The Sound of Oscillating Air Jets: Physics, Modeling and Simulation in Flute-Like Instruments
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The Acoustics of a Tenor Recorder
The Acoustics of a Tenor Recorder by D. D. McKinnon A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts & Sciences of the University of Colorado in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts Department of Physics 2009 This thesis entitled: The Acoustics of a Tenor Recorder written by D. D. McKinnon has been approved for the Department of Physics Prof. John Price Prof. John Cumalat Prof. Peter Kratzke Date iii McKinnon, D. D. (B.A., Physics) The Acoustics of a Tenor Recorder Thesis directed by Prof. John Price The study of acoustics is rooted in the origins of physics, yet the dynamics of flue-type instruments are still only qualitatively understood. Our group has developed a measurement system, the Acoustic VNA, which can precisely determine acoustic wave amplitudes of the lowest mode propagating in a cylindrical waveguide. I used the AVNA to study a musical oscillator, the tenor recorder. The recorder consists of two compo- nents, an air-jet amplifier driven by the player’s breath and a cylindrical waveguide resonator with an effective length that may by varied by covering or uncovering finger holes. Previous research on the recorder has focused on understanding the resonator frequencies in some detail, but has only provided a rough understanding of the air-jet. In particular, there is not yet a quantitative understanding of how the pitch varies with blowing pressure for a given fingering. I designed several experiments to provide a quantitative picture of how the air-jet behaves at different blowing pressures and discov- ered that higher blowing pressures lead to stronger amplification at higher frequencies. -
Some Acoustic Characteristics of the Tin Whistle
Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics SOME ACOUSTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TIN WHISTLE POAL Davies ISVR, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK J Pinho ISVR, Southampton University, Southampton, UK EJ English ISVR, Southampton University, Southampton, UK 1 INTRODUCTION The sustained excitation of a tuned resonator by shed vorticity in a separating shear layer 1 or the whistling produced by the impingement of thin fluid jets on an edge 2 have both been exploited by the makers of musical instruments from time immemorial. Familiar examples include panpipes, recorders, flutes, organ flue pipes 13 , and so on. Over the centuries, the acquisition of the necessary knowledge and skill for their successful production must have been laboriously accomplished by much trial and error. A more physically explicit understanding of the basic controlling mechanisms began to emerge during the great upsurge in scientific observation and discovery from the mid19th century, as this was also accompanied by the relevant developments in physics, acoustics and fluid mechanics. These mechanisms can take several forms, depending on subtle differences in local and overall geometric detail and its relation to the magnitude, direction and distribution of any flow that is generating sound. One such form includes many examples of reverberant systems, where separating shear layers 3,4 provide the conditions where this coupled flow acoustic behaviour may occur. It is well known 14 that whenever a flow leaves a downstream facing edge it separates, forming a thin shear layer or vortex sheet. Such sheets, which involve high transverse velocity gradients, are very unstable and rapidly develop waves 14 . -
An Exploration of Physiological Responses to the Native American Flute
An Exploration of Physiological Responses to the Native American Flute Eric B. Miller† and Clinton F. Goss‡ †Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey; Email: [email protected] ‡Westport, Connecticut; Email: [email protected] ARTICLE INFORMATION ABSTRACT Presented at ISQRMM, Athens, This pilot study explored physiological responses to playing and listening to the GA: July 26, 2013 Native American flute. Autonomic, electroencephalographic (EEG), and heart Revised: January 24, 2014 rate variability (HRV) metrics were recorded while participants (N = 15) played flutes and listened to several styles of music. Flute playing was accompanied by This work is licensed under the an 84% increase in HRV (p < .001). EEG theta (4–8 Hz) activity increased while Creative Commons Attribution- playing flutes (p = .007) and alpha (8–12 Hz) increased while playing lower- Noncommercial 3.0 license. pitched flutes (p = .009). Increase in alpha from baseline to the flute playing This work has not been peer conditions strongly correlated with experience playing Native American flutes (r reviewed. = +.700). Wide-band beta (12–25 Hz) decreased from the silence conditions when listening to solo Native American flute music (p = .013). The findings of increased HRV, increasing slow-wave rhythms, and decreased beta support the hypothesis that Native American flutes, particularly those with lower pitches, may have a role in music therapy contexts. We conclude that the Native Keywords: music therapy, American flute may merit a more prominent role in music therapy and that a Native American flute, heart rate variability (HRV), study of the effects of flute playing on clinical conditions, such as post-traumatic EEG, alpha stress disorder (PTSD), asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), hypertension, anxiety, and major depressive disorder, is warranted. -
