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Child Pornography National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings

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Child Pornography National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings 1 Child Pornography National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings Child Pornography First report of the Dutch National Rapporteur Child Pornography First report of the Dutch National Rapporteur First report of the Dutch National Rapporteur Postal address P.O. Box 20301 Dit2500 is EHeen The uitgave Hague van: MinisterieThe Netherlands van Veiligheid en Justitie PostbusT +31 (0)703704514 20301 | 2500 eh Den Haag www.rijksoverheid.nl/venjwww.bnrm.nl MaandMay 2012 2010 | Publicatienr: | Publicatienr: j-14260 j-0000 Publication Details Reference: National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings (2011). Child Pornography – First report of the Dutch National Rapporteur. The Hague: BNRM Bureau of the Dutch National Rapporteur P.O. Box 20301 2500 EH The Hague +31(0)70 3704514 www.bnrm.nl Lay-out: Het vlakke land, Rotterdam © bnrm 2011 0 Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Overview of figures and tables 7 Abbreviations used 9 Foreword 17 Introduction 21 Current context 21 Scope covered by the reporting role 23 Perpetrators, victims and technology 25 Creating the reporting body 26 Structure of the report 28 1 The phenomenon of child pornography 31 1.1 Introduction 31 1.2 Developments over time 33 1.2.1 Introduction 33 1.2.2 The period up to the mid-1990s 33 1.2.3 Mid-1990s to present 39 1.3 Legal framework – Article 240b of the Dutch Criminal Code 49 1.4 The nature of child pornography 58 1.4.1 Technology 58 1.4.1.1 The nature of the material 58 1.4.1.2 The activities – ‘production’, ‘distribution’ and ‘possession’ 62 1.4.1.3 Functions of child abuse material for perpetrators 67 1.4.2 Perpetrators 68 1.4.3 Victims 75 1.5 The extent of child abuse material 80 1.5.1 The number of perpetrators – safety in numbers 81 1.5.2 The number of victims 83 1.5.3 The volume of child abuse material 87 1.6 Conclusion 89 2 The government agenda 91 2.1 Introduction 91 2.2 Policy developments since the early 1980s 92 2.3 The significance of the Lanzarote Convention 100 4 Child PornograPhy First report oF the Dutch NatioNal rapporteur 2.4 Security and Justice 101 2.4.1 Security and Justice: the digital dimension 102 2.4.2 Domestic violence 106 2.5 Health, Welfare and Sport 107 2.5.1 Sexual health 107 2.5.2 Regional Plan to Tackle Child Abuse 109 2.6 Education, Culture and Science 111 2.7 Social Affairs and Employment 112 2.8 Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation 113 2.9 Conclusion 114 3 Implementation 115 3.1 Introduction 115 3.2 Prevention 118 3.2.1 Introduction 118 3.2.2 Prevention measures aimed at perpetrators 119 3.2.3 Prevention measures aimed at victims 122 3.2.4 Situational prevention 124 3.2.5 Public prevention measures 127 3.2.6 Conclusion 128 3.3 Identification & recording 129 3.3.1 The identification of perpetrators 130 3.3.1.1 Stop it Now! UK & Ireland 131 3.3.1.2 Stichting M. [Report Crime Anonymously] 134 3.3.2 The identification of victims 135 3.3.2.1 The Kindertelefoon service 141 3.3.2.2 Helpwanted.nl 143 3.3.2.3 Child Abuse Counselling and Reporting Centre 145 3.3.3 The identification of content 149 3.3.3.1 The Hotline Combating Child Pornography on the Internet 149 3.3.3.2 The Cyber Crime Reporting Website 154 3.3.4 Conclusion 156 3.4 Detection 157 3.4.1 Introduction 157 3.4.2 Working method in detection 157 3.4.3 Complications 167 3.4.4 The new structure 172 3.4.5 Conclusion 173 3.5 Prosecution and trial 175 3.5.1 Prosecution 175 3.5.2 Trial 178 3.5.3 Sentences and orders 181 3.5.4 Prosecution and trial in figures 190 3.5.4.1 Prosecution in figures 190 3.5.4.2 Cases concluded in first instance in figures 197 3.5.4.3 Cases settled on appeal in figures 202 5 Table of Contents 3.5.4.4 Characteristics of suspects and persons convicted 205 3.5.5 Trends 207 3.5.6 Conclusion 209 3.6 After-care for and supervision of sex offenders 210 3.6.1 Introduction 210 3.6.2 Legal framework 212 3.6.3 Integrated approach, after-care for and supervision of offenders 220 3.6.3.1 Starting points 221 3.6.3.2 Phases in the integrated approach 225 3.6.4 Youth offenders 235 3.6.5 Probation and after-care – quantitative data 237 3.6.6 Conclusion 242 3.7 Victim assistance 243 3.7.1 Introduction 243 3.7.2 Provision of assistance to victims of sexual abuse 244 3.7.3 Provision of assistance to victims of sexual abuse within the context of child pornography 248 3.7.4 Provision of assistance to victims of the distribution, possession and viewing of child abuse material 250 3.7.5 The Amsterdam sexual abuse case 251 3.7.6 Conclusion 254 3.8 Public-private sector partnerships in the Netherlands in the matter of child pornography 255 3.8.1 Introduction 255 3.8.2 Interplay of forces in public-private sector partnerships 256 3.8.3 Concrete (actions of ) public-private sector partnerships 260 3.8.3.1 Private sector 262 3.8.3.2 Intermediate-level social organisations 269 3.8.4 Direction of public-private sector partnerships in the Netherlands 271 3.8.5 Conclusion 276 4 Conclusions and recommendations 279 4.1 Core message 279 4.2 Where do matters stand at present? 