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Home , Citizen science, Data sharing, DIYbio (organization), Open science

ORION OPEN FACTSHEETS Brief, informative, and easy-to-understand one-page factsheets on topics

Created by the Max-Delbrück-Centre for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association Design by Vetenskap & Allmänhet

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 and programme under Grant Agreement No. 741527 and runs from May 2017 to April 2021. CONTENTS

1. Biohacking and DIYBio Research...... 3 2. Career Benefits of Open Science...... 4 3. ...... 5 4. Commercialisation of Research...... 6 5. Communicating Animal Research...... 7 6. Crowd Science...... 8 7. Research Data Management...... 9 8. ...... 10 9. Data...... 11 10. and Software...... 12 11. Pre-Registration...... 13 12. Predatory Journals...... 14 13. ...... 15 14. Public Engagement...... 16 15. ...... 17 Open Science 4 This project has received funding from 2020 Horizon Union’s European the programme innovation and research under grant agreement and No 741527 runs from May 2017 to April 2021.

3 Citizen Citizen Keywords: 1 like Biocurious. These are 2 ditos-policybrief2-20171004-.pdf science-hobby/ myths_final.pdf communal spaces in which equipment for gene editing and other experiments have been communal spaces in which equipment for or other donations. Despite concerns, almost all acquired, usually through crowd funding and safety protocols. Many of these labs are co-run these community labs have strict ethical starter kits available and some biohackers have by professional . There are also created labs in their own homess. with both positive and negative outcomes. One Biohacking has been applied to healthcare of the genetic mechanisms example of a positive outcome is Matt Might’s investigation more controversial and less successful instance of responsible for his son’s rare disease. A gene therapy to health biohacking is Tristan Robert's injection of unapproved experimental treat his HIV. nature of DIYbio there have been some Despite the independent and community-based fund biohacking projects. The H2020 ‘Doing It moves in Europe to legitimise and even to the European Commission as Together Science’ project have made ‘recommendations science funding mechanisms and regulatory to how it can integrate DIYBio into existing for European stakeholders’. directives, thereby maximising benefits Seven Myths & Realities about Do-It-Yourself Biology (https://goo.gl/NbHei) ) Scientific American article on the ‘Rise of Citizen Bioscience’ (https://goo.gl/76fcdn ) Discussion of whether biohacking democratises science (https://goo.gl/bSwVG8 Ellen Jorgensen’s famous TED talk on biohacking (https://goo.gl/4zSDnh) The majority of biohacking (92%) is conducted in ‘Wetlabs’, The majority of biohacking (92%) is conducted https://ecsa.citizen-science.net/sites/default/files/ https://labiotech.eu/biohacking-democratisation- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do-it-yourself_biology http://www.synbioproject.org/site/assets/files/1278/7_ ▶ ▶ ▶ ▶ 2. 3. science, crowd science, open source science, open crowd science, SUMMARY HELPFUL LINKS AND FURTHER INFORMATION HELPFUL LINKS AND FURTHER RELEVANCE TO OPEN SCIENCE RELEVANCE DIYbio is in keeping with the ethos Open of Science, ‘these science enthusiasts meet in McGuyvered laboratories a common for goal: democratize science and innovation’. 3 4 ▶ ▶ ▶ ▶ 1 2 Biohacking is related both to Citizen Science and Open Source in that is a community it in which research non-professionals with work qualified scientists in a collaborative environmenton scientific biohacking However, problems. is focused ‘hacking’ on particularly in biology, gene editing is .movement growing The in both US the Europe.and KEY CONCEPTS 1. DIYbio/Biohacking: ‘is a growing biotechnological biotechnological growing ‘is a DIYbio/Biohacking: Definition: small and communities, individuals, in which movement social using the same and life science biology study organizations institutions'. research as traditional methods seeks enhance to enthusiasmand science,for biohacking provides another opportunity that do to and a way both for ameteur and professional scientists create to new ideas and solutions.

