Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on April 5, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-3069 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.
Excellent prognosis in a subset of patients with Ewing sarcoma
identified at diagnosis by CD56 using flow cytometry
Ash Shifra1,4*, ,Luria Drorit1,2*, Cohen J Ian1,4, Goshen Yacov1,4, Toledano Helen1,4,
Issakov Josephine3,4, Yaniv Isaac1,2,4, Avigad Smadar1,2,4
1Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, 2Molecular Oncology, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach-Tikva 3 Department of Pathology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, 4Sackler Faculty of medicine, Tel-Aviv university, Tel-Aviv, Israel
*: equally contributed to this work
Running title: CD56 as a prognostic marker in localized Ewing sarcoma
Address for correspondence: Shifra Ash MD, Department of Pediatric Hematology-
Oncology, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel. 14 Kaplan Street, Petach
Tikva, Israel 49202. Phone 972 39253669 Fax 973 39253042 e-mail: n-
Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on October 1, 2021. © 2011 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on April 5, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-3069 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.
Statement of Translational Relevance.
We have shown that multi-parametric flow cytometry, using CD99, CD90, and a
negative hematopoietic panel, provides a possible strategy for detecting circulating
Ewing sarcoma cells. There was a highly significant correlation between CD56
expression on these Ewing sarcoma cells in BM samples at diagnosis and progression
free survival for the whole group, for patients with localized disease and for patient
with localized non-pelvic disease.
This is the first report in Ewing sarcoma patients, reporting CD56 as a prognostic
marker for relapse in BM samples at diagnosis. CD56 expression in BM samples at
diagnosis could be used to identify ES patients predisposed to relapse, thus applying
treatment intensification and implementation of personalized therapy. Furthermore,
CD56 evaluation can identify a subgroup of patients with excellent prognosis, in
whom treatment reduction could carefully be considered.
Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on October 1, 2021. © 2011 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on April 5, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-3069 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.
Abstract
Purpose
Ewing sarcoma (ES) is considered a systemic disease with the majority of patients
harboring micrometastases at diagnosis. Multi-parameter flow cytometry (MPFC) was
used to detect ES cells in bone marrow (BM) of ES patients at diagnosis and to
evaluate the prognostic significance of CD56 expression in bone marrow samples.
Experimental Design
BM samples from 46 ES patients, 6 tumor aspirates, 2 ES cell lines and 10 control
BM samples were analyzed by MPFC. ES cells were identified by the combination of
CD45–/CD90+/CD99+. CD56 was evaluated on these cells using a cut off of 22%.
Results
BM samples obtained from all patients at diagnosis were found to be positive for
micrometastatic tumor cells assessed by CD99+/CD90+CD45– expression. 60% of
the BM samples harbored high CD56 expression. There was a highly significant
correlation between CD56 expression and progression free survival (PFS) (69% in
low/negative expression versus 30% in high expression groups, p=0.024). In patients
with localized non pelvic disease, those expressing low/negative CD56 had 100%
PFS versus 40% in the high expression group (p=0.02). By Cox regression analysis
CD56 was found to be an independent prognostic marker with an 11-fold increased
risk for relapse in patients with localized disease (p=0.006).
Conclusion
All samples contained cells that are positive for the CD99+/CD90+/CD45–
combination at diagnosis indicating that ES is a systemic disease. CD56 expression
Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on October 1, 2021. © 2011 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on April 5, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-3069 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.
could be used to reveal ES patients with excellent prognosis or patients predisposed to
relapse, thus improving treatment stratification and implementation of personalized
therapy.
Keywords: Ewing sarcoma, Multi-parameter flow cytometry, CD99, CD56,
Progression free survival
Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on October 1, 2021. © 2011 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on April 5, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-3069 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.
Introduction
Ewing sarcoma (ES) is the second most common primary bone tumor in children and
adolescents, belonging to the neuroectodermal tumor group known as ES family
tumors (EFT). Approximately 25% of patients have metastases at diagnosis, which is
a major adverse prognostic factor. Additional clinical adverse prognostic features
include pelvic primary site and poor response, defined as less than 90% necrosis, at
definitive surgery [1].
Despite aggressive multimodal therapy, one third of patients with a localized tumor
still may develop a recurrence or progress. Thus, ES should be considered a systemic
disease with the majority of patients harboring micrometastases already at diagnosis
[1, 2]. ES tumors are characterized by specific translocations that result in the fusion
of the EWS gene on chromosome 22q12 with different ETS-related genes, including
FLI-1, ERG, ETV1, E1AF and FEV [1, 3]. These chimeric transcripts have been
detected by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the
diagnosis of ES. Due to the high sensitivity of the RT-PCR assay, it can also be used
for detecting circulating tumor cells in peripheral blood (PBL) and bone marrow
(BM) samples [4-8]
Flow cytometry (FC) is an alternative sensitive method used routinely for the
detection of Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) in hematopoietic neoplasm [9, 10]. It
is also used for diagnosis and follow up evaluation in solid tumors including breast
and prostate cancer [11, 12] in adult patients and rhabdomyosarcoma and
neuroblastoma in pediatric patients [13-15].
