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Solfege Singing: Major Scale and Intervals (2013) Harmony – the Music School 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 79 Solfege: Diatonic C Major Scale [ C4 to C5 ]

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Solfege Singing: Major Scale and Intervals (2013) Harmony – the Music School 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 79 Solfege: Diatonic C Major Scale [ C4 to C5 ] Sound of Music How It Works Session 7 Singing OLLI at Illinois Spring 2020 Plainsong and Gregorian Chants Hymn Lucis Creator and a Canticle Beauty in Sound (2019) D. H. Tracy Reconstruction of Sounds from Roman Cornu Horn Music played on Virtual Cornu using Modalys simulation program. [René Caussé & team, Institute for Research and Coordination in Acoustics and Music, Paris (2017)] Cornu dimensions, materials and construction details from Pompei artifacts at Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli. 3.4 m Length, Conical, Sheet metal, Bronze Alloy Traditional Military Call Cornu Floor mosaic, Zliten, Libya ca 1st Century CE. Musicians at Gladiatorial Music: Gustav Mahler Contest with Roman Tuba, Hydraulis pipe organ, two Conua. 2nd Symphony From Physics, online magazine of the 3/3/20 American Physical Society (March 5, 2020) Sound of Music 6 2 Sound of Music How It Works Session 7 Singing OLLI at Illinois Spring 2020 D. H. Tracy Course Outline 1. Building Blocks: Some basic concepts 2. Resonance: Building Sounds 3. Hearing and the Ear 4. Musical Scales 5. Musical Instruments 6. More Musical Instruments 7. Singing 8. Notation; Harmony and Dissonance 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 4 Feb 28, 2020 PERSPECTIVES 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 5 PERSPECTIVES 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 6 Albouy et al 10 novel Melodies 10 Lyric lines 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 7 The McGill Experiment Albouy et al Science Feb 28, 2020 Different Try the Demo Experiment yourself online at ??? Same www.Zlab.McGill.ca/Spectro_Temporal_Modulations/ • Listen to Pairs of Songs • Judge whether either Melodies or Lyrics are ➢ The Same ➢ or Different • Spoiler: Some Songs may be distorted either ➢ Spectrally (by smearing Frequencies) or ➢ Temporally (by smearing Time) • Note: You will be lying in a fMRI Machine ➢ Just relax! 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 8 The hall-way leads to doors that let us out I think she has a soft and love-ly voice Song Pair 1: Same Melody Different Lyrics 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 9 They said it was a cross they saw in church They said it was a cross they saw in church Song Pair 2: Diff. Melody Same Lyrics 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 10 He chose to take a long and lone-ly road Magicians like to trick and fool their fans Song Pair 3: Diff. Melody Diff. Lyrics 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 11 xxxxx yyyyyyy Song Pair 4: High Temporal Degradation Listen toMelodies: Melodies and Lyrics Are theySame theor same Different or different? 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 12 ??#%?&!#?? ???*%#@%?# Song Pair 4: High Temporal Degradation SAME Melodies 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 13 xxxxx yyyyyyy Song Pair 5: High Spectral Degradation Listen to MelodiesLyrics: and Lyrics Are theySame theor same Different or different? 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 14 We told them that a tax would sure-ly help We told them that a tax would sure-ly help Song Pair 5: High Spectral Degradation SAME Lyrics 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 15 xxxxx yyyyyyy Song Pair 6: High Spectral Degradation Listen to Melody:Melodies and Lyrics Are theySame theor same Different or different? 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 16 He chose to take a long and lone-ly road The hallway leads to doors that let us out Song Pair 6: High Spectral Degradation Different Melody 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 17 xxxxx yyyyyyy Song Pair 7: High Temporal Degradation Listen to MelodiesLyrics: and Lyrics Are theySame theor same Different or different? 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 18 ??#?&*@??? ??*$##?@?! Song Pair 7: High Temporal Degradation Different Lyrics 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 19 xxxxx yyyyyyy Song Pair 8: High Spectral Degradation Listen to Melody:Melodies and Lyrics Are theySame theor same Different or different? 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 20 Jack Jim and John wear three a-ma-zing hats We’d like to go to Boston Monday night Song Pair 8: High Spectral Degradation SAME Melody 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 21 Song Pair 9: High Temporal Degradation Listen to MelodiesLyrics: and Lyrics Are theySame theor same Different or different? 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 22 Song Pair 9: High Temporal Degradation SAME Lyrics 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 23 McGill Results (for Right-handed People) • Spectral Degradation hurts Melody recognition • Temporal Degradation hurts Lyric recognition • Right Auditory Cortex primarily decodes Melody • Left Auditory Cortex primarily decodes Lyrics L R Lyrics Melody L R L R 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 24 Singing 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 25 Coloratura Soprano Audrey Luna Audrey Luna (2010) singing Mad Scene from Donizetti’s Lucia di Lammermoor (1835) Listen carefully to the lyrics…. 