Bone Flutes and Whistles from Archaeological Sites in Eastern North America
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 12-1976 Bone Flutes and Whistles from Archaeological Sites in Eastern North America Katherine Lee Hall Martin University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Martin, Katherine Lee Hall, "Bone Flutes and Whistles from Archaeological Sites in Eastern North America. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 1976. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/1226 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Katherine Lee Hall Martin entitled "Bone Flutes and Whistles from Archaeological Sites in Eastern North America." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Anthropology. Charles H. Faulkner, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Major C. R. McCollough, Paul W . Parmalee Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Katherine Lee Hall Mar tin entitled "Bone Flutes and Wh istles from Archaeological Sites in Eastern North America." I recormnend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a maj or in Anthropology. -
Vessel Flute
Vessel flute A vessel flute is a type of flute with a body which acts as a Vessel flutes Helmholtz resonator. The body is vessel-shaped, not tube- or cone-shaped. Most flutes have cylindrical or conical bore (examples: concert flute, shawm). Vessel flutes have more spherical hollow bodies. The air in the body of a vessel flute resonates as one, with air moving alternately in and out of the vessel, and the pressure Ocarinas on display at a inside the vessel increasing and decreasing. This is unlike the shop in Taiwan resonance of a tube or cone of air, where air moves back and Blowing across the forth along the tube, with pressure increasing in part of the opening of empty bottle tube while it decreases in another. produces a basic edge- blown vessel flute. Blowing across the opening of empty bottle produces a basic edge-blown vessel flute. Multi-note vessel flutes include the ocarina. A Helmholtz resonator is unusually selective in amplifying only one frequency. Most resonators also amplify more overtones. [1] As a result, vessel flutes have a distinctive overtoneless sound. Contents Types Fipple vessel flutes Edge-blown vessel flutes Other Acoustics Sound production Amplification Pitch and fingering Overtones Multiple resonant chambers Physics simplifications Variations in the speed of sound See also References Types 1 5 Fipple vessel flutes These flutes have a fipple to direct the air at an edge. ◾ Gemshorn ◾ Pifana ◾ Ocarina ◾ Molinukai ◾ Tonette ◾ Niwawu A referee's whistle is technically a fipple vessel flute, although it only plays one note. Edge-blown vessel flutes These flutes are edge-blown. -
"Low-Tech" Whistle
The \Low-Tech" Whistle: How to make a fine PVC whistle Guido Gonzato, Ph.D. November 23, 2015 Contents 1 The \Low-Tech" Whistle3 1.1 Introduction.........................................3 1.2 Make One Yourself.....................................3 1.2.1 Materials and Tools................................5 1.2.2 Which Pipe?....................................6 1.2.3 PVC Health Issues.................................7 1.2.4 How to Get your Favourite Sound........................7 1.2.5 The Art of Tuning.................................8 1.2.6 Whistle Plans....................................9 1 CONTENTS 2 1.2.7 Roll Up Your Sleeves................................ 16 1.2.8 Dealing with Thick Pipe.............................. 23 1.2.9 Grooved Holes................................... 24 1.3 Rigging the Fipple..................................... 24 1.4 Make It Tuneable...................................... 25 1.4.1 Using Poster Putty................................. 25 1.4.2 Using a Tuner Pipe................................. 26 1.4.3 Using Acetone................................... 26 2 Tips and Tricks 27 2.1 Reducing Building Time.................................. 27 2.2 To Glue or Not to Glue.................................. 27 2.3 Preventing Condensation Build-Up............................ 27 2.4 One Head, Two Whistles................................. 28 3 Troubleshooting + FAQ 28 3.1 The sound is too weak................................... 28 3.2 Lower octave notes flip into the second octave too easily................ 28 3.3 Second octave notes are shrill and flip into the first octave............... 29 3.4 Second octave D and E tend to flip a fifth higher.................... 29 3.5 The whistle is OK, but the bottom D is too quiet and a bit flat............ 29 3.6 The whistle is tuned a bit flat............................... 29 3.7 All notes are OK, but the first octave E is too quiet................. -
Dayton C. Miller Flute Collection