280 4.2.1 Child pornography as a complex phenomenon 280 4.2.2 The government agenda 281 4.2.3 Implementation 283 4.2.3.1 General 283 4.2.3.2 Prevention 283 4.2.3.3 Identification and registration 285 4.2.3.4 Detection 286 4.2.3.5 Prosecution and trial 287 4.2.3.6 After-care and supervision 288 4.2.3.7 Victim assistance 289 4.2.3.8 Public-private sector partnerships 290 4.3 Connections 290 4.4 Specification and recommendations 291 6 Child PornograPhy First report oF the Dutch NatioNal rapporteur Bibliography 297 Appendix 307 A1 COPINE scale 309 A2 Justification of research methods used 311 1 The AMK study 311 2 The Public Prosecution Service data and Investigation & Research and Policy Database for Judicial Documentation study 312 3 The probation study 313 A3 Explanatory notes to tables, figures and statistics 315 1 Explanatory notes to tables 315 2 Explanatory notes to figures 315 3 Explanatory notes to statistics 315 A4 Supplementary tables 317 1 Supplement to §3.3.3.1 The Hotline Combating Child Pornography on the Internet 317 2a Supplement to §3.5.4.1 Prosecutions in figures 319 2b Supplement to §3.5.4.2 Cases concluded in first instance, in figures 323 2c Supplement to §3.5.4.3 Cases settled on appeal in figures 328 2d Supplement to §3.5.4.4 Characteristics of suspects and persons convicted 331 3 Supplement to §3.6.5 Probation and after-care – quantitative data 333 0 Overview of figures and tables Figure 0.1 Perpetrators, victims and technology 25 Figure 1.1 Moran’s pyramid model 73 Figure 3.1 Annual number of reports to the Hotline Combating Child Pornography on the Internet – including content reported in duplicate (2005-2010) 150 Figure 3.2 Annual reports – including content reported in duplicate – according to place where found 151 Figure 3.3 Proportion of unique reports relating to child abuse material compared with the total number of unique reports (2007-2010) 152 Figure 3.4 Proportion of unique reports of child abuse material on servers hosted in the Netherlands compared with the total number of unique reports of child abuse material (2005-2010) 152 Figure 3.5 Gender distribution amongst victims depicted in the incidences of child abuse material on servers in the Netherlands that were reported in 2010 153 Figure 3.6 Age distribution amongst victims depicted in the incidences of child abuse material on servers in the Netherlands that were reported in 2010 154 Figure 3.7 Number of cases registered with the Public Prosecution Service (2005-2010) 191 Figure 3.8 Cases registered in each district court public prosecutor’s office (total 2005-2010) 191 Figure 3.9 Nature of the registered cases (2005-2010) 192 Figure 3.10 Registered cases by gravest offences (2005-2010) 194 Figure 3.11 Registered cases and preventive detention (2005-2010) 195 Figure 3.12 Number of cases concluded by the Public Prosecution Service (2005-2010) 195 Figure 3.13 Concluded cases by type of settlement (2005-2010) 196 Figure 3.14 Number of cases concluded in first instance (2005-2010) 197 Figure 3.15 Cases settled in first instance by type of settlement (2005-2010) 198 Figure 3.16 Convictions in first instance by severity of charges (2005-2010) 199 Figure 3.17 Convictions in first instance according to sentence imposed (2005-2010) 199 Figure 3.18 Non-suspended or partially-suspended custodial sentences handed down in the first instance according to term category (2005-2010) 201 Figure 3.19 Community service orders handed down in first instance according to term category 201 Figure 3.20 Cases settled in first instance in which an appeal was lodged (2005-2010) 202 Figure 3.21 Number of cases settled on appeal (2005-2009) 203 Figure 3.22 Cases settled on appeal according to settlement type (total 2005-2009) 203 Figure 3.23 Convictions on appeal according to sentence imposed (total 2005-2009) 204 8 Child PornograPhy First report oF the Dutch NatioNal rapporteur Figure 3.24 Non-suspended or partially suspended custodial sentences handed down on appeal according to term category (total 2005-2009) 204 Figure 3.25 Community service orders handed down on appeal according to term category (2005-2009) 205 Figure 3.26 Age of suspects (2005-2010) 206 Figure 3.27 Age of persons convicted (2005-2010) 206 Figure 4.1 Intervention model 293 Figure 4.2 Connections model 294 Table 1.1 Child pornography – online/offline and hands-on/hands-off 47 Table 1.2 Sexual violence against children – online/offline and hands-on/hands-off 48 Table 1.3 Experience of sexual abuse by gender 85 Table 1.4 Online sexual experiences by gender 86 Table 3.1
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