FACTSHEET: BIOHACKING

AND DIYBIO RESEARCH This is a working subject change. to document which is is which document Public In 3 This project has received funding from 2020 Horizon Union’s European the programme innovation and research under grant agreement and No 741527 runs from May 2017 to April 2021. (which may 1 Other funders are also 4 For example, archiving and sharing data correctly is a skill that many For example, archiving and sharing data 2 A career benefit or incentive is a positive outcome as outcome a positive is incentive or benefit A career PMC4973366/table/tbl2/ index. cfm?pg=openaccess Eysenbach G. Citation advantage of open access articles. PLoS Biology. 2006;4:e157. doi: 10.1371/journal. Eysenbach G. Citation advantage of open access articles. PLoS Biology. Ref] article] [PubMed] [Cross pbio.0040157. [PMC free os_rewards_wgreport_final.pdf encouraging Open Science, for example a number of funders now accept pre-prints encouraging Open Science, for example a number of funders now accept pre-prints in funding applications. addition, EC funded projects have to meet a number of Open Science practices addition, EC funded projects have to meet sharing plans. such as Open Access publishing and Data become the new metric upon which the impact of article is based) because the become the new metric upon which the mean that there are more chances of is more accessible. It could e.g. Nipype. There may also be new or faster collaborations or collaborative projects different peers or with citizen experts e.g. discoveries because of interactions with Polymath. requires also improves the employability The skills that engaging in Open Science of researchers. Journal article on ‘How open science helps researchers succeed’ (https://goo.gl/NvEFqY ) Open Science methods such as Open Access publishing, repositories, Open Science methods such as Open Access can increase the visibility of Open Software sharing, and Public Engagement into an increase in citations researchers. This visibility can translate specialised roles require. Additionally, outreach work with the public could be helpful specialised roles require. Additionally, outreach or entrepreneurial work. in changing careers to communications actively support Open Science. There are a range of funding schemes that https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ http://ec.europa.eu/research/openscience/ https://ec.europa.eu/research/openscience/pdf/ ▶ 2. 3 4 1 2 HELPFUL LINKS AND FURTHER INFORMATION HELPFUL LINKS AND FURTHER ▶ RELEVANCE TO OPEN SCIENCE RELEVANCE While there are still barriers doing to Open Science, the motivation engaging for in the be need entirely not basedmovement altruism. on There a are rangepracticalof career benefitsdoingof Open Science. engagement, collaboration, funding, skills, research integrity research collaboration, funding, skills, engagement, SUMMARY 1. Open Scienceis often seen as beneficialto scientificprocesses and improvingsociety, reproducibility and accessibility instance. for there are However, also potential benefits for individual researchers. Increased visibility, potential collaborations, specialised funding, citations,more faster discoveries, and broader professional skills can all be gained from Open Science practices. KEY CONCEPTS Definition: Science). Open case (in this behaviour a particular of result the be atime or it can as saving gain such be a small, private This can all cases it helps funding. In such as research public reward large, Keywords: opportunities. goals or increases career advance 3.

FACTSHEET: CAREER BENEFITS

OF OPEN SCIENCE This is a working subject change. to document which is is which document This project has received funding from 2020 Horizon Union’s European the programme innovation and research under grant agreement and No 741527 runs from May 2017 to April 2021.

1 . Citizen science encourages take to people a stake 2 or inventing healthcare solutions thoughts-and-opinions.html One common misunderstanding about Citizen Science is that it is restricted to a certain One common misunderstanding about or that contributors will have no scientific group of people e.g. retirees or students, a huge range of people, who are often experts knowledge. Citizen science projects involve in Art might play the protein pattern game in their own area, for instance a professor be a patient who invents a healthcare solution. Fold-it or an IT professional might also of Citizen Science in society. The majority of Digital technology is key to the increase working online e.g. NASA’s observation and Citizen Science projects either directly involve data e.g. the numbers of animals analysis projects or the use of online systems for reporting and body monitoring gadgets are also facilitating observed at certain times. active participation in science. people to Some have criticised Citizen Science for being patronising or for exploiting Citizen Science projects are organised well and aim reduce research costs. However, when scientists in the research process the effect has to encourage and involve non-professional enthusiasm for science. These principles help to been a positive one which enhances the ensure Citizen Science is done well. TED Talk: Citizen Science: Everybody Counts by Caren Cooper (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7cQHSqfSzI) Blog about Citizen Science with some information on funding sources (http://www.openscientist.org/) ) EU project on Citizen Science: Doing It Together Science (DITOs) (https://goo.gl/YAaurw uses of Journal article about ‘Citizen science or scientific citizenship? Disentangling the ) public engagement rhetoric in national research initiatives’ (https://goo.gl/2oYrtx http://www.openscientist.org/p/citizen-science- https://scistarter.com/citizenscience.html ▶ ▶ ▶ ▶ Crowd Science, public engagement, biohacking public engagement, Science, Crowd Keywords: SUMMARY in the world around them’. Theseoutcomes mesh in around the world exactly them’. with the aimsof Open Science and as such Citizen Science is key part the of Open Science agenda. 1 2 HELPFUL LINKS AND FURTHER INFORMATION HELPFUL LINKS AND FURTHER RELEVANCE TO OPEN SCIENCE RELEVANCE ‘ enables investigations that otherwise would not be possible, ones that push new frontiers in our understanding our of world. 1. 2. 3. Citizen science projects are different studiesfrom which humanuse subjects or data as partof the research. The fundamental aspectof Citizen Science is thatmembers of public who the not are working as active researchers can be and involved participate in a research project. This can range from projects inwhich large scale data reporting andanalysis is undertaken or Science) (Crowd smaller projects in which specificmembers of public the informationcontribute e.g. or solutions priorities research identifying KEY CONCEPTS Citizen Science is the systematic collection and collection the systematic is Science Citizen Definition: of testing of technology; development data; of analysis activities of these and the dissemination phenomena; natural basis. avocational on a primarily by researchers ▶ ▶ ▶ ▶

FACTSHEET:

