Notes and References After the first reference, a short title is normally used (see Bibliography). 1 Are We Losing the War? 1. The Economist, World in Figures, London, The Economist, 1994, p. 22 2. John Grieve, Paper presented to London Drug Policy Forum, 18 March 1994 3. The Economist, 13 November 1993, p. 38 4. Alison Jamieson, Organized Crime and Drug Trafficking, lecture to NATO Defence College, Rome, 27 January 1994 5. Ibid 6. CDCU (Central Drugs Coordination Unit), Tackling Drugs Together (Cm. 2678) Consultation Document, London, HMSO, October 1994. 2 The Mistis and the Shining Path 1. Simon Strong, Shining Path, London, Harper Collins, 1992, p. 49 2. Carlos Degregori, 'How Difficult it is to be God', Critique oj Anthropology, London, Sage, 1991, 11 (3), p. 236 3. Hernando de Soto, The Other Path, London, Taurus, 1989, pp. 61 and 94-5 4. Enrique Obando, 'Subversion and Anti Subversion in Peru 1980- 82', Low Intensity Conflict and Law Enforcement, London, autumn 1993, 2 (2) 5. Ibid, p. 319 6. Strong, pp. 25-6 7. Gustavo Gorriti, 'Shining Path's Stalin and Trotsky', in David Scott Palmer (ed) Shining Path of Peru, London, Hurst, 1992, p. 154 8. Ibid, pp. 154-5 9. Ibid, p. 156 10. Strong, p. 34 11. Ibid, pp. 35-6 12. Gorriti in Scott Palmer, p. 151 13. Obando, 'Subversion', p. 319 3 Coca Enters the War 1. Annual oj Power and Conflict (APC), London, Institute for the Study of Conflict, 1980-1 and 1981-2 214 Notes and References 215 2. Billie Jean Isbell, 'Shining Path and Peasant Responses in Rural Ayacucho', in Scott Palmer, p. 61 3. APC, 1981-2, pp. 88-92 4. Otto Guibovich, Shining Path: Birth, Life and Death, Camberley, Staff College, 1993, p. 18 5. Ibid 6. Strong, p. 174 7. Control Risks, Briifing Book, London, Control Risks, 1993 8. This 'substitution' procedure was vividly described by Nicholas Shakespeare in The Vision of Elena Silves, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1991 9. Strong, p. 155 10. Obando, 'Subversion', p. 323 II. Guibovich, p. 23 12. Obando, 'Subversion', p. 323 13. Jose E. Gonzales, 'Guerrillas and Coca In the Upper Huallaga Valley', in Scott Palmer, pp. 113-18 14. Guibovich, p. 16 4 President Fujitnori and the Capture of GuzlJlan 1. Strong, pp. xvi-xvii, and Nicholas Shakespeare, 'Guzman Found', Daily Telegraph Magazine, 22 January 1994 2. This account is based on interviews by the author in Lima with General Vidal, head of DINCOTE, on 6 December 1991, 27 January 1994 and 4 February 1994; also with his successor, General Dominguez, in London on 13 July 1993 and again in Lima on 26 January 1994. These interviews were supplemented from John Simpson, In the Forests of the Night, London, Hutchinson, 1993, and Nicholas Shakespeare, 'Guzman Found', and an interview with Nicholas Shakespeare on 18 December 1993. 3. The Andean Commission of Jurists, Andean Newsletter (AC]ANL) No. 91 June 1994, p. 5, reported that a further pointer to the involvement of Maritza and Inchaustigui was given in August 1992 by Luis Alberto Arana Franco, alleged to have been the SL logistic chief, who had been arrested in June 1992. After the Repentance Law (see pp. 34-6) was passed in August 1992, Arana was said to have given a tip-off that these two were respon-sible for the security of ' an important SL leader'. Arana was later freed in a safe area with a new identity. If this story is true, the Repentance Law may have played a part in Guzman's capture. 4. Richard Clutterbuck's Riot and Revolution in Singapore and Malaya, London, Faber & Faber, 1973, pp. 221-3 and pp. 253-5, and his The Long Long War, New York, Praeger, 1966; London, Cassell, 1967, pp. 95-111 give full accounts of the Malayan experience. 216 Notes and Riferences 5. Alison Jamieson, Collaboration: New Legal and Judicial Procedures for Countering Terrorism, Conflict Studies No. 257, London, RISCT, 1993, and Richard Clutterbuck, Terrorism, Drugs and Crime in Europe after 1992, London and New York, Routledge, 1990, pp. 40-5 6. APC, 1980-1, p. 231 7. Obando, 'Subversion', p. 325 8. Clutterbuck, Riot, pp. 181-3 9. ACJANL, No. 81, August 1993 10. Author's visit to the Huallaga Valley, 28-9 January 1994 II. Control Risks, Briefing Book, July 1994 12. Shakespeare, 'Guzman', p. 24 13. The Peruvian presentation of conflict statistics is vcry different from that used in Northcrn Ireland where, in the 24 years 1969-93,3133 people were killed, of whom 2175 (70 per cent) were listed as civilians and 938 (30 per cent) were unifornlcd soldiers and police officers (full time and part time). Of these 2175 civilians, just under 400 were believed to be republican and loyalist terrorists, so ~.e of whom were killed by rival terrorist groups but most (about 375) by the army and police. Of the 2175, the remainder, about 1800, were all killed by terrorists, republican and loyalist. In proportion to the population, the average of 84 killed each year since 1977 out of 1.5 million people in Northern Ireland is about half the number in proportion to the population killed in Peru in recent years, 3000 per year out of21.5 million, but the pattern of killing is very different. 