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International Marine Aids to Navigation Volume I Parts C &D Second Edition Brian Clearman Mount Angel Abbey

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International Marine Aids to Navigation Volume I Parts C &D Second Edition Brian Clearman Mount Angel Abbey INTERNATIONAL MARINE AIDS TO NAVIGATION VOLUME I PARTS C &D SECOND EDITION BRIAN CLEARMAN MOUNT ANGEL ABBEY 1988 -=-,.. _. TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION: Preface vi. To fvIy Parents 11 Introduction to International Marine Aids to Navigation 1 PART C for my Dad (1909-1980); 12 Historical Survey of Buoys and Buoyage Systems My Mom (1910-1973); A Development of the Buoy and the Impact of Technology My step-Mother, Jennie (1911-1977); 1 The Impact of the Industrial Revolution on Buoys 9 My step-Mother, Mary 2 The Buoy and Its Development in the Nineteenth Century 11 B The Development of International Copyright © 1988 by Mount Angel Abbey Buoyage Systems at Saint Benedict, Oregon 97373 1 International Buoyage Systems 1846-1936 •. 14 All Rights Reserved 2 Red/Green to Port-Red/Green to Starboard: A Special Problem in International Buoyage 17 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data C IALA Buoyage System 20 Clearman, Brian. 13 Classification of Buoyage in Inter­ International marine aids to navigation. nation Usage Updated ed. of: Transportation markings, v. 1, A The Classification 35 B Notes on Classification of parts C &D. 1981. Buoys in International Usage 37 Bibliography: p. C Illustrated Classification 41 Includes index 1. Signals and signaling. 2. Aids to navigation. 14 Description of Buoy Types I. Clearman, Brian. Transportation markings. II. A Lighted and Lighted-Sound Buoys 51 VK38l.C53 1988 623.8'561 88-8960 B 1 Unlighted Buoys: Conical and ISBN 0-918941-01-6 Can/Cylindrical Buoys 52 B 2 Unlighted Buoys: Spar, Standard and Miscellaneous Buoys . 56 Classification for 1st ed.: TA1245.C56 1981 629.04'2 80-6184 C Sound Buoys. 62 ii iii l1li 15 Message Systems for Floating Aids 20 Fog Signals to Navigation 69 A Introduction and Classification with A Uniform System of Buoyage 70 Explanatory Notes B IMC-Influenced Buoyage Systems 85 1 Introduction 195 C IALA Buoyage System . 91 2 Classification with Explanatory Notes 197 PART D B Types of Fog Signals and Message Systems 198 16 Introduction to Visual Markings A The Problem of Methodology, With Appendix I: Selected Topmark Patterns 205 Analogic Discursive . 101 Appendix II: A Unified Classification B The Problem of Methodology: Marine Transportation Markings 209 Toward a Solution 105 Bibliography 215 17 Fixed Lighted Markings A Determining the Division of Fixed Index 223 Lighted Marine Transportation Markings Into Major and Minor Categories 109 TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS B Classification of Lighted Marine Markings and Explanatory Notes 112 Illustrated Classification of Buoys: C Descriptive Treatment of Struc­ Lighted Buoys 41 ture Types 120 Unlighted Buoys 43 D Lighted Message Systems .. 126 Sound Buoys 47 Combination Buoys 18 Unlighted Visual Markings (Daybeacons) 48 A Introduction, Terms, History 145 Daybeacons and Oaymarks 156 BA Classification of Daybeacons 148 Light Phase Characteristics C Description of Types of Beacons 150 134 D Message Systems 153 Selected Topmark Patterns 205 19 Electronic Marine Aids to Navigation A Overview and History 171 B Classification and Explanatory Notes Notes 173 C Description of Types of Message Systems: Hyperbolic Systems 176 D Description of Types of Message Systems: Radio and Radar. 182 E Miscellaneous Navigation and Non- navigation Systems 186 iv v PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This monograph is the second edition of Volume I, Parts C and D of what was formerly For the Second Edition termed Transportation Markings: A Study in Communication. The first edition of Volume I also included Parts A and B. The original Abbot Bonaventure Zerr edition was published by University Press of Claude Lane America. Hugh Feisss The original volume was composed of Part A: introductory and foundational materials (in­ Maximilian Ferrell cluding semi6tics and communications); Part B: Simon Hepner review of transportation markings in one nation; the U.S.; and Parts C and D. But the Justin Hertz marine materials became all but buried in a Philip Waibel volume containing many other materials and Monks of Mount Angel hence, requires republishing as a monograph in itself. The second edition is more than a reprint­ Sister Therese Eberle, OSB, Mount Angel Abbey Library ing of the 1980-1981 monograph. It includes updating of statistics, rearrangement of ma­ Sue Watkins and Vincent Zollner, Benedictine Press terials, expansion of some topics and replace­ ment of buoy and topmark illustrations. which The Library of Congress are now joined by illustrations of light phase characteristics and of daybeacons. It The National Archives is hoped that the revised edition will have U.S. Coast Guard, Long Beach an enhanced value. U.S. Naval Observatory The original title of the book now serves as the title of the monograph series so that Scott Turnquist and Arinc Research Corporation "Transportation Markings: A Study in Communi­ Jim Estes of Alpha Farm cation" is the monograph