CITIZEN SCIENCE This is a working subject change. to document which is is which document 3 This project has received funding from 2020 Horizon Union’s European the programme innovation and research under grant agreement and No 741527 runs from May 2017 to April 2021. 2 Data management, open Data management, Keywords: 1 commercialisation1.pdf sachwald-twin_deficits.pdf commercialisation/ It is very important for researchers considering commercialisation to know what rights they It is very important for researchers considering with the private sector does not impinge their have and to ensure that any relationship projects decisions about IP should . In addition, in big collaborative later. Most institutions have a Tech Transfer be made very early on to avoid disputes who should be consulted. department or a commercialisation department differs widely across . Scientific ‘The significance of recent scientific results in biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, digital publications are a major source for patents chemistry, while they play little role in other and basic communication, food or organic machine tools or civil engineering.’ technological fields, such as transport, There are two key aspects to research commercialisation: (IP) and There are two key aspects to research commercialisation: that has value as an asset (like any property). patents. IP is a creation of the mind (intellect) discovery, it is the practical manifestations and IP is more than just a theoretical idea or IP that can be protected in law, normally by associated applications of your research. much more valuable. However, a patent is not an copyright or patents, potentially becomes and equally filing a patent application does not essential requirement for commercialisation, will follow. automatically mean successful commercialisation ) Ten Simple Rules To Commercialize Scientific Research (https://goo.gl/JpqkPY Guide on Commercialisation of Research from Sheffield University, UK (https://goo.gl/PajGWJ) Journal article on the issue of ‘Patents Do Not Block the Progress of Science’ (https://goo.gl/8KciZy) https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.205420!/file/ https://ec.europa.eu/research/openvision/pdf/rise/ https://sourceable.net/what-is-research- ▶ ▶ ▶ ▶ research data, Open Source/Software data, research SUMMARY 2 3 HELPFUL LINKS AND FURTHER INFORMATION HELPFUL LINKS AND FURTHER 1 RELEVANCE TO OPEN SCIENCE RELEVANCE advocatesSome Open of Science are broadly against research commercialisation because requires it the results research of datasets) (e.g. be to restricted and made not available the to (at public canleast it in also However, the short term). be argued that the fundamental Open of principle Science is that science should benefit society and as such commercialisation thatleads practicalto society for improvements should be encouraged. 2. 3. Research commercialisation can happen in a number ways: of licensing, companies, spin-out royalties, incubation, and in-house In cases development. some commercialisation leads actual to financial gain, othersin it increases reputation the recognition and of researcher the originated who sometimes (and it results it in neither!). KEY CONCEPTS 1. ‘Research commercialisation refers to the process process to the refers commercialisation ‘Research Definition: marketable into transformed are or research ideas which through from revenue and/or licences from gains, income capital products, of new product.’ the sale ▶ ▶ ▶ ▶

FACTSHEET: COMMERCIALISATION

OF RESEARCH This is a working subject change. to document which is is which document or the 1 This project has received funding from 2020 Horizon Union’s European the programme innovation and research under grant agreement and No 741527 runs from May 2017 to April 2021. found that a majority scientists of feel there needs discussion be to more within the scientific experiments_1.shtml oversight of vets and the strict guidelines on animal welfare in terms of care and housing. oversight of vets and the strict guidelines on animal welfare in terms of care and presentedThe public dialogues have frequently found that when members of the public are Animal rightswith this information they often shift their opinion to support for animal research. scientists.activists are also usually willing to listen and engage in productive discussions with Public dialogues (such as the one listed below) repeatedly find that the public isPublic dialogues (such as the one listed below) that this is because of a number of widespreadgenerally opposed to animal research but testing is still done on animals (this was banned inmisconceptions. These include; cosmetic subjects are mainly dogs and apes whereas inEurope nearly a decade ago), animal research animals and humans are too different for drug tests toreality rodents are most commonly used, amount of similarities with other mammals, animalsbe effective whereas humans share a huge alternative methods such as computer modeling whenare tested on because it is cheaper than is only used when there is no other alternative.in fact animal testing is very expensive and animal research are also not broadly known or The strict ethical principles that govern understood by the general public. For instance, the 3Rs: Reduce, Replace, and Refine ) FAQs about Animal Research from Understanding Animal Research (https://goo.gl/E6c7ht ) Report on Public Dialogues on Animal Research done in the UK (https://goo.gl/Lqp1zG http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/animals/using/ ▶ ▶ 3. KEY CONCEPTS 1. 2. Animal Research is a very controversial with topic strong advocates both on sides the of debate. theUnfortunately, to due threatening and even actions violent a minority of Animal of Rights Activists research some institutions and individuals are reluctant communicate to with the public about animal research. This hasled a to widespread lackof understandingof detailsthe of the animalof research. Communication with the animal on public research can include age-appropriate workshops at schools, tours animal of facilities, factsheets other or online resources, articles in publications, and engagement public full or dialogues public events. A Nature survey community and with the about the public ethics animal of research. Animal Research/Testing/Experimentation in the Life in the Life Research/Testing/Experimentation Animal Definition: and experiments in animals of non-human the use is that affect the variables to control that seek projects development Research Animal under study. system or biological the behaviour not directly citizens manner in which is the Communication informed about the processes are research involved in such communication, Keywords: and issues involved. ethics and integrity engagement, SUMMARY 1 RELEVANCE TO OPEN SCIENCE RELEVANCE needThe for and communicationregarding realities the of animalresearch veryis great. Open Science advocates that researchers engage directly with the about the public nature their of work. Animal Research topics which of is one would benefitmost from this culture shift. INFORMATION HELPFUL LINKS AND FURTHER ▶ ▶