14. Enrique Obando, 'The Powcr of the Armed Forces', Peru Report, August 1994, pp. 9-11 15. ACJANL No. 87, February 1994, p. 5 16. Obando, 'Armed Forces', p. 9 5 Cocaine Production in Peru 1. Rennselaar W. Lee III, The White Labyrinth, New Brunswick, NJ, 1990, p. 35 2. See, for example, the various issues of the Andean Commission of Jurists, Drug Trafficking Update (ACJDTU), monthly 1992-4; and Lee, p. 35 3. Lee, p. 32 4. David Whynes, 'Illicit Drugs Policy in Asia and Latin America', in Development and Change, London, Sage, 1991, 22, pp. 475-96, supplemented by a visit by the author to the Huallaga Valley, 28-9 January 1994 5. Deborah Willoughby, Cocaine, Opium, Marijuana: Global Problem, Global Response, Washington, DC, US Information Service, 1988 6. Visit by the author to the Peruvian army in the Huallaga Valley, 28-9 January 1994 Notes and Riferences 217 7. ACJDTU No. 45, January 1994 8. ACJDTU No. 47, March 1994, p. 7 9. ACJDTU No. 46, February 1994, p. 4 10. Obando, 'Armed Forces', p. 1 11. World in Figures, p. 22 12. Jamieson, NATO 13. Statesman's rear Book, London, Macmillan, 1993, p. 1087 6 Bolivia 1. Whynes estimates Bolivia's receipts at $2 billion; the Stateman's rear Book records the legitimate GDP as $7.8 billion 2. Jamieson, NATO 3. As with all illegal and clandestine operations, estimates vary wildly, from 'ten times more' to 'four times more', that is, 80 percent of the total exports; the second figure is probably nearer the truth 7 ColoDlbia 1. AlisonJamieson, Global Drug Trafficking, Conflict Studies No. 234, London, RISCT, p. 15 2. Ibid 3. Encyclopaedia Britannica 1981,4, p. 875 4. Control Risks, Country Risk Service, London, Control Risks, September 1994 5. Author's interview with the general manager of an oil project in Colombia in 1989 6. ACJDTU No. 44, December 1993, p. 2 7. James Adams, The Financing of Terror, London, New English Library, 1986, p. 219 8. Richard Clutterbuck, Terrorism and Guerrilla Waifare, London and New York, Routledge, 1990, pp. 205-6, gives a 'nightmare scenario' of how this might happen 10. Ibid, p. 94 11. This was in accord with a worldwide move to combat the laundering of drug money, initiated by the Basel Declaration and the UN Vienna Convention in December 1988; these and similar measures are discussed more fully in Chapter 13 12. Jamieson, CS 234, p. 34 13. Ibid, p. 15 14. Adams, p. 219 15. Jamieson, NATO 16. ACJDTU No. 47, March 1994 17. Jamieson, CS 234, p. 15 18. ACJDTU No. 46, February 1994, p. 3 218 Notes and References 19. Control Risks, Briding Book, May 1994 20. ACJDTU No. 47, March 1994, p. 3 21. ACJDTU No. 48, April 1994, p. 3 22. Hor Lung, interview with the author in Malaya, 1967 8 Cocaine Distribution I. Jamieson, NATO 2. Jamieson, CS 234, p. 20 3. Observer Magazine, London, 27 February 1994 9 Crack I. Philip Bean (ed), Cocaine and Crack: Supply and Use, London, Macmillan; New York, St Martin's Press, 1993, p. 3 2. ISDD (Institute for the Study of Drug Dependence), Cocaine and Crack, London, ISDD, 1993, p. 4 3. John Reardon, 'Crack', Observer, 24 January 1988, p. 15 4. The Times, 10 August 1990 5. ISDD, Cocaine, p. 6 6. Reardon 7. Bean, p. 5 8. Jon Silverman, Crack of Doom, London, Headline, 1994, p. 99 9. Robert M. Stutman, New York DEA agent, lecture to ACPO Regional Drug Conference, Lancashire, 20 April 1989 10. Silverman, pp. 109-10 11. Ibid, p. 113 12 The Times, 10 August 1990 13. Silverman, pp. 1-35 14. Ibid, pp. 125-7 15. Ibid, p. 129 10 The Heroin Trail 1. Raymond Kendall, Secretary-General, Interpol, lecture to Europe 2000 Conference on Organized Crime, Berlin, 7-9 October 1993, p. 7 2. Willoughby, p. 7 3. ISDD, National Audit of Drug Abuse in Britain, London, ISDD, 1993, p. 59 4. The Economist, 17 April 1993, p. 36 5. Jamieson, CS 234, p. 10 6. Simon Baker, formerly Royal Hong Kong Police, interviews and correspondence with the author in 1994 7. Ibid Notes and Riferences 219 8. Gerald Posner, Warlords of Crime: The New MoJia, London, Mac­ donald Queen Anne Press, 1989, of which extracts were published in the Observer Magazine, 5 March 1989, p.