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Analysis of Slickspot Peppergrass (Lepidium Papilliferum) Population Trends on Orchard Training Area and Rangewide Implications

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Analysis of Slickspot Peppergrass (Lepidium Papilliferum) Population Trends on Orchard Training Area and Rangewide Implications Analysis of Slickspot Peppergrass (Lepidium papilliferum) Population Trends On Orchard Training Area and Rangewide Implications Requisition No. 14420080113 Prepared for Idaho Fish and Wildlife Office U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1387 South Vinnell Way, Rm. 368 Boise, ID 83709 Prepared by Joseph P. Sullivan, Ph.D. Christopher S. Nations 10 1st Street 2003 Central Avenue Woodland, CA 95695 Cheyenne WY 82001 530-669-1645 307-742-9143 Executive Summary The United States Fish and Wildlife Service has proposed to list slickspot peppergrass (Lepidium papilliferum) as endangered and is in the process of reviewing the best available scientific and commercial data in preparation of a new listing determination. Slickspot peppergrass occurs in the semiarid, sagebrush-steppe ecosystem of southern Idaho on the volcanic plains of the Snake River Plain and Owyhee Plateau, and Boise Foothills. Within the sagebrush-steppe communities, slickspot peppergrass occurs in a unique microenvironment variously termed slickspots, mini-playas, or natric sites. Four programs exist that monitor the status of slickspot peppergrass populations on the Idaho Army National Guard Orchard Training Area (OTA). Three programs are conducted solely on the OTA. Two of these programs have been monitoring the same locations annually since the early 1990’s. The third program searches new areas for unknown populations of slickspot peppergrass. A fourth program is the Habitat Integrity Index (HII) and Habitat Integrity and Population (HIP) monitoring that has been performed annually since the late 1990’s. The HII/HIP monitoring transects occur throughout the range of slickspot peppergrass in southwestern Idaho. We describe and analyze data from each these programs. Slickspot peppergrass data from “rough census” area and special use plot surveys conducted between 1990 and 2008 on the OTA provide limited evidence for declining populations in that trends were negative but only statistically significant for the “rough census” survey. Both surveys provided evidence that slickspot peppergrass numbers were positively related to mean monthly precipitation in winter and spring. Evidence from the “rough census” survey (though not the special use plots) indicated a negative relationship between slickspot peppergrass numbers and mean monthly precipitation in the fall (October – December). When we consider temperature in combination with precipitation, predicted slickspot peppergrass numbers are greatest following a fall or early winter when temperature or precipitation is high and the other is low. High mid- to late winter and spring precipitation produces an increase in slickspot peppergrass numbers, and either temperature is unimportant or is beneficial when temperatures are low. Finally, based on a shorter time series (2000 – 2008) of data from the special use plots, abundance of blooming plants depended on both precipitation in the current year and abundance of non-blooming plants in the previous year. Questions have been raised in the past regarding why the surveys conducted by URS in 2005 recorded higher numbers of slickspot peppergrass than had been observed previously. The large number of slickspot peppergrass plants counted by URS resulted from searching a larger area and searching that area more intensively. The habitat composition differs among the many areas monitored for slickspot peppergrass as part the different programs on the OTA. When the three extant slickspot peppergrass EOs on the OTA are considered together, the habitat consists of approximately 65% big sagebrush with the remainder split fairly evenly between cheatgrass and rabbitbrush. Since EO 27 on the OTA accounts for 60% of all the area of EOs with a B rank rangewide, it suggests that much of the best remaining habitat for slickspot peppergrass exists on the OTA. Page 2 of 278 Only a single EO in the Boise Foothills qualified for a B rank and was only 0.84 hectares in size. Five EO’s on the Snake River Plain qualified for B ranks, totaling 3875 hectares with EO 27 contributing 75% of that area. The EOs with B ranks on the Snake River Plain constitute 74% of the area of all EOs on the Snake River Plain. Seven EOs on the Owyhee Plateau have a rank of B, but these seven constitute 88% of the area of all the EOs on the Owyhee Plateau. The Snake River Plain has the majority of the area with the highest rank of B with most of that being on the OTA. In an effort to assess whether the monitoring programs conducted on the OTA could be used to evaluate rangewide changes in slickspot peppergrass numbers, we compared three different monitoring programs. The “rough census” area and special use plot programs focus only on slickspot peppergrass numbers on the OTA. The HIP program monitors abundance rangewide. We found that the three programs all track annual changes similarly, so each can act as an index and shows similar fluctuations from year to year. The comparison of the HIP program on the OTA with that off the OTA suggests that the fluctuations observed on the OTA are similar to those seen off the OTA. Although the rangewide monitoring has not been conducted for as long as the monitoring on the OTA, the trend observed on the OTA is likely representative of the trend across the entire range. Because the data from the “rough census” areas are slightly less variable, the trend from the “rough census” areas can be considered slightly more reliable. We also conducted an analysis of many of the factors measured within the slickspots or in the plant community surrounding the slickspots monitored as part of the HIP program. Very few of the factors we analyzed for relationships with slickspot peppergrass abundance demonstrated a consistent pattern across the Boise Foothills, Snake River Plain and Owyhee Plateau. The annual abundance counts for slickspot peppergrass are highly variable making it difficult for regression analyses to identify significant relationships. Numerous differences were identified among the regions, complicating analyses across the entire range. The abundance of slickspot peppergrass differs among regions and across years. Regional differences are apparent with the Boise Foothills having the highest abundance, followed by the Snake River Plain and the Owyhee Plateau. Slickspot peppergrass abundance was lower within those slickspot that had previously burned. Only the amount of cheatgrass in the plant community surrounding HIP transects showed a consistent relationship with slickspot peppergrass abundance across all regions, and it was negative. No factor showed a consistently positive impact on slickspot peppergrass. From this, we conclude that managing slickspot peppergrass across the three regions might require region-specific approaches. As more years of HIP data become available, these analyses can be refined. Since the special use plots and “rough census” areas as well as the HIP transects were subjectively located in areas where slickspot peppergrass was known to occur, any inferences regarding slickspot peppergrass abundance outside these locations should be made cautiously. The long-term nature of the data from the OTA makes these data the best available data when attempting to model trends through time. However the restricted geographic range creates limitations when attempting to extrapolate to areas away from this one section of the OTA. Page 3 of 278 Acknowledgements Many organizations and individuals contributed data and provided expert knowledge in support of this project. In addition to the professional staff of the United States Fish & Wildlife Service, staff at the Idaho National Guard Orchard Training Area and the Natural Heritage Program within the Idaho Department of Fish and Game contributed valuable expertise and data. Dana Quinney and Jay Weaver at the OTA enabled us to better understand how the long-term abundance data on the OTA were collected and provided insights into the biology of slickspot peppergrass. Beth Colket was extremely helpful regarding how to interpret the Habitat Integrity and Population data. Without the assistance provided by these individuals, in particular, this project would not have been possible. Page 4 of 278 Table of Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ 2 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... 4 Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ 5 List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. 9 List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... 13 Section 1: Orchard Training Area ................................................................................................ 16 Chapter 1: Project Background .................................................................................................... 16 Project Description ................................................................................................................... 16 Literature Review ..................................................................................................................... 16 Range ...................................................................................................................................
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