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Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TRANSFORMING GENDER POLICY IN GERMANY?: EUROPEAN GENDER DIRECTIVES AND CHALLENGES TO THE MALE BREADWINNER POLICY PATH b y HEATHER MACRAE, B.A. M.A. A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Political Science Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario May 2005 Copyright ©, 2005 Headier MacRae Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada 0-494-08341-7 Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de [’edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: Our file Notre reference ISBN: NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non. exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lntemet, preter, telecommunication or on the internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L’auteur conserve la propriete du droit d’auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant any loss of content from the thesis. ■ ♦ i Canada Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Abstract European institutions have begun to elaborate a distinctive gender regime. Relying on a largely liberal understanding of equality, European measures are frequently at odds with established policies in a number of member states, especially those where a male breadwinner/female caregiver regime predominates. This thesis examines the way in which European initiatives, inspired by the liberal gender regime, have fed into policy debates and reforms in Germany, a notoriously resilient male breadwinner state and a “laggard” in European gender policy. Three case studies - on the regulation of equal pay, pornography and parental leave - are used to explore tensions between the nascent European gender regime and Germany’s. The findings suggest that Europeanization of the German gender regime has been uneven and incomplete. While European measures in labour policy have been widely drawn into the German policy frame, in other aspects of gender policy they have prompted a stubborn response to resist the spirit, if not the letter of the law. Thus the male breadwinner/female caregiver gender regime has not, as a whole, been displaced. Rather, German legal and political structures have responded to Europeanization by incorporating European gender policy largely alongside the broader set of German laws and norms. Although the German gender regime cannot thus be said to have been transformed, the changes that have been introduced are contributing to die emergence of a hybrid regime, incorporating aspects of both the male breadwinner and the dual earner model. ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Acknowledgements A number of people contributed to this dissertation. I am grateful to them all for their support My diesis supervisor, Rianne Mahon, is responsible for guiding me through the process and for helping me to focus and direct my research. In addition to helping shape many of die ideas that eventually became this diesis, Dr. Mahon provided critical comments, practical advice and support She always knew what form of comments - whether critical or encouraging - 1 needed at each particular stage in order to keep on track. I learned a great deal from Dr. Mahon and am very grateful for having had the opportunity to work with her. Dr. David Long also contributed to this dissertation in numerous ways. In particular, he is largely responsible for channelling my interests in European integration and bringing together my interests in women in politics and die politics of the European Union. His comments directed me to approach integration and the process of integration in ways that I may not have otherwise seen. I am grateful for his advice and encouragement over the years. I appreciate the assistance and advice of Dr. Jill Vickers. Dr. Vickers shared her immense knowledge of women in politics with me, and encouraged me to consider my cases from different angles and perspectives. I know that my work benefited from her commentsand critique. I gratefully acknowledge grants from die Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council and from the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) that enabled me to cany out several years of research in Germany. While in Germany, I had assistance from a number of individuals. Dr. Ilse Lenz at the Ruhr Universit&t in Bochum invited me to participate in her graduate colloquium, offering me a forum to exchange ideas with others working in feminist studies. Numerous other individuals in Germany and Brussels helped me by sharing their time, knowledge and insights. I am especially grateful to Ursula Nienhaus of the FFBIZ and to several individuals at the Parliamentary archives in Bonn, the EDZ in Bielefeld and Bochum. I also benefited from the help of several individuals in the formal European institutions, and in the ETUC and EWL. I appreciate their assistance in locating documents, deciphering the filing systems and understanding the surrounding context I would also like to thank the women I interviewed for taking time from their busy schedules to share their experiences and ideas with me. I am grateful to the friends in Germany and Canada who shared this process with me. Their encouragement was essential to this project I am particularly thankful to Jimena Jimenez for commenting on my work, helping me to sort of difficult concepts, clarify ideas and thoughts. I owe the greatest debt to my family. I thank my parents for their support, financial and moral over the years. In particular, I am grateful to them for opening my eyes and interest to the German language, culture and politics. Most of all, I thank my husband, Philip. This dissertation would have never been completed without his unwavering support, patience and encouragement iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table of Contents A bstract. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ii Acknowledgements....................................................................................................................................................................................................... iii lis t o f Abbreviations............................................................................................................................................................................................... v ii Central Questions..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................5 The Gender Regime and Choice o f Case Studies.....................................................................................................10
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