FACTSHEET: COMMUNICATING

ANIMAL RESEARCH This is a working subject change. to document which is is which document This project has received funding from 2020 Horizon Union’s European the programme innovation and research under grant agreement and No 741527 runs from May 2017 to April 2021. In order for crowd science projects to be successful it is necessary for the scientific In order for crowd science projects to be , which makes variations in protein folding game. a computer into The three main advantages of crowd science are that it is relatively low-cost (much The three main advantages of crowd science it makes use of human ingenuity, less than using an on a supercomputer), and it actively involves the public in imagination, and intuition in problem-solving, scientific research. disciplines including , There is great variety in crowd science projects, There is also a wide range of people archaeology, mathematics, and biochemistry. those with no formal . involved from Field Medalist winners to some, such as GalaxyZoo and , are Some projects require specialisation but completely open. 3. problem to be translated into a set of challenges that a large group of people images (anything between 50 to 250,000) can work on. This can be pattern spotting in or data, design of structures, or observing information in nature, records, or their and the own body. Scientists need to have a clear long-term goal, sufficient funding, ability to support the project over time. Journal article on ‘Crowd science: The organization of scientific research in open Journal article on ‘Crowd science: The organization of scientific research in open collaborative projects’ (https://goo.gl/XrM9wh) Blog article on Yale Scientific about in science (https://goo.gl/8eAhWX) Journal article on ‘Online citizen science games: Opportunities for the biological sciences’ (https://goo.gl/BHEFxc) ▶ ▶ ▶ Crowd scienceCrowd combines engagement public with truly open science.results The of research the are theopen, findings are usually madeavailable to everyone. science Crowd has also shown that the the of leads public involvement scientific to advancement. Severalprojects lead have well-regardedto publications, whichhave collectively listed the citizen scientists players or as authors. INFORMATION HELPFUL LINKS AND FURTHER RELEVANCE TO OPEN SCIENCE RELEVANCE KEY CONCEPTS 1. 2. 3. Citizen Science often involves crowdsourcing research that problems require huge amounts of information processing. Theseproblems opened are to public so the that a largenumber of people with a variety approaches of can contribute. Theseprojects frequentlyutilise ‘’, they make the an problems online game competition. or most The famous exampleof this probably is Foldit Crowd Science is a process that involves that involves process is a Science Crowd Definition: people of group a distributed to tasks research outsourcing or offline, could be online These tasks data analysis). (usually undefined to an outsourced and they are for free, paid or of and analysis the collection It can also include, public. the world by members of to the natural data relating project typically as part of a collaborative general public, Citizen science, Keywords: scientists. with professional Community-based public engagement, crowdsourcing, solving, Problem production, SUMMARY ▶ ▶ ▶

FACTSHEET:

CROWD SCIENCE This is a working subject change. to document which is is which document

3 This project has received funding from 2020 Horizon Union’s European the programme innovation and research under grant agreement and No 741527 runs from May 2017 to April 2021. Practical assistance in 2 Open research data, reproducibility, data, reproducibility, Open research Keywords: 1 making-case-rdm creating at DMP online. data needs to be balancing commercial One of the considerations regarding research open and accessible. In the Life Sciences there can opportunities with making research data develop products or objectives which have a direct be opportunities to work with industry to to consider which approach, commercialisation impact on society. It is wise for researchers for society. or open data, will have the most benefit management is data ethics and security. Any data Another important aspect of research data information e.g. identities of participants, patient that contains sensitive and/or personal be shared data, etc. should be stored as securely as possible during the project and only with care and consideration afterwards. Guide to ‘Research Data Management: Open Research Data in Horizon 2020’ from UCD Guide to ‘Research Data Management: Open Research Data in Horizon 2020’ (http://libguides.ucd.ie/data/H2020) Journal Article on ‘Open Data for Healthcare’ (https://goo.gl/rDTWgR) conflict?’ Journal Article on ‘Open science versus commercialization: a modern research (https://goo.gl/xjqHxx) The European Commision and a number of national funders now ask for a Data The European Commision and a number the funding application or the grant agreement. A Management Plan (DMP) as part of either will generate, how you will ensure its curation, ‘DMP should describe the data your research of that data will be open and how you plan to preservation and , what parts to cover all datasets’. achieve this. One DMP should be prepared http://www.dcc.ac.uk/resources/briefing-papers/ http://libguides.ucd.ie/data/H2020 https://goo.gl/Hghgvn ▶ ▶ ▶ Commercialisation of Research, open access, ethics open access, Research, of Commercialisation SUMMARY 2. 3. 1 2 3 HELPFUL LINKS AND FURTHER INFORMATION HELPFUL LINKS AND FURTHER ▶ ▶ ▶ RELEVANCE TO OPEN SCIENCE RELEVANCE The European Commision states that sharing datanecessarily not should mean opening up allyour research data. Rather, they open as follow the "as of principle possible, as closed as necessary" and focus encouraging on sound data management as an essential part research of best practice. KEY CONCEPTS 1. Research data management involves creating a data management plan, decisions securely on storing data both during and after the research project, organising and structuring the data, curating the data creating by , and ethical and commercial considerations regarding acquiring and sharing data. ‘Research data management concerns the concerns management data ‘Research Definition: the research entry to production, its from of data, organisation valuable of and archiving the dissemination to cycle through results, of verification reliable to ensure It aims results. existing built on innovative research new and and permits information’.

