Enhancing the Effects of Neurofeedback Training: the Motivational Value of the Reinforcers
brain sciences Article Enhancing the Effects of Neurofeedback Training: The Motivational Value of the Reinforcers Rubén Pérez-Elvira 1 , Javier Oltra-Cucarella 2,* , José Antonio Carrobles 3, Jorge Moltó 4, Mercedes Flórez 4, Salvador Parra 5, María Agudo 1, Clara Saez 1, Sergio Guarino 6, Raluca Maria Costea 7,8 and Bogdan Neamtu 7,8,9 1 Neuropsychophysiology Laboratory, NEPSA Rehabilitación Neurológica, 3003 Salamanca, Spain; rubenperezelvira@gmail.com (R.P.-E.); mjagudojuan@gmail.com (M.A.); clarasaezbueno@gmail.com (C.S.) 2 Department of Health Psychology, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain 3 Biological and Health Psychology Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; joseantonio.carrobles@uam.es 4 PSYD-Neurofeedback, 46022 Valencia, Spain; trinyjorge@hotmail.com (J.M.); mercedesfbps@outlook.es (M.F.) 5 LURIA Rehabilitación Neurológica, 11407 Jerez, Spain; salvador@luriajerez.es 6 NEPSA Rehabilitación Neurológica, 47001 Valladolid, Spain; sergio.guarino.87@gmail.com 7 Research Department (Ceforaten), Sibiu Pediatric Hospital, 550178 Sibiu, Romania; ralucacosteadr@gmail.com (R.M.C.); bogdan.neamtu@ulbsibiu.ro (B.N.) 8 Faculty of Medicine Lucian Blaga, University from Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania 9 Faculty of Engineering, Lucian Blaga, University from Sibiu, 550025 Sibiu, Romania * Correspondence: joltra@umh.es Abstract: The brain activity that is measured by electroencephalography (EEG) can be modified through operant conditioning, specifically using neurofeedback (NF). NF has been applied to several disorders claiming that a change in the erratic brain activity would be accompanied by a reduction Citation: Pérez-Elvira, R.; of the symptoms. However, the expected results are not always achieved. Some authors have Oltra-Cucarella, J.; Carrobles, J.A.; suggested that the lack of an adequate response may be due to an incorrect application of the operant Moltó, J.; Flórez, M.; Parra, S.; conditioning principles.
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