The Marian Philatelist, Whole No. 33
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The Dual Language of Geometry in Gothic Architecture: the Symbolic Message of Euclidian Geometry Versus the Visual Dialogue of Fractal Geometry
Peregrinations: Journal of Medieval Art and Architecture Volume 5 Issue 2 135-172 2015 The Dual Language of Geometry in Gothic Architecture: The Symbolic Message of Euclidian Geometry versus the Visual Dialogue of Fractal Geometry Nelly Shafik Ramzy Sinai University Follow this and additional works at: https://digital.kenyon.edu/perejournal Part of the Ancient, Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque Art and Architecture Commons Recommended Citation Ramzy, Nelly Shafik. "The Dual Language of Geometry in Gothic Architecture: The Symbolic Message of Euclidian Geometry versus the Visual Dialogue of Fractal Geometry." Peregrinations: Journal of Medieval Art and Architecture 5, 2 (2015): 135-172. https://digital.kenyon.edu/perejournal/vol5/iss2/7 This Feature Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Art History at Digital Kenyon: Research, Scholarship, and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Peregrinations: Journal of Medieval Art and Architecture by an authorized editor of Digital Kenyon: Research, Scholarship, and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ramzy The Dual Language of Geometry in Gothic Architecture: The Symbolic Message of Euclidian Geometry versus the Visual Dialogue of Fractal Geometry By Nelly Shafik Ramzy, Department of Architectural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Sinai University, El Masaeed, El Arish City, Egypt 1. Introduction When performing geometrical analysis of historical buildings, it is important to keep in mind what were the intentions -
Contents Inhalt
34 Rome, Pantheon, c. 120 A.D. Contents 34 Rome, Temple of Minerva Medica, c. 300 A.D. 35 Rome, Calidarium, Thermae of Caracalla, 211-217 A.D. Inhalt 35 Trier (Germany), Porta Nigra, c. 300 A.D. 36 NTmes (France), Pont du Gard, c. 15 B.C. 37 Rome, Arch of Constantine, 315 A.D. (Plan and elevation 1:800, Elevation 1:200) 38-47 Early Christian Basilicas and Baptisteries Frühchristliche Basiliken und Baptisterien 8- 9 Introduction by Ogden Hannaford 40 Rome, Basilica of Constantine, 310-13 41 Rome, San Pietro (Old Cathedral), 324 42 Ravenna, Sant' Apollinare Nuovo, c. 430-526 10-19 Great Buildings of Egypt, Mesopotamia and Persia 42 Ravenna, Sant'Apollinare in Classe, 534-549 Grosse Bauten Ägyptens, Mesopotamiens und Persiens 43 Rome, Sant' Agnese Fuori Le Mura, 7th cent. 43 Rome, San Clemente, 1084-1108 12 Giza (Egypt), Site Plan (Scale 1:5000) 44 Rome, Santa Costanza, c. 350 13 Giza, Pyramid of Cheops, c. 2550 B.C. (1:800) 44 Rome, Baptistery of Constantine (Lateran), 430-440 14 Karnak (Egypt), Site Plan, 1550-942 B.C. (1:5000) 44 Nocera (Italy), Baptistery, 450 15 Abu-Simbel (Egypt), Great Temple of Ramesses II, c. 1250 B.C. 45 Ravenna, Orthodox Baptistery, c. 450 (1:800, 1:200) 15 Mycenae (Greece), Treasury of Atreus, c. 1350 B.C. 16 Medinet Habu (Egypt), Funerary Temple of Ramesses II, c. 1175 B.C. 17 Edfu (Egypt), Great Temple of Horus, 237-57 B.C. 46-53 Byzantine Central and Cross-domed Churches 18 Khorsabad (Iraq), Palace of Sargon, 721 B.C. -
June 2016 in France: Chasing the Neolithic - Elly’S Notes