FACTSHEET: RESEARCH

DATA MANAGEMENT This is a working subject change. to document which is is which document This project has received funding from 2020 Horizon Union’s European the programme innovation and research under grant agreement and No 741527 runs from May 2017 to April 2021. Publishing, Publishing, Keywords: 1 In addition, European Commision funding and an In addition, European Commision funding 2 increasing number of other funders now actively expect publication of the results of increasing number of other funders now research projects to be Open Access. in Open Access publishing, but can be Author copyright and attribution still apply For instance, the BMJ do not ask much less restrictive than traditional publishing. whereas Springer ask for a CTA (Copyright authors to assign them copyright at all within that. Transfer Agreement) but allow self-archiving There are two methods of publishing Open Access: either publication in an open There are two methods of publishing Open (Green) via a repository (usually access journal (Gold) or as a second publication accessible, but mostly paid. Green institutional). A Gold publication is immediately only available after an embargo period. is free but means the publication is usually The Sherpa/Romeo directory lists the Policies vary between publishers and journals. OA restrictions of almost all journals. it ‘has the potential to maximize research Proponents of Open Access argue that use of published research, facilitate the investments, increase the exposure and literature, and enhance the overall ability to conduct research across available advancement of scholarship’. Fact sheet: Open Access in Horizon 2020 from the EC (https://goo.gl/NCcXfr) Open Access Explained video from PhD Comics (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L5rVH1KGBCY) Discussion of arguments for and against Open Access (https://goo.gl/tY4RVG) Article on ‘From Open Access to Open Science from the viewpoint of a scholarly publisher’ (https://riojournal.com/article/12265/) Article on ‘Open access, copyright and licensing: basics for open access publishers’ (https://goo.gl/Yb99WZ) https://opensource.com/resources/what-open-access http://www.openaccessweek.org/page/about ▶ ▶ ▶ ▶ ▶ 3. reproducibility, pre-prints, predatory journals, preregistration journals, predatory pre-prints, reproducibility, SUMMARY 1 2 RELEVANCE TO OPEN SCIENCE RELEVANCE Open Access is the most well-developed the of Open element Science although movement, the traditional publishing is still route common practice. the Most of academic major publishers have Open now Access their of some options for journals. Funders and institutionsactively encourage even or insist research upon being published Open Access. of Openprinciple The Access is one the that underpins allof Open Science:research should be freely available and accessible everyone. to INFORMATION HELPFUL LINKS AND FURTHER Open Access is an alternative method publishing of and sharing research findings,it seeks to theovercome limitations traditional of publishing which can who are people outside the prohibit Westernin developedthe countries accessingfrom this information. KEY CONCEPTS 1. 2. ‘Open access refers to the practice of making peer- peer- making of practice to the refers access ‘Open Definition: online available freely literature and research scholarly reviewed it’. in reading interested to anyone ▶ ▶ ▶ ▶ ▶

FACTSHEET:

OPEN ACCESS This is a working subject change. to document which is is which document DOIs can be This project has received funding from 2020 Horizon Union’s European the programme innovation and research under grant agreement and No 741527 runs from May 2017 to April 2021. 1 (i.e. it can’t be removed or 2 ). While). all there for is a movement data be to , or figshare, or , GenBank php?g=325196&p=2178564 be inaccessible if the website is removed). Licensing may be assigned by repositories be inaccessible if the website is removed). licences. but they are usually variations of (CC) or discipline specific repository. Data needs to be stored in a suitable institutional is (Re3data) can help identify one. If there The Registry of Research Data Repositories no suitable resource then is a good alternative. given to datasets and are a unique alphanumeric string assigned to identify content given to datasets and are a unique alphanumeric on the and provide a persistent link to its location Guide to ‘Research Data Management: Open Research Data in Horizon 2020’ from Guide to ‘Research Data Management: Open Research Data in Horizon 2020’ UCD (http://libguides.ucd.ie/data/H2020) Nature article on ‘: An open mind on open data’ (https://goo.gl/9bzw65) Guide to Open Data on FOSTER project (https://goo.gl/cWX7sp) and Nature article on ‘The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management stewardship’ (https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata201618) Open research data should be governed by the FAIR principles: Findable, Accessible, Open research data should be governed Interoperable, Re-usable. metadata and Digital Object Identifiers It is essential that open research data has is data that describes data, it accompanies (DOIs) and the correct licensing. Metadata and usable over time. the research data which makes it discoverable http://guides.library.uwa.edu.au/c. http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/what-is-doi.aspx ▶ ▶ ▶ ▶ ▶ 3. 1 2 ▶ ▶ ▶ ▶ ▶ RELEVANCE TO OPEN SCIENCE RELEVANCE Open research data the of is three one pillars major the of Open (Open Science movement Access and Public Engagement being The European the other two). Commision other and funders actively support making data as accessible as possible, where appropriate. INFORMATION HELPFUL LINKS AND FURTHER made accessible in this should way be it that noted good data management also requires considerations commercialisation of and ethics. there are However, many advantages to making research data such open, as higher citations, potential collaborations, and increased reproducibility/decreased wasted research resources. KEY CONCEPTS 1. 2. Open research data involves making the data that supports research findings fully available anyone.to This usually putting involves full datasets in onlinean repository NeuroMorpho(e.g. Open research data refers to the data underpinning underpinning the data to refers data research Open Definition: on their restrictions no have that results research scientific the internet. them through to access enabling anyone access, Research, of Commercialisation Data management, Keywords: ethics open access, reproducibility, SUMMARY

FACTSHEET: OPEN

RESEARCH DATA This is a working subject change. to document which is is which document

