 6, 180, Taxation of drugs, 6, 126, 198-9, 193-5, 21l 204,212,225 extension of, 180, 195-204, Thailand, 82-8, 160, 164, 181,207 211-13 TREVI, 107,210 'life-meaning-life' sentences in, Triads, 85, 87 183-5, 191,211-12 Turkey, 88-9, 126, 144, 181,212 money laundering in, 107-10, II3, 173-4, 180, 184 UK murders in, 130, 164, 175, 183 cannabis in, 91,156-61,178-9, persistent offenders in, 6, 182-4, 198 191,211-12 240 Index
UK (cant.) murders in, 57,117,124,129, police in, 6, 71-3, 166-77, 130 179-80,182,186-91, Prohibition of alcohol in, 131, 193-5, 212 180, 199,213 prison sentences in, 161-2, sentences for drug offences in, 166-7, 173-7, 181-5, 191, 128, 182 197,204,211-12 smuggling into, 124, 207 prisons in, 6, 178-9, 184-5, synthetic drugs in, 93-4, 128 190-1, 211-12 'war on drugs' in, 3, 124-5, 127, 'raves' in, 3, 93-4, 156 150-2, 181,212 smuggling into, 100, 157-64 young people and drugs in, 123 strategy review (CDCU), xii, Uzbekistan, 81, 144 5-7, 155, 190-1,202,204, 213 Velasco, General (Peru), 14-16,48 street prices of drugs in, 3, 68, Venezuela, 66 85,122, 151, 192, 194, 198, Vidal, General (Peru), xii, 32-6, 212 48, 215 suppression of drug traffic in, 4, Vienna Convention (1988), 106, 6, 181-91,203,211-12 Ill, 114, 208 synthetic drugs in, 91, 93-4, Vietnam, 35, 86, 144 155-8, 165-6, 178-9, 198, 200; see also individual drugs West Africa, 89; young people and drugs in, 156, see also Nigeria 179,192,195-200,202, West Europe 211-13 crime in, 5, 117, 121, 144 see also Assets, Drug abuse, ID drug consumption in, xi, 4-5, cards, Operations and 41,53,66-7,86-7,90-1, Passports 144 UN, 7, 106, Ill, 114, 117, 124, threat from the East, 144-7,210 126-7, 202-4, 208 see also Illegal immigration and USA International co-operation aid as persuasion by, 3, 25, 29, and under individual countries 55 Whynes, David, 125-6 cannabis in, 90-1, 122, 128 Witnesses cocaine in, 74, 122, 124, 128, corruption of, 6, 188-9, 191, 181 210-12 Cold War, influence of, 125 intimidation of, 6, 29, 61, crack in, 71, 74, 122, 124, 128 188-9, 191,211-12 crime in, 121, 124, 129-31, 199 drug consumption in, xi, 4-5, Yardies, 71-3, 123 67,86,90,92, 121-4, 144, Yeltsin, President (Russia), 141 151 Young people and drugs, see under gun laws in, 128-30 Drug abuse and under heroin in, 67, 82, 85-7, 91, individual countries 126-8 Yugoslavia, former, 89, 138-9, 145