The surface antigen CD99 (MIC2) is a marker of ES cells. CD99 is involved in cell
adhesion, migration, apoptosis and differentiation of T cells and thymocytes. CD99 is
also highly expressed on T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma and other
Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on October 1, 2021. © 2011 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on April 5, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-3069 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.
hematopoietic progenitors [16, 17] which, in contrast to ES cells, also express CD45,
the pan leukocyte common antigen. Thus the combination of both antigens CD99+
and CD45- can be used to evaluate ES tumor samples. Indeed, DuBouis et al.[18]
have recently demonstrated that ES tumor cells can be accurately detected in a very
low frequency of 1 in 100,000 normal cells in BM and PBL by FC using the
combination of CD99 positive and CD45 negative cells. CD90 or Thy-1 is a 25–37
kDa heavily N-glycosylated, glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored conserved cell
surface protein with a single V-like immunoglobulin domain, originally discovered as
a thymocyte antigen in mice. CD90 (a stem cell associated antigen) is expressed on
subsets of hematopoietic [19] and nonhematopoietic stem cells [20, 21] and was
found to be expressed in ES/PNET tumors and cell lines [22].
CD56, an isoform of neural adhesion molecule (NCAM), is an integral membrane
protein expressed by a variety of normal cell types, including a range of
neuroectodermal derivatives and natural killer cells. CD56 is expressed in a wide
spectrum of neoplasms including epithelial neoplasms, some cases of ES and
primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) [23-26]. FC using CD99, CD56 and CD45
has been used to evaluate ES tumor samples by applying the profile CD99+/CD45 –
and CD99+/CD56+/CD45– [24, 27]. In addition, the coexpression of bright CD90
increases the accuracy of ES diagnosis [22].
In this study, we used Multi-parameter flow cytometry (MPFC) to evaluate the
presence of circulating ES cells in BM samples of ES patients at diagnosis using the
combination of CD99+/CD90+/CD45– and to assess the prognostic value of CD56
expression on these cells.
Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on October 1, 2021. © 2011 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on April 5, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-3069 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.
Patients and Methods
We retrospectively analyzed BM samples from 46 patients with ES, treated at SCMCI
from 1990 to 2008. In 6 of these patients, tumor aspirates were also available.
Mononuclear Cells (MNCs) extracted at diagnosis from BM of ES patients, tumor
aspirates and control BM samples were cryopreserved in DMSO in liquid nitrogen.
This study was approved by the local and national Ethics Committees.
The median age at diagnosis was 15.8 years (0.3-26). The primary site was extremity
in 19/46 (41.3%), pelvis-sacrum in 8/46 (17.4%), Askin tumor in 6/46 (13.1%), other
axial 10/46 (21.7%) and multifocal 3/46 (6.5%). Thirty five (76%) of patients
presented a localized disease (Table 1).
All patients were treated by an in house protocol which included 6 courses of
chemotherapy (Vincristine, Actinomycin-D, Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin
Ifosfamide and Etoposide), high radiation dose of 4500-6000cGy and surgery
Histopathological diagnosis was based on the appearance of small round cells;
immunohistochemical staining included CD99, Synaptophysin, Chromogranin, NSE.
All tumor samples were positive for EWS-FLI-1 transcript by molecular analysis.
Clinical staging was based on diagnostic imaging studies including x-rays, CT scans,
MRI and Tc99 bone scans. Median follow up was 60.9 months. Overall survival (OS)
and PFS for the whole group was 67.6 % and 50.5 % in 5 years, respectively.
Ten control BM samples were obtained from children that were evaluated for
hematological investigation and were found to be with no malignancy.
Sample preparation and staining
We implemented the MPFC methodology for MRD analysis [28] to evaluate ES cells
in patient`s BM obtained at diagnosis. All samples were coded and evaluated blindly.
Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on October 1, 2021. © 2011 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on April 5, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-3069 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.
Cells were stained as described previously, using five-color combination of eight
different antibodies: CD99-FITC (clone TU12; Becton Dickinson [BD] San Jose,
CA), CD90-PE (clone 5E10, BD), CD45 Per-CP (clone 2D1, BD), CD3,14,16,19-PE-
Cy7 (clones: UCHT1, RMO52, 3G8, J3-119 respectively, Beckman Coulter [BC],
Hialeah, FL), CD56-APC (clone NCAM 16.2 BD).