June 2016 in France: chasing the Neolithic - Elly’s notes I had a conference in the middle of June in Caen, Normandy, and another the end of June in Ghent, Belgium. I rented a car in Paris and drove to Caen and then vacationed in Brittany among the spectacular Neolithic monuments that remain from 6500 years ago. I also saw family in The Netherland before going to Gent. The Brexit vote happened during my stay as did real conversations about the E.U., very different from before. One conference participant cancelled because he was ashamed to be British. Map of the first part of my trip, with the arrows pointing to some of the major areas I visited in France Normandy I spent four days in Caen, Normandy, which was a city much beloved by William the Conqueror and his wife Mathilde. Bayoux, with its famous carpet, is not far but I didn’t visit that. Both William and Mathilda built monasteries to convince the pope into ok-ing their marriage. Below are some pictures of Caen. Very little but interesting street art The city of churches A famous recipee from Caen but not for vegans And more street art The parking garage I had trouble getting out Many bookstores… of! After Caen, I visited Mont St Michel; its size is immense. Before the church was built, there had been a pointed rock – pyramid-like. To construct the church, they first built four crypts around the point and then put the church on the plateau formed that way. The building styles vary depending in which ages they were built: Norman, to Gothic, to Classic. -
The Unifying Role of the Choir Screen in Gothic Churches Author(S): Jacqueline E
Beyond the Barrier: The Unifying Role of the Choir Screen in Gothic Churches Author(s): Jacqueline E. Jung Source: The Art Bulletin, Vol. 82, No. 4, (Dec., 2000), pp. 622-657 Published by: College Art Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3051415 Accessed: 29/04/2008 18:56 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=caa. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We enable the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. http://www.jstor.org Beyond the Barrier: The Unifying Role of the Choir Screen in Gothic Churches JacquelineE. Jung Thomas Hardy's early novel A Laodicean (first published in in church rituals, "anti-pastoral devices"4 designed to prevent 1881) focuses on the relationship between Paula Power, a ordinary people from gaining access to the sacred mysteries. -
Gothic Europe 12-15Th C
Gothic Europe 12-15th c. The term “Gothic” was popularized by the 16th c. artist and historian Giorgio Vasari who attributed the style to the Goths, Germanic invaders who had “destroyed” the classical civilization of the Roman empire. In it’s own day the Gothic style was simply called “modern art” or “The French style” Gothic Age: Historical Background • Widespread prosperity caused by warmer climate, technological advances such as the heavy plough, watermills and windmills, and population increase . • Development of cities. Although Europe remained rural, cities gained increasing prominence. They became centers of artistic patronage, fostering communal identity by public projects and ceremonies. • Guilds (professional associations) of scholars founded the first universities. A system of reasoned analysis known as scholasticism emerged from these universities, intent on reconciling Christian theology and Classical philosophy. • Age of cathedrals (Cathedral = a church that is the official seat of a bishop) • 11-13th c - The Crusades bring Islamic and Byzantine influences to Europe. • 14th c. - Black Death killing about one third of population in western Europe and devastating much of Europe’s economy. Europe About 1200 England and France were becoming strong nation-states while the Holy Roman Empire was weakened and ceased to be a significant power in the 13th c. French Gothic Architecture The Gothic style emerged in the Ile- de-France region (French royal domain around Paris) around 1140. It coincided with the emergence of the monarchy as a powerful centralizing force. Within 100 years, an estimate 2700 Gothic churches were built in the Ile-de-France alone. Abbot Suger, 1081-1151, French cleric and statesman, abbot of Saint- Denis from 1122, minister of kings Louis VI and Louis VII. -
What the Middle Ages Knew Gothic Art Piero Scaruffi Copyright 2018
