Mont−Saint−Michel and Chartres Henry Adams Mont−Saint−Michel and Chartres Table of Contents Mont−Saint−Michel and Chartres..........................................................................................................................1 Henry Adams.................................................................................................................................................1 Editor's Note...................................................................................................................................................1 Preface............................................................................................................................................................3 CHAPTER I. SAINT MICHIEL DE LA MER DEL PERIL........................................................................4 CHAPTER II. LA CHANSON DE ROLAND..............................................................................................9 CHAPTER III. THE MERVEILLE.............................................................................................................21 CHAPTER IV. NORMANDY AND THE ILE DE FRANCE....................................................................27 CHAPTER V. TOWERS AND PORTALS.................................................................................................34 CHAPTER VI. THE VIRGIN OF CHARTRES.........................................................................................45 CHAPTER VII. ROSES AND APSES........................................................................................................53 CHAPTER VIII. THE TWELFTH−CENTURY GLASS...........................................................................61 CHAPTER IX. THE LEGENDARY WINDOWS......................................................................................70 CHAPTER X. THE COURT OF THE QUEEN OF HEAVEN..................................................................83 CHAPTER XI. THE THREE QUEENS......................................................................................................90 CHAPTER XII. NICOLETTE AND MARION........................................................................................110 CHAPTER XIII. LES MIRACLES DE NOTRE DAME..........................................................................124 CHAPTER XIV. ABELARD....................................................................................................................148 CHAPTER XV. THE MYSTICS...............................................................................................................164 CHAPTER XVI. SAINT THOMAS AQUINAS.......................................................................................180 i Mont−Saint−Michel and Chartres Henry Adams This page copyright © 2002 Blackmask Online. http://www.blackmask.com • Editor's Note • Preface • CHAPTER I. SAINT MICHIEL DE LA MER DEL PERIL • CHAPTER II. LA CHANSON DE ROLAND • CHAPTER III. THE MERVEILLE • CHAPTER IV. NORMANDY AND THE ILE DE FRANCE • CHAPTER V. TOWERS AND PORTALS • CHAPTER VI. THE VIRGIN OF CHARTRES • CHAPTER VII. ROSES AND APSES • CHAPTER VIII. THE TWELFTH−CENTURY GLASS • CHAPTER IX. THE LEGENDARY WINDOWS • CHAPTER X. THE COURT OF THE QUEEN OF HEAVEN • CHAPTER XI. THE THREE QUEENS • CHAPTER XII. NICOLETTE AND MARION • CHAPTER XIII. LES MIRACLES DE NOTRE DAME • CHAPTER XIV. ABELARD • CHAPTER XV. THE MYSTICS • CHAPTER XVI. SAINT THOMAS AQUINAS Etext by Steve Harris, Charles Franks and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team. Editor's Note From the moment when, through the courtesy of my friend Barrett Wendell, I came first to know Mr. Henry Adams's book, Mont−Saint− Michel and Chartres, I was profoundly convinced that this privately printed, jealously guarded volume should be withdrawn from its hiding−place amongst the bibliographical treasures of collectors and amateurs and given that wide publicity demanded alike by its intrinsic nature and the cause it could so admirably serve. To say that the book was a revelation is inadequately to express a fact; at once all the theology, philosophy, and mysticism, the politics, sociology, and economics, the romance, literature, and art of that greatest epoch of Christian civilization became fused in the alembic of an unique insight and precipitated by the dynamic force of a personal and distinguished style. A judgment that might well have been biased by personal inclination received the endorsement of many in two continents, more competent to pass judgment, better able to speak with authority; and so fortified, I had the honour of saying to Mr. Adams, in the autumn of 1912, that the American Institute of Architects asked the distinguished privilege of arranging for the publication of an edition for general sale, under its own imprimatur. The result is the volume now made available for public circulation. Mont−Saint−Michel and Chartres 1 Mont−Saint−Michel and Chartres In justice to Mr. Adams, it should be said that such publication is, in his opinion, unnecessary and uncalled−for, a conclusion in which neither the American Institute of Architects, the publishers, nor the Editor concurs. Furthermore, the form in which the book is presented is no affair of the author, who, in giving reluctant consent to publication, expressly stipulated that he should have no part or parcel in carrying out so mad a venture of faith,as he estimated the project of giving his book to the public. In this, and for once, his judgment is at fault. Mont−Saint−Michel and Chartres is one of the most distinguished contributions to literature and one of the most valuable adjuncts to the study of mediaevalism America thus far has produced. The rediscovery of this great epoch of Christian civilization has had issue in many and valuable works on its religion, its philosophy, its economics, its politics, and its art, but in nearly every instance, whichever field has been traversed has been considered almost as an isolated phenomenon, with insufficient reference to the other aspects of an era that was singularly united and at one with itself. Hugh of Saint Victor and Saint Thomas Aquinas are fully comprehensible only in their relationship to Saint Anselm, Saint Bernard, and the development of Catholic dogma and life; feudalism, the crusades, the guilds and communes weave themselves into this same religious development and into the vicissitudes of crescent nationalities; Dante, the cathedral builders, the painters, sculptors, and music masters, all are closely knit into the warp and woof of philosophy, statecraft, economics, and religious devotion;indeed, it may be said that the Middle Ages, more than any other recorded epoch of history, must be considered en bloc, as a period of consistent unity as highly emphasized as was its dynamic force. It is unnecessary to say that Mr. Adams deals with the art of the Middle Ages after this fashion: he is not of those who would determine every element in art from its material antecedents. He realizes very fully that its essential element, the thing that differentiates it from the art that preceded and that which followed, is its spiritual impulse; the manifestation may have been, and probably was, more or less accidental, but that which makes Chartres Cathedral and its glass, the sculptures of Rheims, the Dies Irae, Aucassin and Nicolette, the Song of Roland, the Arthurian Legends, great art and unique, is neither their technical mastery nor their fidelity to the enduring laws of all great art,though these are singular in their perfection,but rather the peculiar spiritual impulse which informed the time, and by its intensity, its penetrating power, and its dynamic force wrought a rounded and complete civilization and manifested this through a thousand varied channels. Greater, perhaps, even than his grasp of the singular entirety of mediaeval civilization, is Mr. Adams's power of merging himself in a long dead time, of thinking and feeling with the men and women thereof, and so breathing on the dead bones of antiquity that again they clothe themselves with flesh and vesture, call back their severed souls, and live again, not only to the consciousness of the reader, but before his very eyes. And it is not a thin simulacrum he raises by some doubtful alchemy: it is no phantasm of the past that shines dimly before us in these magical pages; it is the very time itself in which we are merged. We forgather with the Abbot and his monks, and the crusaders and pilgrims in the Shrine of the Archangel: we pay our devoirs to the fair French Queens,Blanche of Castile, Eleanor of Aquitaine, Mary of Champagne,fighting their battles for them as liege servants: we dispute with Abelard, Thomas of Aquino, Duns the Scotsman: we take our parts in the Court of Love, or sing the sublime and sounding praises of God with the Canons of Saint Victor: our eyes opened at last, and after many days we kneel before Our Lady of Pity, asking her intercession for her lax but loyal devotees. Seven centuries dissolve and vanish away, being as they were not, and the thirteenth century lives less for us than we live in it and are a part of its gaiety and light− heartedness, its youthful ardour and abounding action, its childlike simplicity and frankness, its normal and healthy and all−embracing devotion. And it is well for us to have this experience. Apart from the desirable transformation it effects in preconceived and curiously erroneous superstitions as to one of the greatest eras in all history, it is vastly heartening and exhilarating. If it gives new