At least one million defrosted MNCs were stained and analyzed on a FACSCanto II
flow cytometer BD Biosciencesusing the Diva software for acquisition and analysis.
For sensitivity analysis serial dilutions of pre labeled and fixed ES cell line
(MHHES5) were performed in PBS. Desired amounts were spiked into control BM
which were then labeled with the five-color combination and fixed with CellFIX (BD)
[29].
MPFC analysis
MPFC analysis was performed using the gating strategy based on sequential removing
of non relevant cells as described in Figure 1. A debris exclusion gate was set on the
forward and side scatter (SSC) plot to define the total relevant MNCs. CD45–gate was
then drawn on a CD45 versus SSC plot to define the suspected ES cells. The CD45–
cells were gated again on a CD (3/14/16/19)-/dim versus SSC plot to exclude lineage
specific stem cells that are present in the BM. Cells defined as CD45–/CD3–/CD14–
/CD16–/CD19–were analyzed for the ES specific markers on a CD99 versus CD90
plot. We defined ES cells as CD45–/CD3–/CD14–/CD16–/CD19– and positive for
both CD99/CD90 (ES combination). ES positive cell were defined when a clear
population of more than 10 events was captured by the gating strategy [30]. The
proportion of ES cells was expressed as a percent of the total MNCs. A gate was
drawn on the double positive cells which were then analyzed for CD56 positivity on
Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on October 1, 2021. © 2011 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on April 5, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-3069 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.
CD56 versus CD99 and CD56 versus CD90 plots (Figure 1). The proportion of
CD56+ was expressed as a percent of the gated ES cells.
Cell lines
ES cell lines: SK-ES1 and MHHES5 were obtained from DSMZ (Leibuiz, Germany),
and cultured according to DSMZ recommendations.
Statistical analysis
ROC analysis was used for the determination of the cut-off values for the CD56
expression levels with relapse as the dependent variable and CD56 as the independent
variable. High or low expression levels were determined as higher as or lower than
the cut-off obtained. PFS by Kaplan Meier analysis was assessed by high versus low
CD56 expression levels. The correlations between CD56 expression and clinical
parameters as age, metastasis at diagnosis were evaluated by Fisher's exact test.
Multivariate analysis using Cox regression was performed for patients with localized
disease by the parameters age, primary site and CD56 expression. Kaplan Meier
analysis was used for PFS and OS of the whole cohort (PASW Statistics 18).
Results
Both cell lines were characterized as expressing CD99, CD90 and were negative for
the hematopoietic panel, consistent with our definition. All 6 tumor aspirates also
expressed both CD99 and CD90.
All control BM samples were negative for the CD99 and CD90 combination. By the
spiking experiments we reached the sensitivity of 1 in 100,000 normal cells (data not
shown).
Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on October 1, 2021. © 2011 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on April 5, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-3069 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.
ES micrometastatic cells in BM samples
46 BM samples obtained at diagnosis were evaluated for the ES combination and all
were found to be positive (≥0.001%), indicating that all BM samples harbor
micrometastatic ES tumor cells (range 0.001-0.4%)(Table 1).
No statistical differences could be shown in the OS or PFS of patients according to
the level of BM involvement, nor could any correlation with clinical parameters be
identified.
CD56 expression on ES cells
ES cell lines were also analyzed for CD56 which was found to be differentially
expressed as follows: SKES-100% and MHHES-43%.
CD56 was evaluated on ES cells in BM samples obtained at diagnosis from 45
patients. In one patient (# 25) the quality of the sample and low number of cells
impeded the evaluation of CD56. High or low expression was defined as higher or
lower than the cut-off of 22% that was defined by ROC analysis. Sixty percent of the
samples (27/45) harbored high CD56 expression. No significant correlation was found
between CD56 expression and clinical parameters as age, primary site and metastasis
at diagnosis (Table 1). A highly significant correlation between disease progression
and CD56 expression was detected by Kaplan Meier for the whole cohort. For the
group of patients harboring low/negative CD56 expression PFS at 10 years was 69%
versus 30% in the group with high expression (p=0.024)(Figure 2A). When analyzing
only the group with localized disease (n=35), those expressing low/negative CD56
had 81% 10 years PFS versus 38% in the high expression group (p=0.02) (Figure2B).
Furthermore, when excluding patients with pelvic disease out of the localized group
(n=30), the difference between the high to low expressing groups was even more
Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on October 1, 2021. © 2011 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on April 5, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-3069 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.
pronounced. 100% 10 years PFS for the low expression versus 40% for the high
expression (p=0.007) (Figure 3).