What the Middle Ages knew Gothic Art Piero Scaruffi Copyright 2018 http://www.scaruffi.com/know 1 What the Middle Ages knew • Gothic architecture – Economic prosperity – Growing independence of towns from feudal lords – Intellectual fervor of cathedral schools and scholastics – Birth of the French nation-state 2 What the Middle Ages knew • Gothic architecture – Pointed arch (creative freedom in designing bays) – Rib vault (St Denis, Paris) – Flying buttress (Chartres, France) 3 (Suger’s choir, St Denis, Paris) What the Middle Ages knew • Gothic architecture – Consequences: • High naves • Campaniles, towers, spires: vertical ascent • Large windows (walls not needed for support) • Stained glass windows • Light 4 What the Middle Ages knew • Gothic architecture – Consequences: • The painting (and its biblical iconography) moves from the church walls to the glass windows 5 What the Middle Ages knew • Architectural styles of the Middle Ages 6 Lyon-Rowen- Hameroff: A History of the Western World What the Middle Ages knew • Gothic architecture – Consequences: • Stained glass windows (Chartres, France) 7 What the Middle Ages knew • Gothic – 1130: the most royal church is a monastery (St Denis), not a cathedral – Suger redesigns it on thelogical bases (St Denis preserved the mystical manuscript attributed to Dionysus the Aeropagite) – St Denis built at the peak of excitement for the conquest of Jerusalem (focus on Jesus, the one of the three persons that most mattered to the crusaders) – St Denis built on geometry and arithmetics (influence of Arab -
C16 Doc-16-Unesco
UNESCO The World Heritage THE AMERICAS ANTIGUA and BARBUDA 1983 Los Glaciares ARGENTINA 1978 Iguazu National Park ARGENTINA and BRAZIL Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis BELIZE 1990 Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System City of Potosi BOLIVIA 1976 Jesuit Missions of the Chiquitos Historic City of Sucre Historic Town of Ouro Preto Historic Centre of the Town of Olinda Historic Centre of Salvador de Bahia Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Congonhas BRAZIL 1977 Iguacu National Park Brasilia Serra de Capivara National Park Historic Centre of Sao Luis L’ Anse aux Meadows National Historic Park Nahanni National Park Dinosaur Provincial Park Anthony Island Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump Complex CANADA 1976 Wood Buffalo National Park Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks Quebec (Historic area) Gros Morne National Lunenburg Old Town Tatshenshini-Alsek, Kluane, Wrangell- St. Elias CANADA and UNITED STATES OF and Glacier Bay Parks AMERICA Waterton Glacier International Peace Park CHILE 1980 Rapa Nui National Park Carthagena Los Katios National Park COLOMBIA 1983 Historic Centre of Santa Cruz de Mompox National Archaeological Park of Tierradentro San Agustin Archaeological Park COSTA RICA 1977 Cocos Island National Park COSTA RICA and PANAMA Talamanca-La Amistad Old Havana CUBA 1981 Trinidad and the Valley de los Ingenios San Pedro de la Roca Castle, Santiago de Cuba DOMINICA 1985 Morne Trois Pitons National Park DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 1985 Colonial City of Santo Domingo Galapagos Islands ECUADOR 1975 City of Quito Sangay National -
Ref: CL/WHC/14/02 27 November 2002 To
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture 7, place de Fontenoy 75352 Paris 07 SP Tel. : + 33 (0) 1.45.68.15.71 Fax : + 33 (0) 1.45.68.55.70 Ref: CL/WHC/14/02 27 November 2002 To: Permanent Delegations, Observer Missions and National Commissions of States Parties to the UNESCO World Heritage Convention in Europe and North America Madam/Sir, Subject: Periodic Reporting on the application of the World Heritage Convention and on the state of conservation of World Heritage properties in Europe and North America I have the honor to draw your attention to Article 29 of the 1972 UNESCO World Heritage Convention which requests that “The States Parties to this Convention shall, in the reports which they submit to the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (…), give