Guides to Special Collections in the Music Division at the Library of Congress Dayton C. Miller Flute Collection LIBRARY OF CONGRESS WASHINGTON 2004 Table of Contents Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... iii Biographical Sketch.............................................................................................................................................. vi Scope and Content Note..................................................................................................................................... viii Description of Series............................................................................................................................................. xi Container List ........................................................................................................................................................ 1 FLUTES OF DAYTON C. MILLER............................................................................................................... 1 ii Introduction Thomas Jefferson's library is the foundation of the collections of the Library of Congress. Congress purchased it to replace the books that had been destroyed in 1814, when the Capitol was burned during the War of 1812. Reflecting Jefferson's universal interests and knowledge, the acquisition established the broad scope of the Library's future collections, which, over the years, were enriched by copyright -
Aquillen › Phy103 › Lectures › I Flute.Pdf Flute Physics
Flute Physics 1 Normal modes of a column No pressure variation, large motions No motions, large pressure variations 2 Is the flute -an open column -a closed column or -one end open and other end closed? How can we find out? 3 Experiments on the open pipe • Blocking the end • Half blocking the end • How are high notes made easier to play? • Harmonics of Flute Frequency f is speed of sound c divided by wavelength λ • Fingering and pitch change. Effectively shortening the pipe. • Comparing the flute and the recorder lengths 4 Oscillating Air Stream 5 Pitch What changes the pitch? -Speed? -Distance from mouth to edge? -Covering of hole? 6 Blowing • Breathy sound: How do you get rid of it? • High notes vs low notes: What does the flutist do to change octave? (whirly tube?) • Vibrato: How does it change the sound? (dynamics, timbre, pitch) How does the flutist do it? 7 Thumb hole Favors the higher overtones allowing the flutist to play an octave higher without over-blowing. However the thumb hole is not in the correct place for every note in the octave. fingering changes from octave to octave 8 Dynamics • As the vibration becomes larger, more harmonics appear. Loudness in most instruments is accompanied by a change in strength of overtones. • The flute does not have a big dynamic range. Why? • How do flutists compensate? 9 Perceptual fusion and voicing • Voices stand out if their overtones move together. If overtones don’t move in pitch then the sound does not sound like a voice. Tones with no variation in pitch sound dull. -
Recorders and Electronics
COPYRIGHT AND USE OF THIS THESIS This thesis must be used in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. Reproduction of material protected by copyright may be an infringement of copyright and copyright owners may be entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. Section 51 (2) of the Copyright Act permits an authorized officer of a university library or archives to provide a copy (by communication or otherwise) of an unpublished thesis kept in the library or archives, to a person who satisfies the authorized officer that he or she requires the reproduction for the purposes of research or study. The Copyright Act grants the creator of a work a number of moral rights, specifically the right of attribution, the right against false attribution and the right of integrity. You may infringe the author’s moral rights if you: - fail to acknowledge the author of this thesis if you quote sections from the work - attribute this thesis to another author - subject this thesis to derogatory treatment which may prejudice the author’s reputation For further information contact the University’s Director of Copyright Services sydney.edu.au/copyright RECORDERS AND ELECTRONICS: An Introduction to the Performance of Electroacoustic Music Joanne Arnott A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Masters of Music (Performance) Sydney Conservatorium of Music University of Sydney 2014 ii iii Abstract The development of the electroacoustic genre has presented modern recorder players with a myriad of new and exciting repertoire, but many acoustic musicians are reluctant to explore these new works due to the barriers of technology. -
The Physics of Music and Musical Instruments