1 2 This project has received funding from 2020 Horizon Union’s European the programme innovation and research under grant agreement and No 741527 runs from May 2017 to April 2021. However, some obstacles to this 3 Files/07-050.pdf new-model-for-innovation open-source approach are concerns regarding risks to career advancement, commercialisation and IP, approach are concerns regarding risks to and publications. the Open Source approach and science is that One example of the crossover between example, all physical experiments currently NASA has all its research as Open Source. For done on the ISS are now available for data mining. ) Journal of Open Research Software (JORS) (https://openresearchsoftware.metajnl.com/ ) Collection of Open-source Scientific Tools on Thingiverse (https://goo.gl/X1uZQG Open Source software communities are seen by some as the ideal which science should Open Source software communities are communities have demonstrated that actually follow. ‘Free and open source software sharing in a peer-production setting can practicing the norms of openness and information products that approach, and sometimes rival, result in the creation of complex technological produced by proprietary efforts’. the scope and quality of similar products science in a similar way to the open source There is also a study which found that opening disciplines to emerge: ‘In a four-week community allowed solutions from unconnected the problem statement and forty-two of period of time, over 574 scientists investigated considerations. The winning solution was proposed them submitted potential solutions for work in this field.’ by a from Finland who did not http://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Publication%20 https://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/open-source-science-a- https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/ ▶ ▶ 3. Data management, Open Research Data, Open Research Data management, Keywords: Reproducibility of Research, Commercialisation SUMMARY 2 3 HELPFUL LINKS AND FURTHER INFORMATION HELPFUL LINKS AND FURTHER 1 RELEVANCE TO OPEN SCIENCE RELEVANCE Open Source is in ways some the model which upon Open Science is based and a working demonstration that can complex problems be freely shared and collaborated While on. there are still risks and obstacles in adopting such an approach in all scientific fields it can offer possible solutions. ▶ ▶ KEY CONCEPTS 1. 2. ‘There are two kindsof software. openOne is source software and other the proprietaryis software closed or source software. As the source code an of open source program can be modifiedby without anyone any licencedo to the same, this is also freedownload. to The termsuse of are often definedby the General Public Licence, which serves as the Software Licence Agreement (SLA) many for Generally open source programs. programmers [...] can’t charge the for money open source software they create which to or they contribute. Many open source software programmers find that charging users money software for services and support rather than the for software (see itselfreference 1). profitable’ is more Open Source – A software for which the original original the for which – A software Source Open Definition: redistributed may be and available freely is made code source of the user. requirement to the according and modified

FACTSHEET: OPEN

SOURCE AND SOFTWARE This is a working subject change. to document which is is which document This project has received funding from 2020 Horizon Union’s European the programme innovation and research under grant agreement and No 741527 runs from May 2017 to April 2021. One aspect of research that pre-registration is designed One aspect of research that pre-registration 1 to prevent is so-called ‘p-value fishing’. The p-value is a measure of statistical to prevent is so-called ‘p-value fishing’. but this significance can be significance (evidence against a null hypothesis), of variables or a larger number of subjects exaggerated by including large amounts of hypothesis and methods tries (while not disclosing the effect size). Pre-registration not happen. to ensure that these manipulations can will restrict Some have raised concerns that pre-registration is too rigid and it research. The fear is that in order to avoid creativity and exploration in fundamental improvement or alteration to experiments will the falsification of data any later stage also be prevented. 100 others ask for registered reports Several journals, such as, the BMJ and nearly of science publishing in years to come. There now. It may become a common aspect is also a journal that publishes protocols: Bio-protocol. Baker M. 1,500 scientists lift the lid on reproducibility. Baker M. 1,500 scientists lift the lid on reproducibility. 2016;533:452–454. [PubMed] Nature. A survey in Nature revealed that selective reporting was the number one reason for A survey in Nature revealed that selective irreproducible research. ) Article on : ‘8 Answers About Pre-registered Reports’ (https://goo.gl/pXvJv8 Article on ‘The Preregistration Revolution’ (https://goo.gl/Fwpgah) Article on The Guardian on how pre-registration improves trust in science (https://goo.gl/FSLL6F) Blog article on the pros and cons of pre-registration (https://goo.gl/kwpq9J)

▶ ▶ ▶ ▶ 2. 3. 1 KEY CONCEPTS 1. Pre-registration is closely linked with the Reproducibility Replication or Crisis. The concept is that if researchers have state to their hypothesis and their plan testing for before they it do the experiment then this will reduce the risk interpreting of ‘cherry-picking’ or the data in such a way that supports it the hypothesis regardless the how experiments of have gone. Pre-registration – pre-registering research means means research – pre-registering Pre-registration Definition: Pre- is gathered. data before advance, plan in to a committing from (exploratory) hypothesis-generating separates registration important, Both are research. (confirmatory) hypothesis-testing and test a to generate be used same data cannot but the the and reduce can happen unintentionally hypothesis, which open Reproducibility, Keywords: of results. clarity and quality data open research access, pre-prints, SUMMARY HELPFUL LINKS AND FURTHER INFORMATION HELPFUL LINKS AND FURTHER ▶ ▶ ▶ ▶ RELEVANCE TO OPEN SCIENCE RELEVANCE Pre-registration specific is one method enhancing for openness the of scientificthe process and possibly enhancing trust public be may suitable not it all for in However, it. types of research publications. or

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PRE-REGISTRATION This is a working subject change. to document which is is which document This project has received funding from 2020 Horizon Union’s European the programme innovation and research under grant agreement and No 741527 runs from May 2017 to April 2021.