series title. The title for Parts C and D becomes the title for National Swedish Administration of Shipping the monograph: International Marine Aids to and Navigation, Nordk3ping Navigation. Finnish Board of Navigation, Helsinki Since the original book was brought out Service Technique des Phares et Balises, a first segment of Volume II has been published Bonneuil-Sur-Marne International Traffic Control Devices, which is Part E. Part E is available from Mount And all who assisted through supplying of Angel Abbey as well. Part F, International materials and permissions in the first edition Railway Signalling, is in preparation. vi vii . Interruped Very Quick light ABBREVIATIONS IVQ Kc Kilocycle Kiloherz Al Alternating light Khz LF Low Frequency AN Aids to Navigation Manual, USCG Bowditch LFI Long-flashing Original author of American Practi­ Light list cal Navigator; publication often LL LN League of Nations referred to by Bowditch alone. Large Navigational Buoy CANS Canadian Aids to Navigation System LNB/LANBY CIM/IMC LOP Line of Position International Maritime Conference, Marine Buoyage Systems St. Petersburg, 1912; often referred MBS Mo(U) Morse Code light (U is an example) to as 1912 Conference of St. Peters­ NCMH New Cambridge Modern History burg Conference; Not to be confused NE Northeast with International Marine Conference, North Quadrant 1889. NQ NW Northwest DMA Defense Mapping Agency Oc Occulting EB ~ritannica, Encyclopedia 1911 edition Oc (2) Group Occulting (2 is an example) EQ East Quadrant Oc(2+l) Composite Group Occulting (2+1 is F Fixed light an example) FFl Fixed and Flashing light Oxford Englisn Dictionary Fl OED Flashing light Quick light Fl(3) Q Group-Flashing li£ht (3 is given as Q(3) Group Quick light (3 is an example) an example) Group Quick with Long-flashing Fl (3+1) Q(6)+LFl Composite Group-flashing light (3+1 light (6 is an example) is given as an example) Hz RHDEL Random House Dictionary of the Herz English Language IALA International Association of Light­ SE Southeast house Authorities/Association Inter­ 5MBB Systems of Marine Buoyage and nationale de Signalisation Maritime IALA BCR Beaconage IALA Buoy Conference Report South Quadrant IOAMN International Dictionary of Aids to SQ Marine Navigation SW Southwest IHB International Hydrographic Bureau UK 1846 Report of Buoyage Practices IMC International Marine Conference, UK 1883 UK Uniform System of Buoyage Washington, D.C., 1889 UQ Continuous Ultra Quick light USB Uniform System of Buoyage IMCO International Maritime Consultative Organization USCG U.S. Coast Guard USNOO U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office IQ Interrupted Quick Flashing light (now named DMA) Iso I sophase light VLF Very Low Frequency Interrupted Ultra Quick light IUQ VQ Continuous Very Quick light VQ(3) Group Very Quick (3 is an example) viii ix VQ(6) +LFl Group Very Quick with Long-flash­ ing light (6 is an example) WLB 1820 World's Lighthouses Before 1820 WQ West Quadrant CHAPTER ELEVEN WNID Webster's New International Dictionary INTRODUCTION: WNID,2nd ed.Webster's New International Dictionary, MARINE INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORTATION MARKINGS Second Edition WTNID Webster's Third New International (MARINE AIDS TO NAVIGATION) Dictionary It is not the intent of the author to compart­ mentalize the floating and fixed portions of ma­ rine transportation markirrgs into separate and dis­ tinct units. Any such compartmentation might lead to a sense of independent spheres in the mind of the reader and that, in turn, could lead to an impres­ sion that fixed and floating markings are two areas of study rather than two aspects of a single dis­ cipline. Nevertheless, for reasons of practical­ ity and convenience - and despite the inherent risks - the coverage of this subject will be sub­ divided, though not the subject. This seems nec­ essary because of the strikingly different milieu of fixed as opposed to floatins markings. It is also necessary because of the need to explore in some detail a diverse subject, and this is more difficult to accomplish under one heading than it would be under two; fixed and floating markings have special requirements and necessitate special attention. The basic commonality of these markings shoUld be seen in this introduction, and the focus of this monograph - as expressed in the Preface and in the classification schemas - should clearly illus­ trate that the research is not dealing with several subjects but rather with several facets of one subject. It may first appear easy (and even precise) to divide marine aids to navigation into either x 1 .... fixed or floating location. And while this is Major lights have been the subject of books, probahlY the only practical division, a problem articles and photographs; there is little need arises in that fixed aids to navigation can be to provide details for those lights. In brief, further divided into marine locations, though most traditional towers are enclosed. Smaller fixed, as well as land-based; therefore the and more modest towers are found on high headlands difference between a fixed marine light, in and promontories; the more lofty towers are on low­ the water, and a buoy may not be as great as lying elevations.
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