Cox regression analysis in the localized group determined that CD56 expression is an
independent prognostic marker with an 11-fold increased risk to relapse in patients
with high expression (Table 2).
Discussion
ES is an aggressive malignant bone tumor. A third of patients with localized disease
will progress. Currently, the clinical prognostic markers are inadequate to predict risk
of relapse. An improved tool is needed to define those patients that will eventually
relapse and offer them intensified treatment or to reduce treatment for patients with
good prognosis.
MPFC is a sensitive method for the quantitative detection of rare cell populations. It is
used to detect MRD and accordingly make clinical decisions in childhood acute
lymphoblastic leukemia [9,10]. This method has also been used to identify circulating
and/ or micrometastatic tumor cells in adult patients with carcinoma and was proved
to be a significant prognostic factor in patients with prostate cancer and breast
carcinoma [11, 12]. In pediatric patients, micrometastatic cells were detected in
neurobalstoma and rhabdomyosarcoma [13-15]. Only a few ES cases were reported
using FC for the diagnosis of ES tumors for the combination of CD45–/CD99+ [22,
27].
The feasibility of FC to detect circulating and micrometastatic ES cells was recently
published by DuBois et al [18]). They also showed that six color panel was more
sensitive than the two color assay in detecting residual ES cells with a background
rate of 0.00019%, just below 1 in 500,000 cells.
Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on October 1, 2021. © 2011 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on April 5, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-3069 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.
Our strategy was based on the negativity of CD45 and positivity of CD99 on ES cells.
In addition, we excluded hematopoietic stem cells and added another ES marker,
CD90. The accuracy of our method was achieved using a gated strategy of CD45-–
/CD3–/CD14–/CD16–/CD19– in addition to the positivity of CD90 and CD99 on ES
cells. Using this approach we could reach the same range of sensitivity of 1 in
100,000 as described by Dubois et al [18].
CD99 is expressed in the majority of cases of ES and is considered one of the best
diagnostic markers to date [31]. Interestingly, Rocchi et al. [32] have demonstrated
that CD99 is expressed on mesenchymal cells, which is considered the origin of ES
tumor. They have shown that CD99 is required for ES oncogenic phenotype by
preventing terminal neural differentiation. Chang et al. [22] have shown that CD90 is
highly expressed on ES cells, and has also been shown to be expressed on
mesenchymal stem cells [33]. We have detected CD99 and CD90 expression on all
cell lines and tumor aspirates studied.
All BM samples obtained from patients with localized and metastatic disease at
diagnosis were found to be positive for circulating ES tumor cells. There was no
correlation between the amount of ES cells in BM samples at diagnosis and survival.
In our previous study using RT-PCR, we could not show a correlation between the
presence of ES tumor cells in BM at diagnosis and outcome, but detected a highly
significant association between occult tumor cells in BM or PBL during follow up and
relapse [34] and also shown by de Alava et al. [35]. However, two reports from the
same group have identified a significant correlation between BM micrometastases in
localized patients and outcome [7, 36].
Although RT-PCR is the common technique for detecting circulating ES tumor cells,
there are significant advantages for MPFC including: rapid technique, no need to
Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on October 1, 2021. © 2011 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on April 5, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-3069 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.
identify a transcript, less labor-intensive comparing to RT-PCR, no need for the
extraction of RNA and can be detected in other body fluids.
CD56 is expressed in a variety of tumors. It has been detected in pediatric
malignancies like neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, synovial
sarcoma, Wilm's tumor and hematopoietic malignancies [37-40]. Its expression in ES
is controversial. Using immunohistochemistry, ES tumors were found to be negative
for CD56 expression [40] and a few case reports of ES tumors reported positivity by
immunohistochemistry [41] or by FC [22, 24, 27]. This controversy could be
explained by the use of different monoclonal antibodies directed to different isoforms
on the NCAM molecule [38, 42].
We analyzed CD56 expression only on the defined ES cells by the combination
strategy. ES cell lines differentially expressed CD56 and 4 out of the 6 tumor
aspirates were positive for CD56. Twenty seven (60%) BM samples were CD56
positive, with a large range of expression: 3%-96%.
We detected a highly significant correlation between CD56 expression and disease
progression. Patients harboring low/negative expression had a significant better PFS.
Furthermore, when reanalyzing only the group with localized disease, those
expressing low/negative CD56 had even a better PFS at 10 years compared to patients
with high expression. When excluding the patients with the pelvic primary site, we
observed a more pronounced significant PFS: 100% 10 years PFS for the low
expressing group versus 40% for the high expressing group at 10 years (p=0.007).
Using Cox regression analysis by age, primary site and CD56 expression, high CD56
was found to be a significant independent prognostic marker for relapse in the
localized group.
Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on October 1, 2021. © 2011 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on April 5, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-3069 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.
To our knowledge this is the first study, in ES patients at diagnosis, reporting CD56
as a prognostic marker for relapse in BM samples. CD56 expression analysis can
identify prognostic groups and facilitate stratification of treatment. These results were
found using an aggressive treatment protocol of chemotherapy, surgery and
radiotherapy that have proved to be effective in delaying relapse in resected non
metastatic ES (unpublished data). It is important to analyze the significance of these
findings in patients treated on other treatment protocols.
Increased CD56 expression has been associated with a more aggressive form of solid
tumors, such as lung, ovarian and renal cell, and in hematopoietic malignancies -
lymphoblastic and myeloid leukemias [37, 43-45]. CD56 over expression in ES may
contribute to the aggressiveness of this childhood tumor.
It had been shown that high expression of NCAM (CD56) can be a target for therapy.
Indeed, there are several trials targeting the NCAM in malignancies, as small cell lung
cancer, neuroblastoma and glioma. The huN90-DMI immunotoxin is the most
advanced anti-NCAM therapeutic strategy and its current clinical development is
intensively promoted by pharmaceutical companies. There are also reports on naïve
humanized monoclonal antibodies such as huN901, and eight other monoclonal anti-
NCAM Abs using radioimmunotargeting with iodine. [37, 39, 43-45]
In conclusion, MPFC using CD99, CD90, and a negative hematopoietic panel
provides a possible alternative strategy for detecting micrometastatic Ewing sarcoma
tumor cells. CD56 expression in BM samples at diagnosis could be used to identify
ES patients predisposed to relapse, thus applying treatment intensification and
implementation of personalized therapy. Furthermore, CD56 evaluation can identify a
subgroup of patients with excellent prognosis, in whom treatment reduction could
carefully be considered.
Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on October 1, 2021. © 2011 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on April 5, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-3069 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the Margalit Josefsberg Foundation.
We thank Sara Dominitz for the English editing and Pnina Lilos for the statistical
analysis.
Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on October 1, 2021. © 2011 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on April 5, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-3069 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.
Legends to figures
FIGURE 1: MPFC strategy:
A. Debris exclusion in gate P1 on SSC/FSC dot plot.
B. Exclusion by CD45: CD45 negative cells are shown in P2 on CD45/SSC dot plot.
C. Exclusion by lineage specific stem cells out of CD45- cells: Selection of the CD3, CD14, CD16, CD19 negative cells by gate P3.
D. Cells fulfilling characteristics defined in gates P1, P2 and P3 are measured for CD99+CD90 positivity in gate P4 on CD99/CD90 dot plot.
E, F. Evaluation of CD56 on ES cells gated on CD56/99 and CD56/90 dot plots, shown in P5 and P6, respectively.
FIGURE 2: Kaplan Meier analysis for progression free survival by CD56 expression
A: The whole cohort of ES patients (n=45).
B: Localized ES patients (n=35).
High: above or equal to the cut-off of 22%; Low: under the cut-off of 22%
FIGURE 3: Kaplan Meier analysis for progression free survival by CD56 expression
in the non-pelvic localized ES patients (n=30). High: above or equal to the cut-off of
22%; Low: under the cut-off of 22%
Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on October 1, 2021. © 2011 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on April 5, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-3069 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.
References
[1] Ginsberg JP, Woo SY, Johnson ME, Hick MJ, Horowitz ME.. Ewing sarcoma family tumors: Ewing's sarcoma of bone and soft tissue and the peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors. 4th ed. In: Pizzo PA, Poplack DG, editors. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Oncology. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins; 2002. p. 973-1016.
[2] Grier HE, Krailo MD, Tarbell NJ, et al. Addition of ifosfamide and etoposide to standard chemotherapy for Ewing's sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor of bone. N Engl J Med 2003;348:694-701.
[3] Arvand A, Denny CT. Biology of EWS/ETS fusions in Ewing's family tumors. Oncogene 2001;20:5747-54.
[4] West DC, Grier HE, Swallow MM, Demetri GD, Granowetter L, Sklar J. Detection of circulating tumor cells in patients with Ewing's sarcoma and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:583-8.
[5] Zoubek A, Ladenstein R, Windhager R, et al. Predictive potential of testing for bone marrow involvement in Ewing tumor patients by RT-PCR: a preliminary evaluation. Int J Cancer 1998;79:56-60.
[6] Peter M, Magdelenat H, Michon J, et al. Sensitive detection of occult Ewing's cells by the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Br J Cancer 1995;72:96-100.
[7] Schleiermacher G, Peter M, Oberlin O, et al. Increased risk of systemic relapses associated with bone marrow micrometastasis and circulating tumor cells in localized ewing tumor. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:85-91.