1 publishing Article on ‘8 ways to identify questionable open access journals’ (https://goo.gl/ pNR4wj) ) Opinion Piece: ‘Why I Published in a Predatory Journal’ (https://goo.gl/PekPQh The danger for researchers is that articles published in predatory journals are The danger for researchers is that articles or professional reputation. In addition, once worthless in terms of career progression article on their website very few legitimate the predatory journal has published the ask for binding copyright agreements journals will accept it. Often predatory journals Researchers should follow the Think. Check. (which is a warning sign, see list below). Submit protocol. predatory journals will publish anything, The risk for the public or students is that means that and ‘fake news’ there is no scientific scrutiny at all. This and accepted by those not familiar with can be disseminated through these journals the subject area as real science. to compile checklists for spotting predatory There have been a number of attempts these journals from functioning effectively. journals and to find ways to better prevent blog ‘Beall’s List’, a blacklist of predatory Most famously, Jeffery Beall created his been raised regarding his criteria and journals. However, a number of issues have conduct. Several associations have created whitelist of legitimate Open Access journals. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory_open_access_ ▶ ▶ Publishing, open access, pre-prints, research research access, pre-prints, Publishing, open Keywords: misconduct SUMMARY 1 HELPFUL LINKS AND FURTHER INFORMATION HELPFUL LINKS AND FURTHER ▶ ▶ RELEVANCE TO OPEN SCIENCE RELEVANCE Predatory journals have taken advantage the of positive principles behind the Open Access make to movement and money in doing so undermine scientificpublishing. Thesejournals thrive the on desperation that competitive overly research environments create, as well as the lack wider of knowledge and access the has public research. to Open Science principles that support collaboration, engagement, public and publishing literacy early for career researchers all combat these help problems. KEY CONCEPTS 1. 2. 3. Predatory journals emerged about a decade ago as a way take to advantage the of Open Access publishing model. Open Access publishing requires a publication fee so thatthe final article) (the cancontent be made freely available. a large However, number companies of be to pretend academicnow publishers and ask large for fees, offer not do but the peerreview process editorial or oversight that legitimate Open Access journals do. Predatory open-access publishing is an is an publishing open-access Predatory Definition: that model business publishing open-access exploitative without fees to authors publication charging involves associated services and publishing the editorial providing or not). (open access journals with legitimate

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PREDATORY JOURNALS This is a working subject change. to document which is is which document This project has received funding from 2020 Horizon Union’s European the programme innovation and research under grant agreement and No 741527 runs from May 2017 to April 2021. 2 1 article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005473 preprints-future-biology-survival-guide-scientists List of servers currently available ‘Research Preprints: Server List’ (https://goo.gl/bsQDGH) Open Science Framework (OSF) FAQs on Preprints (https://goo.gl/rZLnJh) In-depth article on the future of Preprints in Biology (https://goo.gl/vz5Syy) Article on Ten Rules Regarding Preprints (https://goo.gl/FR6NwV) Critics caution that preprints may allow others to steal research ideas, diminish the Critics caution that preprints may allow create an overload of information, and could overall quality of scientific publishing, pseudoscience through unverified results, lead to the spread of misinformation or especially in the field of biomedicine. in applications e.g. the NIH, The A number of funders now accept preprints the Human Frontiers Science Program, Wellcome Trust, the Simons Foundation, Helmsley Charitable Trust, and the Canadian Medical Research Council (MRC UK), the Institutes for Health Research. that publish life sciences preprints, these There are a number of different platforms they will accept (draft, final) and what type vary in terms of what type of manuscript does not accept any clinical research except of research they will publish e.g. bioRxiv epidemiology and certain trial results. Proponents argue that preprints improve the visibility of the research, establish a Proponents argue that preprints improve do not prevent later formal publication, and record of priority, improve accessibility, do not lead to scooping. http://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/ http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/09/are- ▶ ▶ ▶ ▶ 1 2 ▶ ▶ ▶ ▶ RELEVANCE TO OPEN SCIENCE RELEVANCE Preprints are linked Open to Science because they areOpen Access publications, freely accessible everyone. to They are also, of a potentially, way makingresearch open to more comment and from citizen input scientists, patient advocates, the or in public general. INFORMATION HELPFUL LINKS AND FURTHER 2. 3. 4. is a very lengthy process, as such a number disciplines of have started uploading articles platforms. preprint to on physics The community developedpreprints 20over years ago has it but only started be to accepted in the life sciences relatively recently. ideapreprintsThe of is that manuscripts are madepublicly available so that author the can receive informed comments and the research can widely be more disseminated. KEY CONCEPTS 1. A manuscript (final or draft) made publicly accessible accessible made publicly draft) or (final A manuscript Definition: also frequently are Preprints review. peer formal without in a journal. publication and for submitted peer review open access, Publishing, Keywords: SUMMARY