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 26 Coloratura Audrey Luna Audrey Luna (Nov. 2017) hits A6 at the Met in Thomas Adès’s The Exterminating Angel She actually hit above A#6 (1910 Hz) 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 27 Coloratura Audrey Luna 15 kHz Audrey Luna (Nov. 2017) hits A6 at the Met in Thomas Adès’s The Exterminating Angel She actually hit above A#6 1910 Hz 0 Hz 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 28 Coloratura Audrey Luna 15 kHz Audrey Luna (Nov. 2017) hits A6 at the Met 1/20 s in Thomas Adès’s The Exterminating Angel She actually hit above A#6 (1910 Hz) 0 Hz 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 29 The Singing Voice as a Musical Instrument Source of Controllable Variable Air Pressure Vibrating Acoustic Valve Resonator Lips f1 + Harmonics Selects desired harmonics Nasal Cavity Tongue Vocal Vocal Folds Tract 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 30 Vocal Tract Crudely Similar to Closed/Open Pipe f1 400 Hz 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 31 The Overall Voice Apparatus LearnLanguagesOnYourOwn.com 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 32 But Not All Sounds are Voiced using Vocal Folds Also: • Sounds produced by turbulent flow – sss, shh, fff, th – Frictive • Sounds produced by sudden release of pressure – t , k, p – Plosive • Combinations of these with Voicing – z, v, b, d, g 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 33 Types of Vocalization Turbulence Stops “Voiced” Phonemes (Fricatives) (Plosives) Vocal Cord Sound Due to Vocal Tract Vibration Turbulent Air Blocked by Creates Sound Flow Tongue or Lips Harmonics Modified High Reynolds • Catch by Resonances of Number • Hold Vocal Tract • Release Examples: Examples: Examples: Vowels Sibilants (s, z, sh, zh) Voiced Consonants [tongue curled] Voiceless (p, t, k) (l, m, n, r) Non-Sibilants - l, m, n, r etc. (f, v, thing, that) Voiced (b, d, g) voiced 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 34 Vocal Tract Larynx 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 35 Larynx 3D Model Top View Front Rear View 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 36 Done Vocal Folds (Cords): Top View Open vs Closed Front 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 37 Vocal Folds (Cords): Top View Open vs Closed Front 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 38 Phonation: Generating Chopped Glottal Air Flow via Vocal Fold Vibrations Phonation Types: 1. “Breathy” Folds do not close Weak harmonics 2. Modal (flow, normal) 3. “Pressed” Folds tightly squeezed Shrill sound Power to Sing 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 39 Phonation: What if we Eliminated the Vocal Tract? Estimated Vocalization without Modification by Vocal Tract 1. Synthetic voice (glissando) 2. Male speech voice (based on EGG) 3. Singing (Modal Phonation) 100 Hz 260 Hz 750 Hz Power to Sing 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 40 Glottal Closings Generate Most Sound Vibration of Vocal Fold Google: Columbia Power to Sing “Human Voice” pdf 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 41 Glottal Closings Generate Most Sound Vibration of Vocal Fold Google: Columbia Power to Sing “Human Voice” pdf 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 42 Glottal Airflow Mask System 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 43 Electroglottograph 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 44 → Phonation: Glottal Flow Pressure Sound and Resulting Glottal Closings f0 = 110 Hz Sound Vowel /a/ Pressed Phonation → 0 Breathy Phonation Glottal Flow Glottal P. Mokhtari Speech Communication (2018) 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 45 Laryngoscopy: Viewing the Vocal Folds Nasal Laryngoscopy Mirror Oral Laryngoscope 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 46 Laryngoscopy: Viewing the Vocal Folds Using a Stroboscopic Lamp flashing at the vibration rate of the vocal folds freezes the action 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 47 Power to Sing 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 48 Action of Vocal Folds While Singing 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 49 The Vocal Tract Modifies the Sound F4 Formant 4 F3 Formant 3 → F2 Formant 2 Frequency Frequency F1 Formant 1 f1 Vocal Vocal Tract Folds Resonances 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 (Formants) 50 The Vocal Tract Modifies the Sound F4 F3 → F2 Frequency Frequency F1 f1 Vocal Vocal Tract Result Folds Resonances 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 (Formants) 51 The Vocal Tract Modifies the Sound F4 F3 → F2 Frequency Frequency F1 f1 Vocal Vocal Tract Result Folds Resonances 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 (Formants) 52 The Vocal Tract Modifies the Sound F4 F3 → F2 Frequency Frequency F1 f1 Vocal Vocal Tract Result Folds Resonances 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 (Formants) 53 The Vocal Tract Modifies the Sound F4 F3 → F2 Frequency Frequency F1 f1 Vocal Vocal Tract Result Folds Resonances 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 (Formants) 54 Speaking “Olli” He said “OLLI” 4 kHz Frequency 3/3/20 0 Hz Sound of Music 6 55 Speech Formants: “Olli” He said “OLLI” She said “OLLI” 3/3/20 ~125 Hz Sound of Music 6 ~260 Hz 56 Harmonics of Voice Fundamental Shaped by Formants Average Formant F3 Frequencies for Vowels F2 F1 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 57 Approximate Locations of First 2 Formants 3/3/20 Sound of Music 6 58 The “Singer’s Formant” Singing voice of To Compete with Orchestra: tenor Jussi Björling, (dB) showing prominent Singers try to shift their Singer’s Formant Vocal Tract Formants to maximize power around Ordinary 1911-1960 2 to 3 kHz .
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