[8] Vermeulen J, Ballet S, Oberlin O, et al. Incidence and prognostic value of tumour cells detected by RT-PCR in peripheral blood stem cell collections from patients with Ewing tumour. Br J Cancer 2006;95:1326-33.
[9] Coustan-Smith E, Sancho J, Behm FG, et al. Prognostic importance of measuring early clearance of leukemic cells by flow cytometry in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2002;100:52-8.
[10] Campana D. Progress of minimal residual disease studies in childhood acute leukemia. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2010;5:169-76.
[11] Cristofanilli M, Hayes DF, Budd GT, et al. Circulating tumor cells: a novel prognostic factor for newly diagnosed metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:1420-30.
[12] Kollermann J, Weikert S, Schostak M, et al. Prognostic significance of disseminated tumor cells in the bone marrow of prostate cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant hormone treatment. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:4928-33.
Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on October 1, 2021. © 2011 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on April 5, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-3069 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.
[13] Bozzi F, Collini P, Aiello A, et al. Flow cytometric phenotype of rhabdomyosarcoma bone marrow metastatic cells and its implication in differential diagnosis with neuroblastoma. Anticancer Res 2.;28:1565-9 008
[14] Bozzi F, Gambirasio F, Luksch R, Collini P, Brando B, Fossati-Bellani F. Detecting CD56+/NB84+/. Anticancer Res 2006;26:3281-7.
[15] Tsang KS, Li CK, Tsoi WC, et al. Detection of micrometastasis of neuroblastoma to bone marrow and tumor dissemination to hematopoietic autografts using flow cytometry and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Cancer 2003;97:2887-97.
[16] Dworzak MN, Fritsch G, Buchinger P, et al. Flow cytometric assessment of human MIC2 expression in bone marrow, thymus, and peripheral blood. Blood 1994;83:415-25.
[17] Dworzak MN, Froschl G, Printz D, et al. CD99 expression in T-lineage ALL: implications for flow cytometric detection of minimal residual disease. Leukemia 2004;18:703-8.
[18] Dubois SG ,Epling CL, Teague J, Matthay KK, Sinclair E. Flow cytometric detection of Ewing sarcoma cells in peripheral blood and bone marrow. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010;54:13-8.
[19] Sumikuma T, Shimazaki C, Inaba T, et al. CD34+/CD90+ cells infused best predict late haematopoietic reconstitution following autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Br J Haematol 2002;117:238-44.
[20] Young HE, Steele TA, Bray RA, et al. Human reserve pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells are present in the connective tissues of skeletal muscle and dermis derived from fetal, adult, and geriatric donors. Anat Rec 2001;264:51-62.
[21] Romero-Ramos M, Vourc'h P, Young HE, et al. Neuronal differentiation of stem cells isolated from adult muscle. J Neurosci Res 2002;69:894.907 -
[22] Chang A, Benda PM, Wood BL, Kussick SJ. Lineage-specific identification of nonhematopoietic neoplasms by flow cytometry. Am J Clin Pathol 2003;119:643-55.
[23] Farinola MA, Weir EG, Ali SZ. CD56 expression of neuroendocrine neoplasms on immunophenotyping by flow cytometry: a novel diagnostic approach to fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Cancer 2003;99:240-6.
[24] Gardner LJ, Polski JM, Fallon R, Dunphy CH. Identification of CD56 and CD57 by flow cytometry in Ewing's sarcoma or primitive neuroectodermal tumor. Virchows Arch 1998;433:35-40.
[25] Lipinski M, Hirsch MR, Deagostini-Bazin H, Yamada O, Tursz T, Goridis C. Characterization of neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAM) expressed by Ewing and neuroblastoma cell lines. Int J Cancer 1987;40.81-6 :
Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on October 1, 2021. © 2011 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on April 5, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-3069 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.
[26] McKenzie JL, Fabre JW. Human thy-1: unusual localization and possible functional significance in lymphoid tissues. J Immunol 1981;126:843-50.
[27] Leon ME, Hou JS, Galindo LM, Garcia FU. Fine-needle aspiration of adult small-round-cell tumors studied with flow cytometry. Diagn Cytopathol 2004;31:147-54.
[28] Luria D, Rosenthal E, Steinberg D, et al. Prospective comparison of two flow cytometry methodologies for monitoring minimal residual disease in a multicenter treatment protocol of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 2010;78B:365-71.
[29] Jacques N, Vimond N, Conforti R, et al. Quantification of circulating mature endothelial cells using a whole blood four-color flow cytometric assay. J Immunol Methods 200.337:132-43; 8
[30] Dworzak MN, Gaipa G, Ratei R, et al. Standardization of flow cytometric minimal residual disease evaluation in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Multicentric assessment is feasible. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 2008;74:331-40.