information on the legislative and administrative provisions which they have adopted and other action which they have taken for the application of this Convention, together with details of the experience acquired in this field”. The twenty-ninth General Conference of UNESCO in 1997, requested the World Heritage Committee to define the periodicity, form, nature and extent of the periodic reporting on the application of the World Heritage Convention and on the state of conservation of World Heritage properties and to examine and respond to these reports. The World Heritage Committee, at its twenty-second session in December 1998, decided to invite States Parties to the World Heritage Convention to submit the periodic reports every six years in accordance with the Format for periodic reports as adopted by the Committee. -
9-6 1200-1299 Cultural History
World History Chapter 9: 1100-1399 A.D. Section 6: 1200-1299 A.D. Cultural History By Dallin Hardy Catholic Church Franciscans 1209 Francis of Assisi Members of Franciscan Order Lived Simply In extreme poverty Dominicans 1216 Dominic de Guzman Members of Dominican Order Preached Combated heresy Summa Theologica 1274 Thomas Aquinas Romanesque/Gothic Architecture Santiago de Compostela Cathedral 1211 Spain Gothic Architecture Chartres Cathedral 1220 France Notre-Dame de la Belle-Verrière 1225 Chartres Cathedral South Transept Rose Window 1230 Chartres Cathedral Sainte-Chapelle 1248 Paris, France Amiens Cathedral 1269 France Beauvais Cathedral 1272 France Gothic Sculpture The Death of the Virgin 1220 Strasbourg Cathedral Annunciation and Nativity 1260 Nicola Pisano Pisa Universities University of Cambridge 1209 England University of Paris 1257 Medieval books Hand-copied Medieval Degrees Bachelor of arts Masters of Arts Doctorate Literature Latin Universal language of Medieval civilization Vernacular Literature 12th century Vernacular Language of everyday speech The Poem of the Cid 1207 Spain Old Spanish Also called Cantar de Mio Cid Robin Hood Beginning of Robin Hood 1283 “Lytil Jhon and Robyne Hude Wayth-men ware commendyd gude In Yngilwode and Barnysdale Thai oysyd all this tyme thare trawale.” Robin Hood Legendary folk hero Sherwood Forest Sheriff of Nottingham Little John Maid Marian Sculpture Horses of Saint Mark 1254 Placed upon cathedral Early English Gothic Salisbury Cathedral 1258 Castles Kilkenny Castle 1213 Ireland Conway Castle 1289 Wales Proto Renaissance Madonna Enthroned 1285 Cimabue Florence, Italy Crucifix 1288 Cimabue Florence, Italy Italian Literature The New Life 1295 Dante Also called Vita Nuova . -
Abbey Church of Saint-Savin France Amiens Cathedral France Basilica
POINTS OF INTEREST (POIS) Abbey Church of Saint-Savin France Amiens Cathedral France Basilica of Notre-Dame de Fourvière France Basilica of Our Lady of La Salette France Basilica of the Sacred Heart Belgium Bourges Cathedral France Cathedral of Our Lady Antwerp Belgium Chartres Cathedral France Church of Our Lady Bruges Belgium Notre-Dame de la Garde France Notre-Dame de Paris France Oude Kerk Amsterdam Netherlands Reims Cathedral France Strasbourg Cathedral France Tournai Cathedral Belgium Vézelay Abbey France Erasmus Bridge Netherlands Pont de Normandie France Pont de Wandre Belgium Python Bridge Netherlands Saint-Nazaire Bridge France Afsluitdijk (Dam) Netherlands Arc de Triomphe France Arles Monuments (multiple) France Avenue des Champs-Élysées France Belfry of Bruges Belgium Cairn of Barnenez France Canadian National Vimy Memorial France Carcassonne France Caserne Loubere + Lighthouse French Guiana Château de Chenonceau France Château de Costaérès France Château de Pierrefonds FranceC hâteau de Quéribus France Château de Vaux le Vicomte France Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg France Citadel of Lille France Citadel of Namur Belgium Cordouan Lighthouse France Douaumont Ossuary France Dreyfus Tower French Guiana Dune of Pilat France Etretat Chalk Complex France Fort Boyard France Fort Napoléon des Saintes Guadelupe Grande Arche de la Defense France Houtribdijk (Dam) Netherlands Ile Vierge France La Cavelle Lighthouse Martinique La Jument France Maine-Montparnasse Tower France Maasvlakte Light Netherlands Millau Viaduct France Mont Aiguille -