THE PHYSICS OF MUSIC AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS f1 f3 f5 f7 DAVID R. LAPP, FELLOW WRIGHT CENTER FOR INNOVATIVE SCIENCE EDUCATION TUFTS UNIVERSITY MEDFORD, MASSACHUSETTS TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Waves and Sound 5 Wave Nomenclature 7 Sound Waves 8 ACTIVITY: Orchestral Sound 15 Wave Interference 18 ACTIVITY: Wave Interference 19 Chapter 2: Resonance 20 Introduction to Musical Instruments 25 Wave Impedance 26 Chapter 3: Modes, overtones, and harmonics 27 ACTIVITY: Interpreting Musical Instrument Power Spectra 34 Beginning to Think About Musical Scales 37 Beats 38 Chapter 4: Musical Scales 40 ACTIVITY: Consonance 44 The Pythagorean Scale 45 The Just Intonation Scale 47 The Equal Temperament Scale 50 A Critical Comparison of Scales 52 ACTIVITY: Create a Musical Scale 55 ACTIVITY: Evaluating Important Musical Scales 57 Chapter 5: Stringed Instruments 61 Sound Production in Stringed Instruments 65 INVESTIGATION: The Guitar 66 PROJECT: Building a Three Stringed Guitar 70 Chapter 6: Wind Instruments 72 The Mechanical Reed 73 Lip and Air Reeds 74 Open Pipes 75 Closed Pipes 76 The End Effect 78 Changing Pitch 79 More About Brass Instruments 79 More about Woodwind instruments 81 INVESTIGATION: The Nose flute 83 INVESTIGATION: The Sound Pipe 86 INVESTIGATION: The Toy Flute 89 INVESTIGATION: The Trumpet 91 PROJECT: Building a Set of PVC Panpipes 96 Chapter 7: Percussion Instruments 97 Bars or Pipes With Both Ends Free 97 Bars or Pipes With One End Free 99 Toward a “Harmonic” Idiophone 100 INVESTIGATION: The Harmonica 102 INVESTIGATION: The Music Box Action 107 PROJECT: Building a Copper Pipe Xylophone 110 References 111 “Everything is determined … by forces over which we have no control. -
S E P T E M B E R 2 0
september 2006 Published by the American Recorder Society, Vol. XLVII, No. 4 XLVII, Vol. American Recorder Society, by the Published Edition Moeck 2825 Celle · Germany Tel. +49-5141-8853-0 www.moeck.com The Smart Choice! Two-Piece Three-Piece Soprano Recorder Soprano Recorder • Ivory color $ 00• Detachable thumb rest $ 25 • Detachable thumb rest 5 • Includes C# and D# holes 5 • Single holes for low C & D • Accessories: cloth carrying bag, provide ease of playing in lower register fingering chart, and cleaning rod • Accessories: cloth carrying bag, A303AI Ivory Color Baroque Fingering fingering chart, and cleaning rod A303ADB Dark Brown Baroque Fingering A203A Baroque Fingering A302A Ivory Color German Fingering A202A German Fingering Classic One-Piece Soprano Recorder • Dark brown with Ivory-colored trim • Accessories: vinyl carrying bag • Built-in thumb rest places right hand in and fingering chart correct, relaxed position A103N Baroque Fingering • Curved windway • Single holes for low C and D provide A102N German Fingering ease of playing in lower register $650 Sweet Pipes Recorder Method Books Recorder Time, Book 1 by Gerald and Sonya Burakoff A completely sequenced step-by-step soprano method book for young beginners (3rd & 4th grade) with musical and technical suggestions for teacher and student. Note sequence: B A G C’ D’ F# E D. Includes 37 appealing tunes, lyrics, dexterity exercises, fingering diagrams, and fin- gering chart. For group or individual instruction. 32 pages. CD accom- paniment available. SP2308 Recorder Time, Book 1 . .$3.50 SP2308CD Recorder Time CD . .$12.95 Hands On Recorder by Gerald and Sonya Burakoff A completely sequenced beginning soprano method book for the 3rd and 4th grade instructional level, with musical and technical suggestions for the student and teacher. -
Exploring an Instrument's Diversity: Carmen Liliana Troncoso Cáceres Phd University of York Music September 2019
Exploring an Instrument’s Diversity: The Creative Implications of the Recorder Performer’s Choice of Instrument Volume I Carmen Liliana Troncoso Cáceres PhD University of York Music September 2019 2 Abstract Recorder performers constantly face the challenge of selecting particular instrumental models for performance, subject to repertoire, musical styles, and performance contexts. The recorder did not evolve continuously and linearly. The multiple available models are surprisingly dissimilar and often somewhat anachronistic in character, juxtaposing elements of design from different periods of European musical history. This has generated the particular and peculiar situation of the recorder performer: the process of searching for and choosing an instrument for a specific performance is a complex aspect of performance preparation. This research examines the variables that arise in these processes, exploring the criteria for instrumental selection and, within the context of music making, the creative possibilities afforded by those choices. The study combines research into recorder models and their origins, use and associated contexts with research through performance. The relationship between performer and instrument, with its cultural and personal complexities, is significant here. As an ‘everyday object’, rooted in daily practice and personal artistic expression over many years, the instrument becomes part of the performer’s identity. In my case, as a Chilean performing an instrument that, despite its wider connection to a range of other duct flutes across the world, belongs to European culture, this sense of identity is complex and therefore examined in my processes of selecting and working creatively with the instruments. This doctorate portfolio comprises six performance projects, encompassing new, collaboratively developed works for a variety of recorders, presented through performance and recorded media.