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Citizen & Social

Muki Haklay, Extreme Citizen Science group Department of Geography, UCL : @mhaklay / @ucl_excites Outline

• What is citizen science? • Bottom-up / top-down. Challenges of multiple goals. • Why there is an interest in citizen science? (, RRI) • Who is interested (environmental policy, , innovation)? Participatory Mapping: context

1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s

• Participatory • Public • Volunteered / • Citizen Science Rural Appraisal Participation GIS Crowdsourced • Participatory (PPGIS) Geographic Learning and • Participatory GIS information Action (PGIS) • Participatory Sensing

APB-CMX Harry Wood 2010 Citizen Science

Long running Citizen Community Citizen Science Cyberscience Science

Ecology & Volunteer Volunteer Passive Participatory Meteorology Archaeology DIY Science Civic Science computing thinking Sensing sensing

Haklay, Mazumdar & Wardlaw, 2018, Citizen Science for Observing and Understanding the Earth, Earth Observation, Open Science, and Innovation Citizen Science goals

Awareness to • Each citizen science environmental or scientific Creating issue project is a balancing act Producing enjoyable & scientific engaging outputs between the scientific experiences goals, scale and depth of Citizen engagement, benefits to Achieving Accessing Science temporal and different stakeholders resources geographical coverage (, participants, Increasing Achieving project funders) scientific inclusiveness literacy Participation in citizen science • Collaborative science – problem definition, Level 4 ‘Extreme’ data collection and analysis

Level 3 ‘Participatory • Participation in problem definition science’ and data collection Level 2 ‘Distributed • Citizens as basic interpreters intelligence’ Level 1 • Citizens as sensors ‘’

Haklay. 2013. Citizen Science and volunteered geographic information: Overview and typology of participation, Crowdsourcing Geographic Knowledge Shirk et al. 2012 “5 Cs typology” • Contractual - communities ask professional researchers to conduct a specific scientific investigation and report on the results; • Contributory - generally designed by scientists and members of the public primarily contribute data; • Collaborative - generally designed by scientists and members of the public contribute data, refine project design, analyse data, disseminate findings; • Co-Created - designed by scientists and members of the public working together, some of the public participants are actively involved in most aspects of the process; and • Collegial - non-credentialed individuals conduct research independently with varying degrees of expected recognition by institutionalised science. Community Science

Traditional Scientific Contributory Collaborative Co-created Collegial Science Consulting* Citizen Citizen Citizen Citizen Science Science Science Science / Participatory Action Research

Question √ √ √ √

Study Design √ √ √ √ √ √

Data Collection √ √ Data Analysis and Interpretation √ √ √ √ √ √ Understanding results √ √ √ √ √ √

Management Action √ √ √ √ Geographic scope Variable Narrow Broad Broad Narrow Narrow of project Nature of people Community Community taking action Managers Groups Managers Individuals All Groups Research priority Highest Medium High High High Medium

Education priority Low Medium High High High High

*often called Science Shops Public √ Scientists

After Cooper, Dickinson, Phillips & Bonney (2007) Citizen Science as tool for conservation in residential ecosystems. Ecology and Society 12(2) 7 Levels of Engagement

High engagement in DIY science Data collection and analysis Joining or thinking

Opportunistic or highly limited participation Active consumption of science

Passive consumption of science Everyone

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 709443 Citizen Science & Open Science

• Participants are well educated & contribution to science is known motivator • They provide free labour and/or resources, and many want to see outputs used openly • publications are necessary • Participants can also analyse the data and might have their own analysis, visualisations and conclusions. DITOs Policy brief • Open Science and Citizen Science should be jointly considered in research and innovation. • Pay attention to synergies, international aspects. Ensure support for existing community-driven initiatives. • Targeted actions are required. Existing systems (funding, rewards, impact assessment and evaluation) need to be assessed and adapted to become fit for CS and OS. • Education and training is essential. Foster more research, critical reflection and exchange between researchers and practitioners. • Tools and infrastructures, in particular shared ones for OS and CS, require dedicated support. LERU recommendations (2016)

• For Universities: Recognise the field, create a single point of contact, provide ethical and logistical support, ensure long term commitment to participants. • For Funders: Address range of success criteria, ensure community “pay back”, and open science.

Policy awareness and impact R&I Outreach LT NGO Outreach/ R&I R&I R&I 21 R&I 9 25 20 Global 8 12 11 LT NGO R&I (Method) 24 23

Outreach/ R&I R&I R&I MI LT GOV MI LT NGO LT NGO LT NGO 32 National Outreach 10 27 22 MI 30 5 6 4 3 18 28 29 LT NGO R&I SCS 19 17 SCS R&I LT GOV LT NGO City 16 26 33 13

SCS MI SCS 15 SCS SCS SCS SCS 14 Local 1 31 35 34 2 7 SCS

One off Long term

Participatory software design Towards Intelligent Maps • Open access • 580 pages • 31 chapters • Case study on China Follow us: – http://www.ucl.ac.uk/excites The work of ExCiteS is supported by EPSRC, ERC, EU – Twitter: @UCL_ExCiteS FP7, EU H2020, RGS, Esri, Forest People Program, Forests Monitor, WRI and all the people in communities – Blog: that we’ve worked with over the years http://uclexcites.wordpress.com