ILLUSTRATION CREDITS INTRODUCTION I-1 Chartres
448 Great Spires: Skyscrapers of the New Jerusalem ILLUSTRATION CREDITS INTRODUCTION I-1 Chartres Cathedral (from Étienne Houvet, Chartres Cathedral, rev. by Malcolm B. Miller, Chartres, 1985, cover). I-2 Cologne Cathedral (from Wolff, Cologne Cathedral, 7). I-3 Strasbourg, from the Liber Chronicarum of Hartmann Schedel, woodcut, 1493 (from Elizabeth Rücker, Hartmann Schedels Weltchronik: Das grösste Buchunternehmen der Dürerzeit Munich, 1988, 200-201). I-4 New York, Empire State Building (from Sam Hunter, John Jacobus, and Daniel Wheeler, Modern Art: Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture, New York, 2000, 210). I-5 Freiburg im Breisgau, Minster (courtesy Freiburger Münsterbauverein, e.V, Freiburg). I-6 Antwerp, Notre-Dame (from Buyle, Architecture Gothique en Belgique, 96). I-7 Lübeck, Marienkirche (from Heinle and Leonhardt, Towers, 155). I-8 Norwich Cathedral (photograph by Charles D. Cuttler). I-9 Chartres Cathedral, seen rising above the wheat fields of Beauce (from Anne Prache, Chartres Cathedral: Image of the Heavenly Jerusalem, Paris, 1993, 123). I-10 Saturn V launch seen rising across the marshes of Florida (from Richard P. Hallion, ed., Apollo: Ten Years Since Tranquility Base, Washingon, D.C., 1979, 16). I-11 Ulm Minster, spire (photograph by Robert Bork). I-12 Aachen Cathedral treasury, three towered reliquary (from Herta Lepie and Georg Minkenberg, Die Schatzkammer des Aachener Domes Aachen, 1995, 31). I-13 Vienna, Stephansdom, spire (from Arthur Saliger, Cathedral and Metropolitan Church: St. Stephen’s in Vienna, Munich, 1990, 16). Illustration Credits 449 CHAPTER 1 1-1 Babylon, Tower of Babel; reconstruction (from Heinle and Leonhardt, Towers, 29. 1-2 Strasbourg Cathedral, north tower and spire with stair turrets (photograph by Javier Gómez Martinez). -
The Gothic Cathedral St
The Gothic Cathedral St. Sernin (Romanesque) Amiens Cathedral (Gothic) Ulm Munster German Cathedral Largest Gothic Structure in the World Cologne Cathedral 1248-1880 2nd largest Gothic Cathedral in the World Various Gothic Styles FRENCH ENGLISH Early Gothic (1130-1190) ‘Early English' Period (1175-1250) High Gothic (1190–1240) ‘Decorated' Period (1250-1300) Rayonnant Gothic (1240–1350) ‘Perpendicular' Period (1350- 1400) Late Gothic or the Flamboyant style (1350–1520) FRENCH Early Gothic Abbey Church of St. Denis Begun 1136-1140 by Abbot Suger FRENCH High Gothic Chartres Cathedral Reims Cathedral Amiens Cathedral Notre Dame Cathedral Much of the 1200s Tall Cathedrals that focused on artistic imagery as well as height FRENCH ‘Rayonnant’ Emphasis on more light and windows… Abbey of St. Denis (below) St. Chappelle (right) FRENCH Late Gothic or FLAMBOYANT style Very dramatic s-curved or flame tracery ENGLISH ‘Early English' Period (1175-1250) Wells Cathedral, below, became Britain's first all-pointed and all-Gothic cathedral when it was rebuilt in 1175. It is considered one of the most beautiful of Britain's cathedrals, and one of the most influential as well. Its style became the template of the new trend in British cathedrals. ENGLISH ‘Decorated' Period (1250-1300) The main characteristic of this era is the ‘bar tracery'. Here, designs in masonry ranging from the simple to the flamboyant, are set on to windows. The result is that the stonework supports of the building can become lighter. Lincoln Cathedral, England ENGLISH ‘Perpendicular' Period (1350-1400) This style is referred to as ‘Perpendicular' because of its stark, rigid exterior lines.