[31] Ambros IM ,Ambros PF, Strehl S, Kovar H, Gadner H, Salzer-Kuntschik M. MIC2 is a specific marker for Ewing's sarcoma and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors. Evidence for a common histogenesis of Ewing's sarcoma and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors from MIC2 expression and specific chromosome aberration. Cancer 1991;67:1886-93.
[32] Rocchi A, Manara MC, Sciandra M, et al. CD99 inhibits neural differentiation of human Ewing sarcoma cells and thereby contributes to oncogenesis. J Clin Invest 2010.120:668-80 ;
[33] Arufe M, de la Fuente A, Mateos J, Fuentes-Boquete I, de Toro FJ, Blanco FJ. Analysis of the chondrogenic potential and secretome of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human umbilical cord stroma. Stem Cells Dev 2010.
[34] Avigad S ,Cohen IJ, Zilberstein J, et al. The predictive potential of molecular detection in the nonmetastatic Ewing family of tumors. Cancer 2004;100:1053-8.
[35] de AE, Lozano MD, Patino A, Sierrasesumaga L, Pardo-Mindan FJ. Ewing family tumors: potential prognostic value of reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction detection of minimal residual disease in peripheral blood samples. Diagn Mol Pathol 1998;7:152-7.
[36] Fagnou C, Michon J, Peter M, et al. Presence of tumor cells in bone marrow but not in blood is associated with adverse prognosis in patients with Ewing's tumor. Societe Francaise d'Oncologie Pediatrique. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:1707- 11.
[37] Daniel L, Bouvier C, Chetaille B, et al. Neural cell adhesion molecule expression in renal cell carcinomas: relation to metastatic behavior. Hum Pathol 2003;34:528-32.
Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on October 1, 2021. © 2011 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on April 5, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-3069 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.
[38] Gattenlohner S, Stuhmer T, Leich E, et al. Specific detection of CD56 (NCAM) isoforms for the identification of aggressive malignant neoplasms with progressive development. Am J Pathol 2009;174:1160-71.
[39] Jensen M, Berthold F. Targeting the neural cell adhesion molecule in cancer. Cancer Lett 2007;258:9-21.
[40] Olsen SH, Thomas DG, Lucas DR. Cluster analysis of immunohistochemical profiles in synovial sarcoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, and Ewing sarcoma. Mod Pathol 2006;19:659-68.
[41] Nagaya T, Tanaka N, Kamijo A, et al. Primitive neuroectodermal tumor as a differential diagnosis of CD56-positive tumors in adults. Intern Med 2009;48:1267-72.
[42] Raspadori D, Damiani D, Lenoci M, et al. CD56 antigenic expression in acute myeloid leukemia identifies patients with poor clinical prognosis. Leukemia 2001;15:1161-4.
[43] Ravandi F, Cortes J, Estrov Z, et al. CD56 expression predicts occurrence of CNS disease in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Res 2002;26:643-9.
[44] Pujol JL, Simony J, Demoly P, et al. Neural cell adhesion molecule and prognosis of surgically resected lung cancer. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;148:1071-5.
[45] Cho EY, Choi Y, Chae SW, Sohn JH, Ahn GH. Immunohistochemical study of the expression of adhesion molecules in ovarian serous neoplasms. Pathol Int 2006;56:62-70.
Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on October 1, 2021. © 2011 American Association for Cancer Research. Downloaded from Fig 1 Author manuscriptshavebeenpeerreviewedandacceptedforpublicationbutnotyetedited. Author ManuscriptPublishedOnlineFirstonApril5,2011;DOI:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-3069 clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on October 1,2021. ©2011 American Association forCancer Research. Downloaded from Fig 2 Author manuscriptshavebeenpeerreviewedandacceptedforpublicationbutnotyetedited. Author ManuscriptPublishedOnlineFirstonApril5,2011;DOI:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-3069 clincancerres.aacrjournals.org A B
Low/negative expression 81%
on October 1,2021. ©2011 American Association forCancer Low/negative expression 69% Research.
High expression 38% High expression 38% bability bability o o o Hiihgh expressi on 30% o Pr Pr
p=0.024 p=0.02
Months Months Downloaded from
Fig 3 Author manuscriptshavebeenpeerreviewedandacceptedforpublicationbutnotyetedited. Author ManuscriptPublishedOnlineFirstonApril5,2011;DOI:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-3069 clincancerres.aacrjournals.org
Low/negative expression 100% on October 1,2021. ©2011 American Association forCancer Research. ability
bability High expression 40% bb oo Pr Pro
p=0.007
Months Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on April 5, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-3069 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.