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PREPRINTS This is a working subject change. to document which is is which document . This project has received funding from 2020 Horizon Union’s European the programme innovation and research under grant agreement and No 741527 runs from May 2017 to April 2021. , a citizen science project where 2 , communication, Science Keywords: 1 which show how different scientists have felt their work and career has which show how different scientists have 3 directly benefited from public engagement activities. directly benefited from public engagement en/h2020-section/public-engagement-responsible- research-and-innovation rcukbenefitsofpe-pdf/ what-public-engagement Research projects, even on controversial topics, often do not consider the opinions of the publicResearch projects, even on controversial widespread misunderstanding of research fields e.g.or the impact on society. This can lead to not connected to the realities of peoples’ lives.GM crops, or to a feeling that science is of Public Engagement, stating that it The European Commision are actively supportive to building a more scientifically literate society able 'leads to multiple benefits: it contributes processes, and science and technology to actively participate in and support democratic and creativity in research design and results, developments, it injects differing perspectives relevant and desirable research and innovation and it contributes to fostering more societally outcomes to help us tackle societal challenges'. created a pack of mulitple case studies called The RCUK (Research Councils UK) have ‘What’s in it for me?’ ) Guidance on Public Engagement from the RRI Tools project (https://goo.gl/3kcwQU Video Guide to Planning Public Engagment from University of Oxford, UK (https://goo.gl/LSYcWv) Blog article on how to move towards true public engagement in science (https://goo.gl/cuHrCh) Journal article on ‘Open Science, Public Engagement and the University’ (https://arxiv.org/pdf/1702.04855.pdf) https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/ http://www.rcuk.ac.uk/documents/scisoc/ https://www.publicengagement.ac.uk/about-engagement/ ▶ ▶ ▶ ▶ citizen science, communicating animal research citizen science, SUMMARY 2 3 1 RELEVANCE TO OPEN SCIENCE RELEVANCE Public engagement is the form in which science can directly connect with the public, this increases accessibility and the openness science of in science’ Debates society. frequently ‘open on focus theon accessibility public the of products scientific of and academicwork. In contrast,public engagement is about ‘opening’ the science. ongoing of work INFORMATION HELPFUL LINKS AND FURTHER researchers and citizens a research on work participatory of blend a or project together, arts and sciences 1. 2. 3. Public engagement encompasses a wide variety interactions of between the scientific community and the public. While a talk lecture or can be a great communicating way of the results research of the goal of engagementpublic interactive is more and reflexive. Engagement can come in many forms, for example dialoguea public about a contentious scientific animal e.g. research topic KEY CONCEPTS 'Public engagement describes the myriad of ways in ways of the myriad describes engagement 'Public Definition: research and education of higher and benefits activity the which a two- is by definition Engagement the public. with shared can be goal of with the and listening, interaction involving way process, mutual benefit' generating ▶ ▶ ▶ ▶

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PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT This is a working subject change. to document which is is which document These 1 This project has received funding from 2020 Horizon Union’s European the programme innovation and research under grant agreement and No 741527 runs from May 2017 to April 2021.

2 The reproducibility “crisis” Reaction to replication “crisis” Reaction to replication The reproducibility crisis should not stifle innovation, Philip Hunter, | Published online DOI 10.15252/embr.201744876 (2017) e201744876. 09.08.2017, EMBO reports Baker, Monya (26 May 2016). "1,500 scientists lift the lid Baker, 533 (7604): 452–454. Nature. on reproducibility". Failure to replicate an experiment does not necessarily mean that the hypothesis Failure to replicate an experiment does such as mutated cell lines that could be the or original findings are flawed, reasons cause. a reproducibility crisis which threatens There is debate as to whether there is truly replicate experiments is simply part of the scientific practice or whether failure to scientific process. Slate Opinion Piece by Dan Engber (OOS Podcast Guest) for Slate on the Replication Slate Opinion Piece by Dan Engber (OOS Podcast Guest) for Slate on the in Biomedicine, 2016. (https://goo.gl/jSFQDS) Journal Article by Marcus Manafo, et al, on Improving the Reproducibility of Research, 2017 (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-016-0021) The lack of access to the underlying data and analysis scripts is exacerbating the The lack of access to the underlying data raw data it is more difficult to replicate the failures to replicate studies, without the experiments accurately. reduces the chances of and individual Pre-registration of the experiment design interpretation during the analysis of data.

▶ ▶ 2 1 RELEVANCE TO OPEN SCIENCE RELEVANCE reproducibilityThe challenges are linkedto Open the becauseSciencemovement more a responsible use data of would make studies easier replicate. to Science that cannot be replicated either from flawed experimentsor lackof clarityregarding methodology the requires further research, this is seen as a waste funding of which often money. public INFORMATION HELPFUL LINKS AND FURTHER 1. 2. The issuesrelated reproducibilityto (sometimes calledreplication) started in socialthe sciences studies with However, in Psychology. an increasing number disciplines of have failed be to replicated, including the life sciences. scientists According poll a 2016 1,500 to of reported in the journal Nature, them of 70% had failed reproduce to at least other one experimentscientist's had (50% failed their of reproduce to one own experiments). KEY CONCEPTS Reproducibility is when an experiment or data or data experiment an is when Reproducibility Definition: large is that the challenge repeated, be reliably can analysis successfully. be replicated studies cannot of percentages open access, management, data, data Open research Keywords: access, funding analysis, journals, predatory pre-registration, SUMMARY ▶ ▶ 3. 4. numbers differ among disciplinesof course.

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REPRODUCIBILITY This is a working subject change. to document which is is which document