TABLE 1: Clinical parameters and expression results of CD90/99 and CD56 No Age Primary Metas CD90/99 CD56 Relapse Follow (Years) site (%) (%) up 1 11.9 limb No 0.03 23 No 101 2 16.9 pelvis No 0.06 86 Yes 21 3 24 pelvis No 0.01 19 Yes 35 4 7.6 trunk No 0.003 56 Yes 33 5 1 limb No 0.007 12 No 50 6 23 pelvis No 0.006 12 No 89 7 2.3 limb No 0.004 0 No 86 8 16 limb No 0.008 69 No 78
9 19.7 pelvis No 0.008 3 Yes 62 10 5.8 trunk No 0.021 72 No 77 11 4.6 limb No 0.014 15 No 38 12 18.2 trunk No 0.08 97 No 95 13 14.4 limb No 0.004 30 Yes 99 14 15.9 limb No 0.058 36 No 88 15 23.8 trunk No 0.01 4 No 162 16 24 trunk No 0.007 4 No 33 17 9 limb No 0.06 76 Yes 28 18 16.8 trunk No 0.026 5 No 130 19 12.7 Limb No 0.004 0 No 158 20 15.9 Limb No 0.078 65 No 79 21 8.9 Limb No 0.068 43 Yes 21 22 7.4 Limb No 0.005 37 Yes 6 23 11.6 limb No 0.001 83 Yes 7 24 17.4 trunk No 0.005 74 No 242
Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on October 1, 2021. © 2011 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on April 5, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-3069 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.
25 15.3 pelvis No 0.001 No 238 26 19.5 limb No 0.01 67 Yes 31 27 14.3 trunk No 0.014 74 No 179 28 21.7 limb No 0.005 39 No 153 29 16.3 trunk No 0.08 16 No 242 30 24.3 limb No 0.15 21 No 168 31 3.7 chest No 0.005 96 Yes 39 32 25 chest lung 0.004 35 Yes 30 33 2.4 chest No 0.001 0 No 83 34 12 chest No 0.014 81 Yes 23 35 14 chest No 0.02 90 Yes 50 36 10.8 chest No 0.02 37 Yes 20 37 19.9 trunk lung 0.003 0 No 45 38 9.4 limb bone 0.022 0 Yes 8 39 20 Multifoc bone 0.003 14 Yes 15 al bone 40 13.6 limb lung 0.008 28 Yes 31 41 25.9 Multifoc bone 0.01 29 Yes 41 al bone 42 18.2 Multifoc bone 0.4 51 Yes 7 al bone 43 24.9 pelvis lung 0.016 13 No 39 44 9.6 limb lung 0.01 21 Yes 20 45 17.8 pelvis lung 0.005 36 Yes 22 46 21.7 pelvis bone 0.06 54 Yes 5
Age: at diagnosis; Metas: metastasis at diagnosis; CD56: expression on the CD90/99 positive cells only; Follow up: months from diagnosis untill relapse or untill last follow up.
Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on October 1, 2021. © 2011 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on April 5, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-3069 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.
Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on October 1, 2021. © 2011 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on April 5, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-3069 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.
Age: at diagnosis; Metas: metastasis at diagnosis; CD56: expression on the CD90/99 positive cells only; Follow up: months from diagnosis untill relapse or untill last follow up.
Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on October 1, 2021. © 2011 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on April 5, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-3069 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.
TABLE 2: Univariate and Multivariate analyses of the Clinical Parameters and CD56 expression results for localized ES patients (n=35). Parameter Univariate Multivariate p p RR 95% CI CD56 0.02 0.006 11.8 2.0-68 Age 0.002 0.021 0.23 0.06-0.8 (years) Primary 0.08 0.002 17.3 2.9-102 site
P: p value, RR: relative risk to relapse; CI: confidence interval
Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on October 1, 2021. © 2011 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on April 5, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-3069 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.
Excellent prognosis in a subset of patients with Ewing sarcoma identified at diagnosis by CD56 using flow cytometry
Shifra Ash, Drorit Luria, Ian J. Cohen, et al.
Clin Cancer Res Published OnlineFirst April 5, 2011.
Updated version Access the most recent version of this article at: doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-3069
Author Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been Manuscript edited.
E-mail alerts Sign up to receive free email-alerts related to this article or journal.
Reprints and To order reprints of this article or to subscribe to the journal, contact the AACR Publications Subscriptions Department at [email protected].
Permissions To request permission to re-use all or part of this article, use this link http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/early/2011/04/02/1078-0432.CCR-10-3069. Click on "Request Permissions" which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Center's (CCC) Rightslink site.
Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on October 1, 2021. © 2011 American Association for Cancer Research.